line, welcomed in four officials, and everyone was seated and they had poured wine for president bush to make a toast for the queen, seated on his right, and at her table, michael cain, the wonderful actor, so that was our star for the evening, and president bush

began the toast, and out of the corner of my eye, i see this tiny white dog and four legs going right towards his mistress, and i held my breath, and thought i know i'd seen them put him in the kitchen earlier, i hear this bark, woof, and the president looks around and smiles and mrs. farish didn't move, so the president went on, and 30 seconds later, another louder bark, that's when i got this look from the president, and i thought, you know, i've got to do something, i ran over, captured the dog, and put him in the kitchen. that was my moment of royalty. >> we'll have to add that to the job description. >> right, right, getting the dog. >> just summing up, and, gosh, i wish we had more time, but, crawford and don hewitt and joe califano and cathy douglas, who was the brand-new, young bride of a supreme court justice bill douglas, and did i say joan crawford? >> yep. >> well, joan crawford had arrived with her own flask of vodka. i mean, we did pass a lot of drinks, but she didn't there there was going to be enough, so

she had her own flask. anyway, the dinner was served, and then the -- in joan crawford's defense, i would say, we weren't smart enough to know we also invited her ex-husband, douglas -- >> fairbanks? >> no, some other one. >> well, i think there was more than one. >> yeah, and they were passing notes back and forth during the dinner, but then the dessert plates came, and cathy douglas is now a very grown-up, very sophisticated lady, but she was very new on the scene then, and so joan crawford, who was seated

across the table from mrs. douglas, and joan crawford knew that you're supposed to put the fork and the spoon here and take the finger bowl and the doily here so you can serve your dessert on the clean plate. well, cathy didn't know that. she would have figured it out, but ms. crawford wasn't going to wait for that, so she stood up, this is what you're supposed to do, and so she moved her bowl and silverware and said, you'll learn how to do that. >> aren't you glad you didn't have the job in the 24/7 news cycle period? ladies and gentlemen, would you please join me in thanks bess abell, laurie firestone, and cathy fenton? >> thank you all. thank you all. richard, thank you, very much. this year is the bicentennial of the start of the war of 1812, up next, we hear

from donald hickey, author of "don't give up the ship! myths of the war of 1812." mr. hickey attempts to dispel the many myths intertwined with the history of 1812. this event took place at the detroit historical museum. >> good evening. my name is toby voight, and i am the director of education and interpretation here at the detroit historical society, and on behalf of the society, i would like to welcome you to tonight's very special presentation.

since 1921, the mission of the detroit historical society has been to educate and inspire members of our community by preserving and portraying our region's shared history. we do this on a daily basis with our dynamic visits at our museum and at the dawson great lakes museum on belisle. we also do this through program experiences, like tonight's lecture series. lastly, we're also the stewards of over 250,000 artifacts related to the history of detroit and the region, so thank you for joining us tonight, and, again, welcome.

now, it's my pleasure to introduce you the person that made today's presentation possible, dr. jim mcconnell and his wife have been active in history education for several years now, i'll say. they are dedicated volunteers here at the detroit historical society, and jim serves on the bicentennial commission, so welcome, dr. mcconnell. >> it truly is a pleasure to be in this auditorium and have all of you here tonight to hear this program. i'm very thankful to the detroit historical society for their support. toby has been wonderful to work with. we've also worked with some of the other staff, rebecca mcdonald, who handles the program, and bob brewery, who is the executive director of the society. this is a wonderful institution, and i need to tell you, if you have not yet picked up their newsletter, it describes the other lectures they have here, the behind the scenes tours, and the church tours where annette and i do a lot of our volunteering. it's a wonderful program, we encourage you to been involved. i want to tell you a little bit about the michigan commission on the commemoration of the war of 1812.

