this picture doesn't capture the chaos. bruce's diary captures a little. as they're driving through paris bruce later said it was impossible to refuse the gifts thrust upon us. in the course of the afternoon we had beer, cider, white and red bordeaux, white and red burgundy, champagne from whiskey, cognac, armagnac and calvados. i hope they were still mission capable after doing all this. on the next day bruce and hemingway liberate the hotel. they go into the bar and by this time the entourage is quite large. and bruce orders 50 martinis which gets served up to everybody in his group and bruce writes in his diary, he says, you know, they weren't really very good. talk about that kind of, you

know, the virginia aristocrat, only the best for him. but he's fair and he says, you know, we stayed for dinner, and dinner was really, really good. there were about 12 people who stayed for dinner including earnest and they all signed the menu under -- somebody wrote on the menu, we think we took paris, and then the 12 people at the table sign up. so this is pretty much the end of the story of ernest and american intelligence in world war ii. he spends the rest of the war, he spends a lot of time in the ritz. he goes over to the hotel scribe nearby and this is a fanciful portrayal. that's ernest sitting at the table in the foreground. the guy with the patch is william l. shirer and the lady

they're sitting with is janet flanner who wrote for paris for "the new yorker" for many years. apart from being in paris and doing the swor spont thing, he does get out to the front and he spends -- he exposes himself to a considerable amount of danger as a war correspondent as the american troops are going toward and entering germany. around this time, you remember b bumbi, his luck ran out in the fall of 1944. he was captured. he talks with oss about a possible mission to liberate bumbi, wiser heads prevail. it's not attempted. it probably would have been disastrous. after the battle of the bulge, ernest goes home and resumes his life now without martha. in cuba. and here he is arriving home on a pan am airplane. so that's not the end of the story. there's been another window open the whole time.

there's a reason i said this was the end of earnest's relationship with american intelligence in world war ii. he had a relationship with another intelligence organization starting in 1941 and that was the kgb. according to transcripts of kgb files that have been published by yale university press in 2009, ernest was pitched in early 1941, probably in new york city, probably in january, by a man named jacob golos, and golos wrote back to moscow that he had recruited ernest hemingway as a soviet spy and that ernest had agreed to cooperate for ideological reasons. he added that ernest had accepted contact instructions for the next clandestine meeting. as far as i can tell from the

traffic, these were material contact instructions, probably something like a jell-o box that had been cut in a certain pattern. the person who you were meeting would have the other half, and that's how you know you have the right person. how could this be? i'm a lifelong hemingway fan. and i found this out more or less by accident. what i like to do is when i'm doing research i like to kind of troll in the waters next to the ones that i'm fishing and i thought, what the hell, let's see what kgb was up to in the united states around this time so i went and looked at this book and i went, holy moly, ernest hemingway, it says here, ernest hemingway was a russian spy. and the, you know, people who like -- a lot of people who like hemingway like him for kind of good red-blooded american

reasons. you like hemingway in part because he's a man would writes about telling the truth, telling it like it really is. that's not what spies do. especially spies who work for another country. so and there's also -- another thing that makes it hard to believe that ernest would have accepted this pitch is that even though he had many friends on the left, he always said he admired them as individuals. he did not necessarily admire their beliefs. he himself throughout most of his life claimed to be apolitical. he said, explicitly that he did not like, quote, the ideology poise. he also said explicitly, i could never be a communist. so i go, what's going on here? how do we break this down? how do we understand it? the first thing i did was look at how the documents got here.

it's kind of an interesting story. it goes back to paris troika, the end of the cold war, the opening in russia. some people in the kgb go, hey, we need to get on this bandwagon. we need to tell our story to and maybe we can make a few bucks at the same time, contribute it to the retirement fund. so they bring in a retired kgb guy. he's working as a journalist and say, okay, we want you to work on american espionage conducted by the kgb in -- during world war ii and during the cold war and then we'll take a look at it. once you get it written we'll take a look at it and let you know, okay, this part, you can publish, that part, we don't want to you publish. he's the guy who stumbles named vassilev. he stumbles on earnest eers file. that's not really what he's looking for, but he comes across this file summary and it really -- you can just imagine the junior officer being told,

