offering something of an olive branch as well as a lot of financial assistance. we'll take it. an arms race is now a byproduct of the cold war. you have this weapon, we have to have another weapon. all of which brings me to dr. seuss. you all read dr. seuss, right, growing up? anybody read "the butter battle book"? it's about the cold war, folks. i'm not talking about the foot book and the abc book and all those classics. dr. seuss wrote a book about the cold war. "the butter battle book." i don't have time to read it to you. the library has a copy. i've got it in my office. classic. it's about two groups, zooks and the yooks. they don't like each other. why? because one group butters their bread butter side up and the other is butter side down.

now, there's a reason to go to war. how you butter your bread. but it's a children's story about the cold war and the escalation of it. i said i wasn't going to read it to you, but i actually -- no, i'm just going to read the end of it. very end. because it's about developing weapons and one side getting something and the other side responding with a bigger weapon. but at the very end they have developed the big boy boomeroo, okay? right here at the very end the yooks and zooks are clashing. both of them have the big boy boomeroo. here's how dr. seuss ends the book. gramdpa, i shouted, oh, gee, who's going to drop it, will you or will he? be patient said grandpa, we'll see, we'll see. it's a cliff hanger. dr. seuss, right there.

who's going to drop the big boy boomeroo? it's the cold war. we have atomic weapons. the soviet union has atomic weapons. we have an atomic bomb. they get one. we have to have a hydrogen bomb that takes an atomic bomb to detonate it, to set it off. dr. seuss. anyway. it's an arms race now. what is the soviet's response? . it's not enough. they want to have the largest standing army in the world. they're going to develop one that encompasses nearly 3 million men. that's a lot of folks. they're going escalate their atomic weapons program. if we're working on a hydrogen bomb, then they're going to be working on it as well, or something else. but the most interesting thing in terms of the soviet response is this.

support for their satellites. i use that term in quotes because i mean not only their countries. they're going to ensure that their control of eastern europe is solid, solidified. no threat of being overthrown. but satellites in terms of technology. the soviet union is going to pour a lot of money into their weapons development program as well as their space technology program, and they will put into space rockets, and satellites, and in 1957 they're going to do something that absolutely terrified us. what is launched in 1957? sputnik.

this little thing, ball-looking device that's orbiting the earth beeping as it's going across the horizon. it absolutely terrified us. we don't have that. we have not yet successfully put a satellite into space, and yet they have. the shock, the realization is they're ahead of us in this space race. and so we've got to catch up. sputnik is a drop kick to nasa. we're going to push, put a lot of money into rocket technology, space technology, and eventually we will win this race and put a man on the moon before they do, but that's another lecture for another day. you need to understand there are suspicions on both sides. when we do something, they respond. when they do something, it affects us. the cold war is not done yet. it's not just the fall of china,

it's not just the united states cozying up to japan, but it's going to explode. the cold war is going to heat up, if you will, in korea. now remember the last lecture, world war ii, we talked about korea being occupied by japan. once the war is over, the united states and the soviet union decide to divide korea with the united states being in control of the southern part of korea. the soviet union is going to be administering the northern part of korea. eventually, both u.s. and ussr agree that we will withdraw and allow the koreans to have some degree of self-determination. we're going to pull out, soviet union's going to pull out. the koreans will be able to determine their future and their fate. and we both did. the difference is, when we

pulled out, we basically took everything with us. when the soviet union pulled out, they left behind a stockpile of weapons. the most modern military technology that they had at the time. and that's a temptation that was going to be used the following summer, 1950, north korea, with the use of soviet military armaments, they will invade south korea and try to take possession of the entire country. this is exactly what kennan had warned us about, truman says. soviet union is not content. they're going to expand now, you know, in other areas. this is a classic example of expansion, trying to take over the southern part of korea. we must respond. but he doesn't go to congress to ask for a declaration of war. he thought that might set a bad precedent. whenever i need to send troops someplace, i don't want to have to go to congress and ask them every time.

so what he does is he goes to the united nations, the united nations, and asks for a force to be sent to prop up, to support, to defend the people of south korea. now, the united states is going to do all the heavy lifting here. we will have more men, more equipment, we'll spend more money than any other country in the world defending south korea. but that's what's going to happen. since it's -- technically speaking, korea is a police action, as the united nations called it. it's not an officially declared war because only congress can do that, and, of course, truman didn't go to congress, but what's going to happen, most of the fighting in 1950 is sort of a back and forth. that red arrow shows you the penetration of the north koreans deep in south korea.

