how people are able to leave. because now the union army is coming and offering them protect to leave. so it makes a big difference but i think it accelerates a milt drain that the confedracy is suffering from. it is far quicker here in the mississippi valley and tennessee valley than it is in virginia. >> i had a question so in your first book you talk about how the wealthy class of planters appeal to the yomen and convince them to go to war. once we get into the war were there class divisions or was there a similar rallying cry

that the men used to go to war. you know, well, in this whole bunch of collar scholarship which it sounds like you know very well. and you know, i find this hard to believe. i love drew's work, but this i find hard to believe. i mean the women whose defects from the confederate cause has consequences i think are the

yomen and poor white women. who knows what they thought. if you read the political coverage before the war, each side claims that the women are with them. we don't all act or think one way. it has to do with family or region or class. so i think that you know, there were unionists and yomen and poor white women. but what i'm describing i think is this kind of it is almost outside the politics of union. not always, it could be aligned with the posseeace movement and sometimes the tirads could end up with make peace or we will

make it for you. but in many cases, it is about survival. this is one of the things that interests me the most. women don't choose to be more political. they are forced into it. the government comes in and takes their husbands and sons and 10% of everything in their barn and smokehouse. they have a relationship with this government whether they want it or not. and the question is what do they do? the core sporespondence of the governors is that they push back. they say that the officials are not giving them what they are supposed to get. they write the governor and they

say put him in the army. they say by the end of the war, put him in the service. i didn't write that much about elite women in my book at all. it raises a question. to what extent did the men in the field grasp or were they in communication with what was going on at home? >> sometimes the protests of the women followed the collectives of the company community.

they would see huge petitions e being written to the governor. and that is how it would be organized. >> women on the home front often no more about exception for example, than men who are in the army. and what is the government responsible for. women would say, would you let my son out of the army? he would say you have written the wrong official. in some cases men are coaching them on what to say to get out of service.

so you see a rash of letters and the women of the community would get a petition and have all kinds of signatures of the women of the community to show that we can't do without this man at home. the petitions sometimes had columns and would side would say citizens names and the other side would say soldiers wife's names. even though they are legally. all the men would say, nobody got out. it didn't matter what case you made.

nobody got out. there is quite a lot of coordination to the men and women at home. in your opinion, did you ever see what the rank and file of the southern military leadership thought of that idea? >> the military on the whole was more supportive is what i would say. especially in the east. a lot of it was presented to the

congress in the form of testimonyials and they were crucial. but even so, senators in virginia had to be forced to vote for this even though their legislatures were instructing them to do it. i don't know bit by bit how much of the military was for it and how much was not. well, i will say, the radical thinking came from the military. he wrote it to the officers in january of 1864 and there was an up roar.

he had a couple of friends. the most earlier demands for using soldiers came from alabama places that had fallen already. trying to get something, but, when claiborne read this to them, there was a complete up roar and somebody sent instructions that this would be devastating and this document i don't think resurfaced until the 1880s or something.

what is so interesting about it, he is so clear about this. by november of 1864, it is clear he is considering it. he maked it clear that if we need slave soldiers, i will be able to do it. it is a momentous event to trace out how you get from 1860. that is the kind of architecture that i was interested in. thank you for your questions.

um, thank you for your wonderful time. >> as commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the civil war continues join us on saturday and sunday for programs featuring the civil war. for more information including the schedule go to c-span.org. >> from the colonial era to today. drinking for better or worse has always been a part of the american landscape. tonight, a history of alcohol in america.

this week in the civil war, this is a little over 45 minutes. >> it is great to be here and very comfortable to be among 300 people interested in the same thing. i want to tell you what i am going to do. i'm going to join matthew brady and a number of other photographers in going through the whas and describing some of the things that lincoln would have known about it. thank god the power point works.

royal palaces have been open to visitors as a means of enriching the public's idea of the person who lives there. the white house has been open to the public since 1801. crowds flock there to see precedent lincoln's pennure. all presidents leave and never return. lincoln's departure of what might have been a brilliant second term is a tragedy wrapped in time.