it was appointed by governor jennifer granholm, we met first in march of 2008, so we met this afternoon out in ann arbor, they are opening a nice, new exhibit on the clemmons collection of artifacts and objects from the war of 1812, it was cue rated by brian dunnigan. the commission has many projects ongoing. i would love to tell you about all 75 of them, but i think i'd also like to introduce don hickey, so let me tell you about only one. next june, june 18, 2012, is the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the declaration of war and its signing by president james madison. we are looking for people all across michigan to organize an event in their community, which calls for the reading of the declaration of war, excuse me, i'm back into 1976, the declaration of war, which might next june, june 18, 2012, is the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the declaration of war and its signing by president

james madison. we are looking for people all across michigan to organize an event in their community, which calls for the reading of the declaration of war, excuse me, i'm back into 1976, the declaration of war, which might have some high school students involved, maybe a school band, the mayor, civic leaders, a local historian to talk about the war of 1812. if you want more information, we gave you the press release that describes it. all of this information is now being posted on our website, a copy of declaration of war, a copy of the sample ceremony. where do you order a 15-star flag, and what an amazing trivia story that is about the 15-star flag? and what an amazing trivia story that is about the 15-star flag. and the writing of "the star-spangled banner." there's so much we want you to learn by the time of the bicentennial, so, please, visit the website, learn about it, and

i know that each of you can individually organize a program in your local community through your local historical society, through a civic organization, or through the mayor and the city council. we already have 20 people -- 20 organizations signed up, i'm working with the state d.i.r., exchange clubs, and other groups of that kind. the major reason i'm here tonight is to have a chance to introduce don hickey. don is a scholar of the war of 1812. he has written some wonderful books on the war of 1812, including the 1989 book, "war of 1812: forgotten conflict," which he just rewrote and updated, and we'll have that available for you to purchase for $20 at the conclusion of the program, and don will be autographing the books out in the back. he also has done a book called "don't give up the ship," and

that's kind of the basis of his talk this evening, the myths of the war of 1812, it's a wonderful, fascinating story, you'll learn tonight more trivia than i thought i could learn about the war of 1812, so it's a great experience. he began studying the war of 1812 when he was beginning working on his graduate degrees at the university of illinois in the late 1960s, and in 1972, his doctor ral dissertation was on the war of 1812. and then he eventually got a teaching position at wayne state college. now, wayne state college is not to be confused with the people across the street here, wayne state university.

wayne state college is in the town of wayne, nebraska, so don and his wife have driven from nebraska to be here with us tonight. last night they spoke at the honstine center in grand rapids. tomorrow night, he speaks in lansing at the michigan historical center, so we have a three-evening, three-topic presentation. last night's topic will be posted on the website, and as toby mentioned, tonight's topic should eventually appear on c-span3, the american history channel, i encourage you to watch, google it, you'll get the programming and know when this will be broadcast. so, again, i'm very pleased to introduce to you this evening for our talk, don hickey. thank you. [ applause ] >> thanks, jim.

i appreciate that. i want to thank jim especially for making it possible for me to be here tonight. he's already known as mr. bicentennial in michigan, and i reckon we're going to hear a lot from jim over the next two or three years. i'd also like to thank the detroit historical society for agreeing to host this particular lecture. i'm calling this lecture "what we know that ain't so: myths of the war of 1812." that quote is attributed to mark twain and will rogers in the 19th century, and the longer version goes something like this, it's not what we know that hurts us or causes problems, it's what we know that ain't so. what we're so sure of, and i'm going to focus on those things that we think we know about the war of 1812 that i don't think we know. now, i understand this is a forgotten conflict, so the way i want to introduce this lecture

is really present an overview of the war, just to make sure we all have a clear grasp of what this war was all about, and i have that in your handout, it's that paragraph there, and i'll read it for you and you can follow along. the u.s. declared war on great britain in 1812 to conquer canada in the second war of independence, america militia played a central role, but they

could not overcome the militia of canada who were aided by british regulators and indians, et leading native of the period. the u.s. navy, relying on pit crews that were heavily british, employed large frigots and, thus, defeated the british in the war at sea. in the last great battle of the war, kentucky and tennessee riflemen defeated the british at new orleans, although this battle was actually fought after the war was over. if the british had prevailed at new orleans, they planned to sack the city and retain louisiana, which would have changed the course of american history. federalists bitterly opposed the war, which encouraged the enemy and prolonged the conflict. the real problem, however, was that the united states needed a more focussed military strategy, which would have enabled it to conquer canada. even without canada, the new nation enjoyed so much success on land and sea that it could still claim victory in this war. now, that's your overview on the war. if you're a little concerned about anything i've said, good for you. the only thing that is correct in that paragraph is the first phrase, "the u.s. declared war on great britain in 1812." by my count, there are 17 myths incorporated into this paragraph, and yet most of the things i've said here probably would not be questioned by most people. and what i want to do is talk about those myths, but in order to set up that discussion of the individual myths, i want to make some general comments about mythology. first question we have to ask is what is a myth. it seems to me, it is something