okay, now this afternoon we want you to read the whole hemingway file and write this file summary so we, seniors, don't have to go through it all. that's one of the things he's copied out verbatim which is a summary of what ernest did for or didn't do for the kgb. so i also checked, you know, the -- you know, who's been working on these collections? this is quite a bit afield from what i normally do, and, you know, these are really solid guys. a gentleman over at the library of congress, there's another longtime expert, they're named clair and haines. and it's generally accepted that vassilev did a good job of copying what he saw in the files so which he eventually brought out west as the winds changed, the political climate changed in

russia and some hardliners came back into kgb now and said, what are you doing? he said, aisle doing what you contracted me to do to write this history and they said, no you're not. if you try and continue with this, we're going to hurt you. so he takes -- he's been a kgb guy for a long time. he takes it seriously and moves out to england and eventually arranges for his files to be smuggled out to him. and, you know, now they're over in the library of congress. his handwritten notes. we can all go over there and see them. so the next thing i did, so the, you know, the documentation is probably authentic. it's highly unlikely the kgb would have said let's smear ernest hemingway. maybe they might have smeared some guy, some defector that they didn't like for some reason, but it's hard to believe anybody in the 1990s was saying, hey, we need to go after earnest hemingway and blacken his name.

no, i think this was a by-product of another kind of operation. anyway, so then i looked at golos. did he get it right? he would not be the first intelligence officer who had gone to a meeting. spoken in very general terms to somebody he had met a few times and then went back to the embassy and said, hey, i just recruited jones, he said he will do anything i ask of him. and then they send the cable off to their headquarters. so i wondered was golos this kind of guy who would have exaggerated his accomplishment and the answer i came up with was probably not. golos was a really interesting guy. he was an old bolshevik so in the early 1900s he's an illegal actor for the bolsheviks in the russia. he gets captured by the czar's police. they exile him to siberia. golos escapes by going east,

okay? this is a pretty tough thing to do. and he eventually winds up in the united states, in new york, and eventually becomes an american citizen. golos -- so the russians -- world war i happens. the bolsheviks take over russia. the soviet intel services start going, and of course they start communist parties here and there around the world including the communist party of the united states. golos is one of the founding members of cp usa and probably a support asset for the kgb who comes over and says, well, you know, they have stations in new york, washington, and san francisco around this time so '30s and '40s and ask for referrals. do you know anybody who could help us with this kind of information or that kind of information?

do you know anybody who could get us real american passports? he's actually pretty good at that, getting bona fide american passports then even though he's not a trained intelligence officer. he gets better and better at what he's doing and knows the american target better than almost anybody in the kgb and the kgb has real problems around this time because stalin keeps calling -- anybody who gets to be too good at his job gets called back to russia and gets shot. golos gets called back at one point but he can't go because he's in trouble with the fbi. they have told him he can't travel. so he cables back to moscow, he says, i'm really sorry i can't come because the fbi, i'll be on their -- i'm already on their black list. i'll be on a blk blacker list if i try to leave the country and i think i'm doing good stuff here. he is kind of the senior guy on the american scene for periods of time. and he is enormously productive. he is one of the main guys in project enormous which is

stealing american nuclear secrets. so, you know, if you were an intel officer you could imagine this is his efficiency report bullet. you know, ran source, stole atomic secrets, changed world history. i mean, this is a long ball hitter who doesn't need an earnest hemingway to pad out his resume. so i concluded that it was not likely that golos got it wrong. that, you know, he probably did have the meeting with ernest, we don't have ernest's side. let me be clear about that. we only have one source, but it's not likely he got it wrong or needed to exaggerate it for any reason. so how can you explain this? so why would ernest say, yes, to the kgb especially in january 1941 when the soviet union doesn't really look too good to motion people on the left? that's the period at which hitler and stalin are in bed together.

