>> it's a good question, and you're right. i mean, republicans didn't control the house or the senate and the continental united states hadn't been attacked. so you're quite right. >> let's remember this. there was a very strong vote in the house. it was much closer in the senate. in the house we had guys like steve solars and others who basically said this guy is a threat. the thing that was disappointing me in the senate is remember what they were asked to vote on. for the u.s. to live up to its obligations under un resolution 678, we didn't ask for a declaration of war, we just said can the u.s. be at least as responsible in the international community as ethiopia in living up to its responsibilities. and those same people who had said for years i would have been

with you mr. president if you had only put an international coalition together, if you had only gotten the un involved. we went through that entire path. and at the end of the day, people showed their true stripes. they were either antirepublicans, anti-bush, whatever the case may be. because the whole idea of setting this thing up was to say we've done this as, even those of you who have been critical of american intervention in the past have suggested s including getting this overwhelming support for this use of force resolution, and they still couldn't vote with us. >> russell, thank you for giving us a chance to offer you a panel on the subject of bush's diplomacy today and we're glad to have your attendance and your helpful comments. >> i hope the audience will join me in thanking all of you.

we're going to break now for about 15 minutes and come back for the second panel on bush's commander in chief. >> i had my ambition to walk with john smith i got to poke hon tas. pochohontas mar mayors john in this church. this is where she stood when she got married. >>

this program is 50 minutes. good afternoon. welcome to the center for the book. i'm john cole. i'm the director of the library center for the book, which is the reading promotion arm of the

library of congress. we promote reading in all of the states through a network of state centers for the book. we also are involved in some other wonderful activities through the library of congress, one being the national book festival. this will be our tent anniversa anniversary. this year it will be on the mall on september 25th. come to the festival, it will be a wonderful day. our latest experiment in reading promotion here at the library of congress is the opening of a young readers' center, the first such animal at the library of congress. the one place where we kids under 16 are quite welcome, as long as they have an adult with them. and this is an experiment, not really an experiment. it's a new part of the library of congress's outreach and we're pleased to also have a first

center for the book foothold in the james -- excuse me, the thomas jefferson building. we love these books and beyond talks though in particular, because they are books by authors who have a special connection one way or another with the library of congress. many of our speakers have used the collections of the library of congress. others are involved with projects with not just the center from the book, but maybe from other parts of the labry. and it's an important way that we feel that we can demonstrate a product coming out of all of this book promotion, and we try to give books and authors as much publicity as we can here at the library of congress but also in the states. the format today is going to be a presentation by our author. we are being filmed today not

only by the library of congress, but also by c span and also by the national journal. so we are part of an educational experience about books of which we are very proud. one warning though is please turn off all things electronic because of the filming that's going on. we will have a brief question and answer period before the book signing. and at that time we hope that you have questions, but your question is you're authorizing us to have you participate on film with us as part of your educational experience. there is a new feature for the library of congress center the book. we are the administrators of a new website, read.gov and we have a books and beyond facebook club. there's information about that

on the table here to the side. so please look at that and look for our next events. we have several of these books and beyond talks, one almost every week now for the next couple of months. kathryn jacob grew up in pennsylvania. she earned her m.a. in history from georgetown university and her phd in history from johns hopkins university. she has held positions as archivist, assistant historian and as an archivist at the national archives. she is currently curator of manuscripts at the schlesinger library at the history of women in america -- i better try that again.

the schlesinger library on the history of women in america at harvard university. "king of the lobby," today's talk, this is the book. "king of the lobby," which we will hear about today, was most recently published to excellent reviews by johns hopkins university process. it is cathy's third and her third washington, d.c. based centered book. her first, and i'm the director for the center of the books, so i love to introduce through books and this is a book off my own shelves, her first book "capital elites" was published in 1995 by the smithsonian institution press where she was an assistant program director for the his attorney and records.

"test meant to union" appeared in 1998, published by johns hopkins university press when she was the deputy director of the american jewish historical society. it is now my pleasure to introduce you to kathy jacob. kathy? >> thank you, john. thanks very much for coming. so la mentations that special interests by spending obscene amounts of money stranglie elg the voice of the people. fears that the nation was going to held in a band basket caried by lobbyists. the stories filled the press and the capital building in the