that is essentially wrong, an idea or a fact that is perceived to be true that is simply not true. it seems to me that myths range across the spectrum. there are some really big ideas that deal with what caused the war, the role of the militia, or who won the conflict, that are myths. typically, the big ideas have a grain of truth, some element of truth, but by and large, they are false, and then at the other end of the spectrum, you have small misconceptions that are plain factual errors. the notion, for example, andrew jackson fought in new orleans or the scottish 93rd regimen at new orleans wore kilts, or that the great flag at fort mchenry, which is now at the smithsonian actually flew over the north, none of those things are true. those are the smaller

misconceptions that are widely believed about this war. where do the myths come from? well, a lot of them come from participants. they either misremember or mistell the war. there's a tremendous amount of tension, especially in the 18th and early 19th century when black powder was used. very quickly, the battlefield was covered with smoke, so often people engaged in the battle had little idea of what was going on. it is sometimes said even today that if you asked people who were in a battle to describe what they saw, what they heard, what they experienced, it will sound like they were in two different battles, and i would add to that and say if you ask them 20 years after the event, it will probably sound like they were in two wars, because we have a way of shaping our stories over time to fit our preconceptions as well as the expectations of our audience, so

a story that might be told about a battle in 1812 that was retold 30 years later might sound very different. in the 19th century, we had assorted regional and national boosters and patriots who either repeated these myths that were propagated by the participants or they embellished on them, or they simply invented new myths, whole cloth. a lot of that happened in the 19th century, because often myth and legend pass for verifiable history. and too, you had serious historians who propagated some of these myths. william james repeated most of the tales he picked up from the

british navy, which misrepresented the strength of the opposing ships and some of the ship duels that the royal navy lost, or the 19th century american benjamin j. losse who traveled 10,000 miles looking at battlefields, other sites, sketched them, interviewed veterans and others who had been around during the war, and repeated uncritically what he heard from them, and that served, i think, to propagate some of the myths, and finally, the great henry adams, arguably, the first historian of the war who examined sources to try to piece together what had happened, and about half, more than half of his nine-volume history of the united states during the administrations of jefferson and madison really deals with the run up to and the war and the war itself. adams was a very unhappy man, and he also was determined to make everybody except his own ancestors look bad, and this combination led to a lot of

misconceptions, and adams was very, very clever. he often portrayed facts, or i should say, misconceptions, as facts or commonly held opinions that no one would disagree with, so you'll read through his history and see statements like this, no one would now disagree with this or that fact, or everyone today would agree today with "a" or "b," when, in fact, i don't agree with a lot of those things. myths are remarkably durable. they have a real staying power. i told my buddy, don greys, a canadian military historian, the top historian of the war, seven or eight years ago, that i was writing a book on the myths of

the war. he said, i hope you find a way in books published today. why are they so durable? well, they make exciting stories. who would not like to see the great fort mchenry flag flying over the fort when those congreve rockets are exploding overhead or the explosive shells are bursting? in other words, these exciting stories, we like to believe them, we like to repeat them. this kind of history is also very attractive and affirmative. who would not like to believe that the militia saved the united states from the british and their nasty indian allies? we want to believe that those kentucky and tennessee frontiersmen were fully capable of matching the british on the battlefield.

and finally, myths have a way of persisting, because accepting them does not require any work. you just repeat the myth and move on to whatever else you're writing about. as a scholar, if you're going to write about something and you really feel you have to explore what may be a myth, that's going to be a lot more work than simply repeating the myth. okay? all right. let's take a look at what i'm calling the leading myths of the war of 1812. i've listed them under ten headings, although i think we probably have 17, and possibly even more myths here. number one, the united states went to war to conquer canada. not so. we went to war to force the british to give up certain maritime practices. most notably the orders in council, which restricted our trade with the continent of europe. and impressment, which was the removal of seamen from american merchant vessels. however, we couldn't challenge

the british on the high seas, so we targeted their north american provinces, hoping to invade and conquer canada, and use that to win concessions on the maritime issues. well, that made very easy for people to conclude afterwards that the maritime issues were really a blind, a pretext. that this was really nothing more than a land grab. and it's a lot easier to understand that, than it is to understand those arcane maritime issues anyway. but henry clay, among others, made it very clear at the time, that targeting canada was simply the means to secure concessions on the maritime issues. to this day, people north of the border think that canada was the -- the conquest of canada was the real purpose of the war. it's a real tough sell getting them to believe that we were actually trying to give the british to give up certain maritime issues. number two, the conflict was a second war of american independence.