what the explanation i came up with is is pretty much three words and it's the spanish civil war. in the mid '30s, this was a really passionate cause for many people, something like the vietnam war in this country, you were either for it or against it. there wasn't much in between and ernest went to spain three times as a correspondent and he saw this as one of the defining struggles of his time. it was conservatism, religion, fascism on the one hand. it was the forces of democracy, freedom, progress, on the other hand. the way it develops in the spanish civil war, the fascists are being supported by the

germans and italians, pouring in ammunition, a lot of crucial help that enables them to progress. and nobody at first is really willing to help the republic. the democracies are going, i don't know if we want to get involved in this. britain, france, the united states, for various reasons, are not comfortable with being heavily involved in spain. there is one country that is and that's the soviet union. and a very complicated set of reasons why the soviets would want to do this, that's a whole other talk. anyway, they're there. they send troops -- they send advisers more than troops. they send munitions. and they send an enormous kgb contingent. they help organize and train the

various international brigades. and these -- this effort really impresses earnest in spain. he decides, and he says this a few times. you can also find it in "for whom the bell tolls." he said explicitly, the only way we'll win this war is by accepting communist or soviet discipline. he doesn't necessarily say he believes in communism or soviet russia but he believes that the discipline that they imposed in spain was the only chance to win that war. now, ernest is wearing blinders when he's saying this because as time goes on in the spanish civil war, the soviets and the kgb are undermining the republic they're there to help and among other things they steal all of its gold. they say, give it to us for safekeeping and we'll take the part we need to pay for the arms

that we're sending you. but they take it all and stalin has a party when it gets to -- when it gets to russia on ships going through the mediterranean to odessa. he has a wild party and says, hey, if they think they're ever getting this back, they're wrong. anyway, it's probably still there. so ernest doesn't really focus on any of this stuff. he senses some of it. he thinks it's excesses by individuals but he doesn't see any systemic problems and still believes in the soviet or communist discipline. so what do they want from him? why would the kgb come to ernest? what do you get by having ernest as your agent? they looked at him as a journalist, and for them, journalists were useful for a number of things. they could do press placements so journalists could write an article slanted toward your point of view.

they could be principal agents so they could run a bunch, and that could be a safe way to get information from lower-level sources, funnel through, and turned over to the kgb case officer. they could spot new contacts. they could also do reporting on their own. ernest knew people from president roosevelt down to the barmen and the maids and the prostitutes in havana, so he had a lot of people who would come to his house, have a few drinks and say interesting things. those are the reasons why we can speculate. not entirely clear from the file summary what they wanted from him but before they could get anything from ernest they had to get to the next meeting. remember, he got the material recognition signal. the problem was, he didn't use it. and the case file that we have shows an enormous amount of frustration on the part of the kgb. ernest is not a reliable agent. what do you want from a secret agent? you want him to show up on time

to that meeting and give you the information. well, earnest -- they can't get earnest to meetings. in the course of their relationship, they have looks like fewer than ten meetings. they have it two in 1943 in cuba. they have one in london 1944. good autumn i say because he was a hard guy to hook up with this london. he wasn't there very long. you know, how did they find him and get somebody in to him and sit down and have a meeting? some kgb guy did his homework and really should have gotten a promotion. they have another meeting or two with him in havana in 1945. every time they meet, ernest says, yeah, sure, i'll do what you want and then nothing happens. the file shows no concrete results. ernest doesn't produce for them. why? again, the subject really of a whole other talk, contact is ultimately dropped on both sides. what do we have at the end of

the day here? we're looking at earnest h hemingway in world war ii. j. edgar hoover was aware of a lot of this. the fbi and hoover, as you might have gathered by now, were not natural friends. and hoover says, you know, earnest is just the wrong guy. he heard all about what was going on in cuba and he wrote, he said, i cannot think of anybody who is more ill-suited toward this kind of work than earnest hemingway. you know, then he wrote down a couple of reasons, drinking, judgment, politics and whatnot and by the way the fbi kept an eye on him for his whole life even when he was in mayo clinic just before he died. but anyway, this is one thing that the fbi and the oss could have agreed on because they both looked at hemingway and came to the conclusion that this is somebody who we really shouldn't have as a formal part of our organization.

kgb, there's one memo in washington kgb did not get. got a lot of oss memos but didn't get this one so they tried their hand at it. nobody really got a whole lot out of ernest in the intel business in world war ii. earnest, as i say, it's something he wanted to do. it's something he devoted a lot of energy to, but it may have been a dramatic story, but it didn't have dramatic results. there just wasn't a lot of product at the end of the day, only a story that i really like to tell. so that's about it. thank you very much. >> if anyone has questions -- >> happy to take questions. >> we have one right over here.