19 -- 1870s. ruthless men like samuel cole and collis huntington, a swauf new yorker was the "king of the lobby." he transformed what it meant to lobby. bribes of railroad stock weren't for him. the king of the lobby exchanged information. at his table, the outlines of a new modern lobby, a lobby easily recognized today took shape. "king of the lobby" is about lobbying, politics and power in washington in the guilded age. it's also about food, wine and conversation and how charming and disarming sam ward combined all three to create a new type

of lobbying. social lobbying and he reined as his king for a decade. brother of julia ward howe, best friend of henry wads worth long fellow, a spendthrift who squand erd several for turns, sam ward was an amazing man. sam ward's story would be impassable to tell without any depth or color or accuracy without the manuscripts here at the library of congress. i'm grateful to the staff of the mun awe script division and the photographs divisions. james garfield, the pams of james blane, hamilton fish, benjamin butler and many others. and together they provide a

richness of detail that's helped me bring sam ward back to life. so here's the story of sam ward in a nutshell, and pecans were his favorite. his early years gave no hint of his future profession. the he was the first of six children. fis father was a highly respected conservative banker with the rock solid form of prime, ward and king and sam ward, the son, was expected to some day take his place there. when sam's mother died when he was just ten, his father was devastated and turned to religion. to the horror of his friends he destroyed all the wine in his well-stocked cellar. he become obsessed with his children's health and tried to shelter them from the world. this hand some house was on the

corner of broadway and bond in manhattan. it wasn't until sam was a student at columbia that he began to learn about the wider world. his favorite spot was a cafe on william street. the more he learned of the world, the less sam wanted to be a banker. he somehow convinced his father to let him go to europe to study before taking his place at prime, ward and king and by mid 1832, he was happily settled in paris, which he called in his first letter home, the city of sin and science. i'm sure his father was thrilled. instead of studying, he threw himself into society. charming, hand some, well dressed, he graced every drawing room he entered.

he kind something new to an american, a real restaurant with table cloths and individuals menus. he developed a taste for exotic vegetables like egg plant. this is a stunning picture of sam, it's still owned by a family member. it was painted in dress den in 1836 when he was 22. sam managed to stretch the original year in paris to three more in germany, during which he did earn a phd in mathematics. and he met henry wads worth longfellow. they became best friends. when bampger ward ordered him home, he came back bursting with

new music, books, it was his new ideas what would clash most sharply with his father. you did not keep in view the importance of the social tie. the social what, asked my father? the social tie, sir. i take special account of that, said the elder gentleman. i will die in defense and rejoin the younger. my father was so much amused by this that he spoke of it to an intimate friend. imagine he will die in defense of the social tie, indeed. despite his groenings in letters to friend, he renewed his acquaint against with his friend he was invited to every fashionable party.

he had a wife he adored and who adored him and in november, their first child, a little girl was born. this painting by ann hall, also still in family hands, shows sam and emily on their wedding day. the first dark cloud was samuel ward's unexpected death in 1839. ready or not, sam moved up the ladder at prime, ward and king. next his brother who understood the banking business, caught typhoid fever. then came the death of prime, the founder of the bank. he committed suicide yet by slitting his throat with a raise zor. in february 1841, he dashed off a note to longfellow announcing

the arrival of his first son. this time two days later an infection set in and emily had died and dwo days after that, sam's son died two. he was executor of his father's several million estate, a widower, father of a two-year-old little girl and 27 years old. he was one of the best catches in new york. he was caught by a beautiful young woman from new orleans. her mother was a for tune hunting shrew. longfellow was impressed by her beauty but by little else and he told sam so. this is her in an 1852 book, "the book of home beauty" deaf to all caution, he married her.

when she bore two sons in quick succession, his home life was happy again, but his business life was anything but the. sam wanted nothing more to make a lot of money and retire from business. speculation he was certain was his ticket to for tune. in september 1847, wall street was stunned by the news that prime, ward and company had collapsed. several million were gone and thousands more were owed to creditors. broke, he had to rent his house. now, 35, sam was bankrupt, casting about for a way to earn a living. in the california gold fever sweeping the nation, he saw his opportunity. he joined the 49ers rushing west, set up shop on the san francisco waterfront, plowed his profits into the town's real

estate market and made a quarter of a million in just three months. he adopted a much more rugged look in san francisco. this is from the new york public library. this new fortune went up in smoke when fire destroyed all the warehouses. he become a ferry operator in the colorado wild necessary. he got caught up in schemes, he sailed for france, then nicaragua and costa rica on mysterious missions and bobd up in new york a wealthy man again. this time, sam went on a mission to paraguay. he sailed home with silver

utensils and in his pocket a secret agreement sealed with a thousand pound sterling. when he landed in may 1859, sam headed to wash to begin a knew career. when sam arrived in washington in 1859, the original kwat dome of the capital had been removed to make way for the better proportion dome we know today. and you can see construction under way in this photo courtesy of the architect of the capital. sam wrote julia that the nation's capital was a tinder box. washington set squarely on the fault line as the nation threatened to split in two. only a thin veneer of civility remained. sam was a democrat. he believed in gradual emancipation and compensation for slave owners. he had many friends and family members in the south.