and when those vanished people were in their prime. lincoln's white house was the stage and setting to the aaa americana? mellow drama. it was one of the largest residents in the united states if you could woman pair it to a private house. the british invade ers burned i

down. james madison and james monroe rebuilt the white house. except for new furnishings now and then, this is the house that lincoln entered in 1861. no president to come would be more closely identified with the white house than lincoln. it is likely that had the history not taken place in the white house, there would be no white house today to stand proud as the world symbol. the house was threatened after his time on many occasions. in 1867 the core of army engineer engineers planned a portion to be built in the park. the draws were lost and general

grant came to the presidency in 1869. he spoke of the aizations of the house meaning lincoln, washington and those associated with it. president and mrs. garfield asked how best they might restore the house. yet president arthur attempted to secure it's demolition in 1882. congress in the public rose to opposition. no one thereafter mentioned the demolition although a series of expansion plans brought forth. none made it. the last try was an el face aa

fated one.aaa this plan might have worked, a though ita had opponents who w taken in her rolling chair to see it and said to all, it is nice i think but there will be no hammering while i live here. in 1902, president theodore roosevelt was able to convince congress to fund a restoration of the house. that magic word was sweetened by mrs. kennedy. he got a very careful restoration of the outside with a victorian addition. inside he got a total modernization. there has been one change of b substance and that was the

balan balcony on the south side. truman took $16,000 and built the balcony. truman insisted that he would like to improve the architecture of the building. a new white house was built

inside of them. those floors lincoln had tried went to landfill. he deeply believed that the president should remain in the white house. when the work was finished, he ordered that the room that lincoln's office had been in be used. truman was loyal to those walls. he was walking around with hershey one day and they were about to chip a window and carry in a bull doze ser and a dump truck. and he said stop. he insisted that those be taken down. they were taken down and rebuilt and dug with cellars. he was serious about those walls. i have studied and written about the winehouse for years.

i concluded that what you would want from me is details about the white house. that is what i want to do this morning. i will talk about the use of rooms and most of all i can depart to you some feeling of what the white house was like when lincolnp lives there. i won't apologize after all, the life of which we remember of lincoln took place in this house. with lincoln, we are lucky to have photographs. the first full coverage is 1867.

that was his purple magnolia. washington wanted a stone house. they could only judge a quarry by sounding a steel rod. they didn't have what we have today.

the water went into the stone like a sponge. it had to be painted. it was built by scotts in the highlands. we know a lot about them. they had all work directly for the adam brothers and in the style that washington didn't want any of that. it was very out of style for the builders. their custom was to wash buildings when they finished them. the wash got into the nooks and cran crannies. when there was a freeze the holes wouldn't hold water.

it got painted by lincoln's time. there were 30 some odd coats of paint on the white house. grounds of the white house were 18 acres and it had been intended to be 85. jefferson cut it down to 15 and it is 18 today.sísí

it was there from buchanan to sí after lincoln.szczsz thesz grant administration was there and they tore it down because it wouldn't work. and the one we saw was there. they still function. although they are electric powered now. the south front here was considered the private part. if you will look at the right-hand side. jefferson added the two wings to the white house to incorporate the things that you needed. the wood house, servant's quarters and the wings on each side.

on the left, i'll show you the interior, is the original west terrace which the west wing is at the end of. the little connecter between and it was summertime in the winter. mrs. lincoln liked to go there and she got into trouble there. the house is a full three stories in the south.

it is at the edge of the ridge. you enter on what you see here the ground floor was the basement. some of the servants stay there. the rooms at the top, they never liked to stay there and never did because of the fear of fire. it was enormous and you weren't going to jump if there was a fire. they lived in a basement and there was an area that was the front. this was added and the one on the back was a porch. it doesn't have a pediment. it was added earlier. by james monroe. this was the front that everyone

thought of. security was an issue here. it fenced everything but the driveway. and these plantings in front were secured the issue. in 1854. and they would call the president down and they would go make a speech. the police got upset about it. they began to make the speeches and began screening in front. the president would go to the middle window and it would be open.

and so, that is what that -- it was used frequently. there was a garden in the middle. you see the path. this is where the great events were. as the people entered, the rain gets all over everyone. it is there. here on the left, of your picture is the east room. the first three windows, the stair hall is the next window on the right. it goes up stairs. lincoln's office is on the second.

on the other side the rooms face which you will see the living quarters which were on the side, and there were seven rooms, to their great surprise become popular, and confirmed much of the lincoln image. here earlier in the war