and then general mcarthur, douglas mcarthur is going to land over here on this eastern coast. he's going to land there and cut off the north korean forces in the southern part of the country. be very successful at that. and then mcarthur decides not to be satisfied with just simply driving the north koreans out of south korea. he decides to invade, move northward, into the northern part of the country. and if you follow that blue arrow, he's headed north. what's the country on the other side of that dotted line right there? >> china. >> that's china. you're mao. it's the summer of 1950. you have been in power less than a year. you know the policy of the united states, that is to contain communistic expansion, and now all of a sudden here at your back door you've got a well-decorated united states general leading united nations forces, and they are getting closer and closer and closer. and if you're mao, you're probably just as paranoid as

stalin has always been. and if you're mao, you're probably thinking that this is all a means to an end. the war in korea is a means to an end. that is, to drive mao and the communists from power in china. we're using the korean conflict as an excuse to invade china. and so his response is to send flood after flood of chinese troops across the border to support the north koreans to stop the americans. by 1950, we get bogged down. the united states is not only fighting north korean communists, but now we're fighting chinese communists. and this war is going to go on until 1953. but the most significant

military action occurs here in this first year, and by the summer of '53, we agree to end this conflict with a permanent division of the country. at the 38th parallel. south of the 38th parallel, south korea will be a free democratic and capitalistic state. north of the 38th parallel, north korea will be a totalitarian communist state, and it's still that way today. it's a divided country today and one of the great flash points. i mean, you've got this lunatic in north korea who every now and again threatens nuclear warfare against somebody waiting for countries around the world to pay him off. well, it's a flash point today. its origins is here in the middle of the cold war. and one other area to move into, it's not just korea, it's not just in china. outlined in red, what is that

country? >> vietnam. >> that's vietnam. this is an area we talked about called french indo-china back in the world war ii lecture. we talked about how the japanese invaded french indo-china. and there's nothing france could do about it, because france had already been knocked out of the war. and the japanese moved in and took over. well, now that the war is over, the vietnamese would like to have their own right to determine their nation and their status. and this guy wants to do that. that is ho chi minh. he wants to lead an independence movement in vietnam in 1945. and in fact declares vietnam, drafts a vietnamese declaration of independence in 1945 that is modeled after our own united states declaration of independence. if you put the two documents side by side, they are eerily similar. you would think the united states would want to support a nation who wants to be free and independent, self-determination. we don't.

why not? we're not really going to support france in this. it's more of ho chi minh's political tendencies. he's a communist. and as much as we would like to support the independence of a nation, we're not going to support the independence of vietnam under communist control. we're going to contain it as best we can. that's next week's lecture for another day. vietnam gets a whole day. so there is an awful lot going on in terms of the cold war abroad. in the mediterranean, western europe. western hemisphere. china. korea. vietnam. all of these things are a part of the cold war. shift gears now. while all of that's going on

overseas, what effect does that have here at home? the cold war on the home front? well, one of the things that we're suspicious of are communists. and if you want to get anything done, you give it to congress to do, and so we're going to flush them out with a congressional committee called huac, the house unamerican activities committee. one of the interesting things is we're going to investigate hollywood. hollywood turns out all kinds of movies about world war ii, movies in which the enemy are the japanese. the enemy are the germans. why is it that hollywood's not producing movies in which the enemy are the russians? the communists? is it possible that the communists have infiltrated our film industry?

and that's the reason why we're not producing these kinds of movies? we're going to investigate. and so we're going to have all kinds of subpoenas. we're going to have movie stars come to washington, d.c., raise your right hand. i am not now nor have i ever been a member of the communist party. you deflect attention from yourself. you profess your undying loyalty and devotion to all things american. mom, apple pies, hot dogs, whatever the slogan is. chevys, what is that? is that what it is? yeah, anyway. ronald reagan, not president yet. gary cooper. iconic actor. they called all kinds of folks to come and talk about whether or not communism has infiltrated the movie industry. and a few decided i'm not going to play this game. i'm an american. i have rights. we don't do this sort of thing in this country. suspicion. innuendo.

well, we do. but there were ten folks who said i will invoke my fifth amendment rights, self-incrimination. i'm not going to answer your questions. well, you know what that means, don't you? you're a communist. exactly. if -- if you're going to invoke your fifth amendment rights, well, that must mean you're a communist. and so we draw up this black list. you don't hire these people. they didn't stand up and profess loyalty to this country. therefore, they must be a communist. don't hire them. because if you do, you know what that means, you're a communist. and then it goes. and it goes and it goes. it's like that ripple effect. remember the soviet union has an atomic bomb, 1949. we need to figure out how that happened. it couldn't be they developed the technology themselves. they had to have help. where did that help come from?