but there was no question that sam would remain loyal to the union. he put his house at the disposal of his friend, the new secretary of state william henry seward. there his dinners provided the perfect cover for northerners and southerners who needed neutral ground on which to meet. he traveled dlu the confederacy, secretly sending back letters to seward for which he surely would have been hanged or shot if discovered. when in new york, he sent letters full of all the gossip about the south and from the south that he could glean to seward's desk. by the time the war was over, sam's purse was thin and he wrote to julia "all my bank accounts are over drawn,vy to go back to kwaesh to get some money."

sam's tining was perfect. a new era was downing. it guaranteed a man with sam's skills could indeed get money in post war washington. just how sam went about spinning charm into gold is what i'd like to focus on now. representatives of a host of reform groups were flocking to washington, hoping to channel the powers there to the betterment of society. if the federal government could abolish slavery, sure it could write other wrongs. converged on the capital to plead their cases. the potential to make men millionaires was the bait that lurd a more cynical crowd to the

capital. the war had schooled them as well. conditions were ripe to shaun a ruth less era, the corruption seemed to ooze out of the doors of every government office. in fact there wasn't anything knew about the elements that gave rise to these unseemly years. all had existed before the war. but the confluence of so many factors encouraging corruption, the scale of aus dasty of ensuing scandals, these were new. the koels were ready for a feeding frenzy in washington. the great barbecue. railroad charters and land, but eager new arrivals. others could have eted mail routes, indian trading posts and military contracts for everything from boots to beef. and one of these gentlemen of course was sam. he was just as hungry as the others for perch and he had

friends in high places. and his talents for diplomacy all of which augerred well for success. sam's entray into the johnson administration. convincing congress to support his plan would not be easy. one of those to whom he turned to help was sam, who could both talk the talk of finance and more importantly bring together men of opposing views to talk over their differences. and sam was happy to oblige. from new headquarters on e street, sam sent out to win a victory with the treasury paying the bill. sam was delighted when reporters placed the cost of his efforts for the secretary of the treasury at $12,000. soon the key senators and representatives on both sides of the currency zee bait were sitting down to dinner at sam's table. although mak cull la was

disappointed when he didn't get what he wanted, he was not disappointed in sam. thanks to his work and a string of successes, sam's star was rising. to julia he boasted he was a sort of a figeroe. every one calls me, every one wants me. what exactly did he do for sam, and what did he do for those who called his name? in a letter to a friend, about work he was doing for him in washington, sam wrote "it's taken me a week, i'm at length able to write you favorably touching all of your projects. i can get the furniture bill passed any day" but how did sam corral those congressional elephants? he knew a new recipe for success when he tasted it. timpgerring with ingredients -- he used dinners as a means to an

end. the when he told julia what most of them really wanted was a seat at his dinners. call on me at the new york hotel on monday at 10:00 a.m. when you will find me at breakfast and i will unfold the plan. the plan often began with cham pain. in new york, here in washington he rotated dinners for more than a dozen guests. when it came to special dinners for no more than seven or eight guests, only welchers would do. in his home he had a two-man

staff, his chef and his secretary, a horse handicapper. sam's kich was his laboratory in which he invented recipes. to roast spring chickens some to spoil them, split them up the back and broil them. sam took great care in composing every meal from his lobby dinners to the grant banquets he org streeted. the menu was the plan of campaign, depending upon the numbers of the enemy who will be reduced to exitulation by the e rerejected banquet. sam ward managed that his guests never be satated. here's the menu for a bang adequate that sam planned in the

1870s. it's written in his hand on the back of a business card. while sam chose the menu, he deferred to his clients when drawing up the guest lists. if their interests were financial, he would make sure that key members of the appropriate house and senate committees received invitations. mining and mineral rights, that would be another set of players. which members were alone in washington and lonely, who was most persuasive and who most easily persuaded, who was leaning one way and who another, who might like to sit next to whom. all of these factors went into the mix when selecting guests. once he determined his table mates, he concentrated on arc straighting the talk around the table. good conversation was as essential as good food and wine sam believed to the success of his evenings. he used stories from his life

like kondments at his table. he could salt dinner conversations with all sorts of tales. nothing was ever served on sam ward's table that was half as deligs as himself. the results of his great care of conducting his dinners, a.m. broegsal nights. an evening at sam's was the climax of civilization. but how did these delightful evenings serve sam's and more importantly his client's ends? suddenly, slowly and congenially. and therein lies what set sam apart as a lobbyist. he never talked about a project over dinner. his guests also left with the impression that he never outright asked any of them for anything. while sam probably never actually found his job quite this easy, one reporter claimed