not so. the british in no way threatened our independence. it was never at risk from anything the british did in this period. the british were trying to win a war in europe against napoleonic france. and every policy they adopted that encroached upon our rights was designed to win that war. once the war was over, those policies would end. so as i see it, our independence was never really at risk in this war. now, ironically, the independence of every other belligerent was at risk. british independence was a risk not from us, but from napoleonic france. if napoleon had succeeded in invading and occupying great britain, that would have been the end of british independence. canadian independence was at risk. canada would be part of the united states today rather than an independent nation. and the indian tribes fighting

on both sides also were fighting for their independence, and it really didn't matter which side they were on, they lost their independence. so ironically, the united states was the only belligerent in this war whose independence was not at risk. number three, the militia and the united states and canada played a central role in the war. this is the great militia myth. it has been at least traditionally very popular in canada, and in the united states. canadians want to believe that it was their own that defended against those american invasions. that they didn't need to depend on british regulars or their indian allies. and as a myth, it became very useful once canada became independent, because they felt they didn't have to spend any money on defense, if they got in trouble with their neighbors to the south. all they had to do is call out the militia and whip us again. this myth was also very popular south of the border. we, too, wanted to believe that

the great battles were won, not by regulars, but rather by militia, by those hearty frontiersmen who came out of kentucky and ohio and tennessee and won the war for us. now, our militia did play a fairly significant role. but all the major battles in this war, at least the land battles were fought principally by regulars and to a lesser extent, their indian allies. number four, kentucky rifles were the game changers that won the war. number one, there wasn't any such thing as a kentucky rifle in those days. there were 4,000 federal weapons manufactured at the federal arsenal at harper's ferry that were rifles. those were distributed to some regular units. but most of the rifles were manufactured by private companies working in pennsylvania, to many different specifications.

so this in fact was the pennsylvania rifle. now, there were some militia particularly in the west who, when called into the field, brought their rifles. but the vast majority came unarmed or they came with muskets. most of the fire power in this war was artillery or muskets. rifles played a decidedly minor role. the reason we think they played a major role was because of a popular song called "the hunters of kentucky" which enjoyed a great deal of popularity in the 1820s and 1830s. and that song talks about how kentucky riflemen had won the battle of new orleans. and that made the pennsylvania rifle, the kentucky rifle. it also made the victory at new orleans a victory of the kentucky militia. all right. number five, tecumseh was the most important indian leader of the war. it's a tough sell convincing

people that he wasn't the most prominent indian of the war. he built the western confederacy that emerged about the time of tippecanoe, and fought these various tribes. typically were allied to the british in the war until tecumseh's death at the battle of the thames in october of 1813 when the confederacy collapsed. i would argue that his brother was the more important of the western indians. his brother beginning in 1805 forged a religious movement that only around 1811 did tecumseh build a military alliance on top of that religious movement. without that religious movement, i don't think tecumseh could have forged that indian alliance. moreover, up until tippecanoe, really until the end of 1811, tecumseh was typically referred to as the prophet's brother. he was considered a decidedly secondary character. his brother was deemed the

dominant indian in the old northwest. beyond that, a star did not burn brightly for very long. he emerged sometime after tippecanoe in late 1811, and by october of 1813, less than two years later, he was dead on the battlefield of the thames. not only was his brother more significant, but i think the great mohawk leader john morton served with the british was also more important. he made sure that the grand river iroquois during the war. and that was a more important front than the front further east in the old northwest. so it looks to me like tecumseh might not have even been the second most important indian leader in this war. all right. number six, american heavy friday gats were ships of the

line and relied heavily on british subjects and it helped the u.s. win the war at sea. now, this sentence has three british myths and one american one. the first british myth is that our frigates weren't frigates at all. they were ships of the line in disguise. they were really battleships rather than cruisers. and thus, we defeated the british frigates because we were fighting them with ships that were far more powerful. well, in point of fact, our frigates were more powerful. they were more heavily armed, and more heavily armed, they were really the super frigates of the day. it was no disgrace for british frigates to lose to these more powerful frigates. but they weren't ships of the line. they fit the convention that it was a warship with a single covered deck of guns. it just had a lot more guns and a lot more powerful guns than the british frigates. secondly, the british argued that our crews were really good, because they were picked crews.