corinth remain irreventantly linked in time and space. it's a shared significance forged by war, helping to define the most violent and socially important crossroads in the american experience. thank you. >> good afternoon. i fully understand that i'm the last speaker between you and lunch, so i will be brief. what i want to talk about, though, is what paul harvey would call the rest of the story. we've heard a lot about the battle itself. the two-day battle. we've had our panel discussion and stacy taking us through the maps. but there's a lot more to the

history of shiloh than two days of battle. now, granted, those are the most important parts of the story of shiloh. but there's a lot actually prior to the battle. many of you probably have visited the indian mounds. there's a whole civilization there prior to the white man coming. and then the settlement. the civilians of shiloh. it's a very interesting, fascinating story. of course, the two days of battle itself, the most fascinating of all, the most interesting, the most pivotal in terms of what we're doing here, but post-battle, there's a very interesting story about the preservation, how the federal government came in, preserved the battlefield as we know it today, that we're able to visit today, and then other entities such as the civil war trust, of course, doing their work. so the rest of the story basically is a success story from beginning to end. go back to the veterans themselves preserving the battlefield originally up

through today's park service and civil war trust. it's a success story from beginning to end. now, let me take you very quickly through the story of the preservation movement itself. the first actual preservation at shiloh occurs four years after the battle when the national cemetery is established in 1866. basically, ten acres of land right there at pittsburg landing are preserved as a federal national cemetery. in my mind, it's probably the most beautiful national cemetery in existence. i like arlington, i like a lot of others, but right there on the bank of the river, overlooking the river, is absolutely beautiful. the federal government of course comes in, disinters the union soldiers that they could find, there are probably others out there still today but all they could find, they disinterred, took home to the national cemetery and created basically what we see there today. what's significant about this and other national cemeteries,

you go to ft. donaldson or vicksburg or chattanooga or gettysburg or antietam. any of those national cemeteries, logically the soldiers are buried in close proximity to where they were originally failed. where they fell. so it's going to be on the battlefield itself. so in kind of a roundabout way, although they were not doing it in terms of preservation, they were actually preserving part of the battlefield when they reburied those dead at shiloh national cemetery. and you see that all around, even though the national cemetery at chattanooga, we're talking about tennessee here, was not most of the dead, a lot of the dead who come from chickamauga, of course, but it is actually on a part of the battle of chattanooga when union forces were attacking, one of the generals talks about how he could see the union line going up and over the small crest where the cemetery would eventually be. so the national cemetery first preservation movement, although it was not intended specifically

for preservation, it was more memorial features than preservation, but it did, in part, preserve a portion of the battlefield. now, for 30 years after that, there is no major preservation effort at shiloh. there are a few other things going on in the nation that kind of precluded that. in fact, there's little or no preservation at all going on in terms of the civil war. basically, what you have is a long grueling time of reconstruction. we're trying to reconstruct what we tore apart in the 1860s and that will last until of course the compromise of 1877 and that presidential election. it's during that time, of course, hat we are still bickering over the larger issues that led us to war to begin with.

sure, secession is dealt with and slavery is dealt with but each of those issues has a foundational racial issue and we're still dealing with this racial issue through reconstruction and into the 1870s and some of that lingers on into the 1880s and, in part, even today. but we're still very much divided in the 1870s, getting into the 1880s. several events help to reconcile the two parts. the centennial, 1876, the centennial of the declaration of independence and our july the fourth, of course, will help in that. eventually, some of the wars in the 1890s, the spanish-american war and so on will help reconcile us as well. but in large part, it's the movement, or not one large part but a very significant part, is this movement that comes in the 1890s in which the federal government steps in and preserves battlefields that really brings the two sections together. for instance, prior to the

1890s, there had been very little preservation effort anywhere except gettysburg and that had been done by a partisan association. it had been totally one-sided. it was very partisan. the confederates, you wouldn't seen know the confederates fought there. they didn't mention them. didn't memorialize them or commemorate them, anything. when the federal government steps in in 1890s they begin to commemorate both sides and the confederates get the idea, hey, this is a nonpartisan thing, we'll be included, we'll be included fairly and we can get behind this and get involved in this. so the 1890s is very much a conciliatory time. they leave behind those old divisive issues of race and slavery and secession that's been dividing us for decades and decades and decades. we're leaving that behind. we're focusing on new issues of the bravery and the courage of our civil war soldiers, both sides, and we can bond together as americans again in that movement. so shiloh is very much -- the