it had to come from within the united states. one of the classic examples of searching through and figuring out who is involved in espionage activities, focuses on the husband and wife team ethel and julius rosenberg. >> is ethel the girl's name? >> yes. >> why is the girl's name first? >> i decided to put it first alphabetically. >> okay. >> they will be charged separately, but both convicted of espionage, passing along atomic secrets to the soviet union in 1951 and executed for espionage in 1953.

this is serious business now. the united states has been infiltrated by soviet spies. nothing more serious than the atomic weapons program, and the rosenbergs paid the price. what we have then in the united states is a full-fledged red scare. we talked about this after world war i, in the 1920s. this is really a second red scare. we are afraid that the united states here on our own shores have been infiltrated. every aspect of american life. we are suspicious of everyone and everything. your next-door neighbor might be a spy. and it's your american responsibility, your duty to report suspicious activity. the band leader synonymous with the red scare and flushing out the communists wherever they might be is this fellow. recognize him? joseph mccarthy. senator from wisconsin. united states senator from wisconsin.

what he's going to do is to gain a lot of attention in 1950. he is going to go to wheeling, west virginia, and he's going to deliver a speech. in part of that speech he's going to hold up a piece of paper. he says i hold here in my hand a list of 205 names of known communists working in the state department. you see i have a piece of paper in my hand? see this writing on it? see there's names and things on here? i'm joseph mccarthy. i'm a united states senator. i'm waving a piece of paper in my hand, and i'm saying i have a list of 205 known communists working in the state department. don't you think that got a little bit of attention? now, we're not in the news cycle 24/7 like we are today. but it's still going to get a lot of attention in 1950. all of a sudden the questions. who's on that list? how did he get the list? are there other communists other than in the state department?

all of a sudden, a junior senator from wisconsin is going to be the darling of the news media. who is he? how did he get the information? a clue that maybe some of mccarthy's claims and charges weren't necessarily on the up-and-up is that when he would repeat the claim that he knew of communists in the state department, the numbers kept changing. they go from 205 to 56. the numbers just kept changing. nonetheless, he is going to conduct hearings in washington, d.c., where individuals were subpoenaed, come to testify as to what they know about communism infiltrating the federal government. this is the day and age of television. television is brand new in the 1950s.

what the radio was to the 1920s, the television is to the 1950s. and there's no better show on tv in the 1950s than the mccarthy hearings. people are glued to the set. on tv than the mccarthy hearings. people are glued to the set. when it's all said and done, he didn't get a single conviction. yet his legacy still continues to this day. when there are charges, accusations that are filed, they'll say, well, that's mccarthyism. well, it's a part of cold war. it's a part of the times of the early 50s when we were paranoid and suspicious of all kinds of things. and generally, we look to the president in those days of leadership. >> so is this the same thing as yellow journalism that we saw before?

>> i'm not sure we're trying to sell newspapers in this regard. i'd say you're in the general area, but with a slight difference of intent. less -- more political, less economic. while all of this scare is going on, we generally look to the president for leadership. harry truman, who has taken this very tough stand against the soviet union, he's got a very difficult time by the early 50s. we're bogged down in korea. we are at a stalemate in terms of the soviet union and the slide say politics. harry truman is a democrat and yet members of his own party are pulling away from him by the early 50s. because he is starting to push for civil rights.

that's another lecture for another day. southern democrat, conservative southern democrats are going to push back against truman who wants to push forward a civil rights agenda. so he loses spaurt from his own democratic party and the republicans aren't going to help truman, anyway. they're just playing politics. truman's popularity plummets. and by the early 50s, there is sort of a change in the political atmosphere. remember i talked about a 30-year cycle. the 1920s, conservative and republicans. 1930s, liberal and democratic. 1940s, a transition, if you will, because of the war. we're back to our 30-year cycle. the 1950s are going to be more conservative and republican and dominated by these two guys. dwight d. eisenhower and richard nixon, elected in 1952 and '56,

republicans regain the white house. >> the 30-year -- >> republican and much more conservative. who better to lead a total war than the general, dwight dwight d. eisenhower? one of the most decorated generals in world war ii? he wasn't really a politician, yet -- and, in fact, no one really knew if he was a republican or a democrat. not even interested in politics. but he decided to get involved. the republicans got him and everybody seemed to like ike, as he was known. he was just a very personable gentleman. well, the popularity of eisenhower is not just because of his military record of world war ii. it also has to do with the economy of the day.

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