establishment of shiloh is very much a part of this reconciliationist period during the 1890s. and it's during this time period that we see five civil war battlefields preserved in one degree or another. and those are of course the five most famous and best preserved battlefields today. those being gettysburg, antietam, vicksburg, chickamauga, and of course shiloh. shiloh itself, its golden age begins in 1894 when congress establishes the shiloh national military park. thereafter a commission of three veterans is appointeded to basically build what we see out at the battlefield today. they were pretty much done within a matter of 10 or 15 years, the tablet, monuments, most of the monuments, the artillery pieces go up within the first 10 or 15 years of the existence of shiloh national military park. now, there are several stars that align that help produce what we see out there today. and we can compare this a little bit to what we're doing today.

and we can really see that this probably is shiloh's golden age. for instance, you have in the 1890s, and this is not just shiloh, but battlefield-wide, all over the nation, you have pristine battlefields that are still available to be preserved at this point. bear in mind, this is prior to that second industrial revolution when we get major mobilization and we get major urbanization, suburbs and all that, and most civil war battlefields obviously are fought normally around transportation routes and where they cross. and where they cross, of course, a village or a town, eventually a city will crop up. you start naming civil war battlefields. fredricksburg, gettysburg, richmond, petersburg, vicksburg, chattanooga, nashville, franklin, most of these are fought right around towns and eventually urbanization will take those battlefields and begin to consume them. but this is a time when we still have relatively pristine battlefields. shiloh is a little bit of an anomaly.

it's way out in the middle of nowhere. there are no urban areas at shiloh to take over. so that's a little bit different. but overall this is a time period when you have pristine battlefields. you also have a time period, another star that will symbolically align, this is a period when congress will appropriate huge sums of money to acquire these battlefields. today, we have to work for what we acquire mainly through the civil war trust. the park service doesn't just have a whole bunch of extra money to be buying land, does it? the government is strapped. we all know about the trillions and trillions and trillions of dollars that we're in the hole. so we don't have a whole lot of money to be doing that and we work through private entities like the civil war trust. but this was a time period when veterans of the civil war itself dominated congress. i did a study one time, and by 1890, congress has still dominated, a majority of the congressmen are civil war veterans in the early 1890s, and that will go down of course as

they get older and as time passes. but congress is still interested in appropriating money to save battlefields. and that's a significant feature. the biggest thing, though, the biggest star that will align and really is significant at shiloh and gettysburg and vicksburg and elsewhere is the fact that we still have veterans who can come back to these battlefields and pinpoint this is where i was, this is where i fought, this is where i was wounded, this is where my unit was. granted, there are various controversies and the veterans will get into it, but no, we weren't here, we were over there, and we held this ridge, not that ridge. and there's some significant debate about exactly where we were. but contrast that to today. for instance, we talked about fallen timbers as a done deal. and that's absolutely wonderful the work that the civil war preservation trust is doing in combination with the national park service. but you go out the fallen timbers and we basically have to proximate where the various lines were, where forrest was

when he made his famous charge into the union lines and all that. we don't have a relatively sure position of where that is. we have to kind of approximate. we think it's right over here. what would we give to have veterans that could come back to fallen timbers and tell us this is where i saw forrest ride across the field, or this is where the union line was when forrest attacked, or -- and fallen timbers is just one example. but the veterans were able to come back to shiloh and say this is where we did this, this is where this happened, and they were able to pinpoint these areas. you see this at vicksburg, at chickamauga, gettysburg, and antietam as well. the later generation of parks created in the 1920s 1930s, 1940s you can't pinpoint to any degree of accuracy that you can at these earlier battlefields. so this was the golden age of shiloh, when this battlefield was established. it's part of a larger movement,

but it's a key feature of our favorite battlefield here. now, there are later preservation efforts at shiloh, of course. we know about some of the major reconstruction that's done during the new deal, for instance, when the concrete roads go in, the visitor center that we visit today goes up at that time, the bookstore that's there now goes up at that time. later on, mission 66, park service term, will create the bypass out there and do some additional things, add on to the visitor center and then, of course, there are later acquisitions. really we get into more in terms of the preservation story in the recent past. and just recently we've talked about fallen timbers and the 490 something acres that the trust is working on now. originally the park in 1890s and early 1900s contained about 3,400 acres. so there's been a few hundred acres added through the years. a lot of that in some pretty big

chunks. in later times. but the biggest acquisition, of course, that has come recently and probably the most impressive is the movement down to corinth. as we've heard, we cannot divorce corinth from shiloh. they're both one and the same in terms of this campaign. so the effort at building the interpretive center at corinth and taking in some of those areas down there is very impressive and i think the veterans of the 1890s would be very impressed with what's been preserved and what's going on at corinth. now, there's a little bit of a side component to this preservation. and i want to talk about that for just a second, and then we could all go get lunch and visit the facilities and all that. part of the preservation movement is the fostering of the official story of what we know about any given place.

normally, it falls to the people who preserve a place to interpret and educate about the place. and the park service does a wonderful example, or job of preserving -- not only preserving the areas but also interpreting and educating. i have to hand it to the civil war trust. they do a very good job of interpreting to their members and to the public what they are preserving. how many of you have gotten things in the mail about, you know, the maps showing the target property, what they're wanting and what happened here and how that fits in with the various -- the various troop moments and so on. so the civil war trust is, i think, aware of their responsibility to interpret what they preserve. they don't just preserve it and drop it. they work with the park service and work with other entities and even in themselves they've taken the lead. eventually they're beginning to take the lead in creating new

material, in fact. they're leading the way kind of with these animated maps that we're beginning to see. and we'll hear more about that in terms of shiloh in the future as well. but part of the preservation story, and i'll finish with this, that began in the 1890s helped foster what is today probably the dominant memory or the collective memory of the general public today. i always give the example when i go around speaking of the reed maps in the shiloh visitor center. when you go to shiloh tomorrow or the next day, go into the visitors center and look at those maps and you can tell immediately what the general public thinks are the most important points at shiloh because they have touched those maps so many times that it's worn off a little place on the map. at pittsburg landing, at shiloh church, at bloody pond, at various places like that that we've been told are the most important points, that the film says, the old film said you go see this and people come out of

the film and say, hey, there's shiloh church, there's bloody pond, what we heard about. if you look at the sunken road in the hornet's nest, though, you will see not just a round globe of where people touched it but you'll see all up and down the sunken road it's all worn as if people are emphasizing by rubbing their finger over the hornet's nest in the sunken road. this is important, this is what i saw in the film, we got to go out and see that. the collective memory, the public memory that we know today of shiloh, and there's been some revision, we heard some revision of that up here in a lot of different ways. mr. sword talked about the new material that's coming out, the new ways of looking at the battle that we just heard about. all of that is predicated on the official story that if you ask pretty much anybody out in the public, if jay leno went jaywalking and asked anybody about shiloh, they would, anybody that knows anything about it, they would mention the

hornet's nest and the sunken road, of course, being the dominant things at shiloh. a lot of that goes back to the original preservation movement and the people that did the preserving originally. and most of these folks ironically, are from iowa, of all places. the chairman of this veteran commission that establishes the park in 1890s from iowa. and as dominant a figure is the congressman that sponsored the bill to establish the shiloh national military park. his name is david henderson. he was a representative. and he was soldier in the 12th iowa. but he was a representative after the war. he's the one that sponsored the legislation. he would aid in preserving vicksburg as well. he would actually retire as speaker of the house. he's a very prominent individual and able to throw his weight around.

both figuratively and literally. the connection that henderson has to shiloh, he fought at shiloh. he was here. he knew what it looked like. he knew what it sounded like. all those tangible things that we don't know about today, what it looked like to be covered with tents. what it sounded like to hear the musketry and the canons. we can go to reenactments and that kind of stuff. the fear that you feel. all of that. he knew it. there's a more tangible connection that he has, though, if you walk out into shiloh national cemetery, david b. henderson has a brother thomas that's buried in shiloh national cemetery. so he's wanting to preserve this battlefield. he was there. his brother is buried there. so you can see the connection there. i would say the dominant factor in producing our collective

memory, what the public thinks is the most important today about shiloh, would be a man named david w. reed who also fought in the 12th iowa. he becomes the park historian. he's the first park historian. he fought at shiloh. he writes books about shiloh. he interprets shiloh. these reed maps that i talk about are named after him. he locates the troops position there. granted, you get this story of the hornet's nest and some of these other issues prior to the establishment of the park. for instance, the professor was talking about the infighting between the confederate generals and over here the union generals are fighting each other. you get those store yis. you were surprised and no, i wasn't surprised. i saved you. no, hi it under control and you threw away the victory and bowregard says, no, i didn't. all of those major historic graphical concerns and those fights have been -- have been in place prior to the establishment of the park, as has this idea of

the hornet's nest 1880s. you get this panorama in chicago. himself speaks and it is the institution of the national park and the people can come here and read, emphasizing, the hornet's nest and how the action of the hornet nest saved the day for the union. he calls it the thrimopoly of the war to put it on a grand scale. what is reed's connection with this? well, he fought in the 12th iowa. do we have to guess where the 12th iowa fought in the battle of shiloh, right smack in the middle of the hornet's nest. you can see his connection. that idea is built on and institutionalized in terms of the park and preserve the park when visitors go there. for decades and decades visitors

were handed a brochure that told them if they bothered to read it that the hornet's nest saved grant's army and where the major thing was done. probably the most effective tool for getting the story out to the public. a lot of the general public doesn't read books. i would say millions and millions of people saw the film that was shown for 56 years at the visitor's center and that thing of the pure hornet's nest. that's basically what it showed, what it emphasized, what it interpreted, and as a result people would come out of that film and rub their finger on the map and say we have to see this and this is important and the film said it was and they read on the brochure, this was important and they said it was. over time it has been built on and added to and the connection here between the preservation and the interpretation of the

story that happened here on the land that is preserved, the connection between the memory and the preservation i think is very real, and i think it is very important that we understand what happens is extremely important to understand what happened at the battle. we have a good taste of that today. i think it is almost as important to understand the various arguments and the historic graphical controversies and the building of the collective memory of terms of preservation movement after the battle. we talk about a lot in military history winning the peace and we could argue about when the civil war ended d it end in 1865 when the fighting part ended in 165 and who actually won the peace after that? who won the vietnam war? who won the peace after that? we're experiencing that in iraq now. it is still to be determined who wins the iraq war, who is going to win the peace after the actual fighting is done.

in our case here, i think it is almost as important to know the story after the actual event as it is to know the actual event itself. what did they say in "the man who shot liberty valance" when the legend becomes the fact and the fact becomes the legend? kind of the thing going on here. i appreciate the opportunity to alert you to the rest of the story as paul harvey would say, and i encourage you of course to go out to shiloh and look at the preserved battlefield and think about the battle after the battle. obviously the battle itself is the most important but the battle after the battle is important as well. thank you. >> let's have another round of applause for stacy and tim. please remain seated if you can. we want to close out today's event with the re-enactors from

the 13th usct to come and retire the united states flag that they presented earlier this morning. gentlemen. >> detail. halt. retrieve colors.

detail, forward, march.

>> there is no better way to end this event than with veterans showing respect to other veterans. please keep that in mind when you go out to the park this afternoon. my last announcement is real simple. if you have a smartphone, get it out and download the tennessee civil war app. we now have the only state to put together an educational, informational application for your smartphone and kids across the nation will have a ball with it. you guys have a great afternoon. thank you so much for attending.

the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the civil war continues, join us every saturday at 6 and 10 p.m. and sundays at 11 a.m. for programs featuring the civil war. for more information including our complete schedule, go to cspan.org/history. to keep up with us during the week or to send us questions or comments, follow us on twitter at twitter.com/c-spanhistory. each week american history tv sits in on a lecture with one of the nation's college professors. you can watch the classes here every saturday at 8 p.m. and midnight eastern and sundays at 1 p.m. this week donald rumsfeld talks about his early years in government as a member of the nixon and ford administrations then the war on terrorism from his time as defense secretary for president george w. bush.

mr. rumsfeld is a guest lecture at the citadel military college in charleston, south carolina, in a course called the conservative intellectual tradition in america, thought by professor mallory factor. >> well, mallory, thank you so much for your kind words and thanks to the citadel for the invitation and the hospitality and wonderful tour that i had today. it is an impressive institution. general, it is good to see you again, having served on the joint staff when i was there and with distinction. it is a fine service to have this class on the conservative intellectual tradition in america. i am delighted to participate in the program with so many friends and associates of mine over many decades.

i turn 80 in a couple of months, and i am told that if you multiply that by three and subtract it from 2012, it takes right back to the beginning of the country which suggests that i have lived one third of the history of america. that suggests that i have probably also lived roughly one third of the conservative intellectual tradition in america. now, that either means that we have a very young country or i am very old. or both. as mallory said i spent four years writing my memoir, and part of that time was taking a large 80-year long archive and digitizing a good portion of it, and we established a website to