>> i would like to know what -- not the part of spain. why did hemingway kill himself? >> whew! yeah. that's long and complicated. i think it's the long-term effects of drinking. he's probably -- he was probably an alcoholic physiologically. probably by even by this time, hemingway's productivity as a great author falls off dramatically. you know, the last great book he writes is "for whom the bell tolls" then he writes "old man and the sea." that's really the last home run he writes. everything else is falling off. he's deteriorating physically. i think it's a cascading effect from the alcohol. he's suspicious.

he's irascible. maybe he has some other conditions. i think he was -- what's -- i hesitate to advance a diagnosis, but, you know, mentally unstable and that's -- that played a big role in shooting himself. also his father shot himself and he had -- ernest had a lot of trouble with his mom. he never really liked his mom. and after dad shot himself -- so earnest kind of upset about dad shooting himself. mom for christmas one year sends him the pistol that dad shot himself with. so, you know, it's a sad story. it's one of those family lore things that works out that ends badly for ernest. >> i know that the picture in

the brochure was hemingway that it is general lamb. charles t. lamb. i know that in late july of '44, he was assigned -- as they push to paris. was the -- was general lamb involved in the cover work? >> not that i know of. so what -- the way i reconstruct it is at the -- in the first part of july, 19 -- july/august, first part of august 1944, earnest is with lanam and his troops and lanam is not directly on the push to paris. so earnest says, we'll -- i got to go looking for the main st y story, i'll come back later. and he does come back later.

those are the groups, what was it, the 22nd division. 22nd infantry regimen. that's the group he goes back to after the fall of paris off and on until he goes back to cuba. sure. what else? anybody got any -- yes, sir? >> what happened -- >> please wait for the mike, sorry. >> you said his son asked to go to asia. did his son actually go to asia? >> no, the war didn't last long enough. fascinating family history. bumbie also -- bumbie was a guy -- everybody lives in earnest's shadow, especially his sons and little brother. bumbie has trouble finding himself in life. he's in and out of the army. he serves in uniform for a number of years and tries various careers, stock broker, professional fisherman, whatnot. what he does do, marries a

wonderful woman and they have two daughters, margo and mariette hemingway. one of them sadly commits suicide. ernest's brother lester also commits suicide. so it's, you know, it's again a sad family history that comes out. any -- can i ask you a question. anybody else have ideas why ernest would sign up with the kgb? is that stunning to you? is that -- you know, what would you do? how would you break it down? yes, sir? >> he said he was imagining things, an adventure -- the question was did he imagine he could be a double or triple agent? that would be a great adventure. i have thought of that and it's possible. you know, it's an intriguing -- it's an intriguing theory.

if i could find that ernest had tried to work his way into placing where he would get better access, you know, it's something worth pursuing. there's still a lot out there and it's a great story that hasn't totally been told and there's a lot of places i want to go and look for stuff. that's something i'm going to consider. >> how complete are the oss files? are there any things still secret? >> to my knowledge, there are a few -- there's a handful of things that are still secret. i've encountered one or two things that says file's been pulled. they're probably in the personnel files so it would have -- it would be something to do with somebody who may be still alive. still at least a handful of oss veterans still with us. but by and large, you know, there's this whole treasure trove of documents out there, and what makes it interesting is

the finding aids are incomplete. so you go out there looking for hemingway and you'll only find him in two or three finding aid aids. you end up searching for things that might have hemingway in them and on a really great day you find a nugget that you bring home and brag about at dinner. >> thank you very much. >> thank you all so much for coming. have a great day. has the presidential

campaign enders its final months and the political parties prepare for their conventions american history tv will air c-span's original series, "the contende contenders" featuring 14 key political figures who ran for president but lost but impacted american political history. we'll air the series every weekend from june 3rd to september 2nd on sundays at 8:30 a.m., 7:30 p.m., and 10:30 p.m. eastern all here on american history tv on c-span3. and join us as historians preview the series on saturday, june 2nd, at 10:00 a.m. in eastern. coming up next, a panel of scholars describes how they've used oral histories to present a more complete record of protests of college campuses in the 1960s and '70s. they focus on events at three campuses. university of kansas, kent state university and rutgers university in new jersey. this event is part of the oral history association's annual conference. it lasts about an hour and a half.

good morning. and welcome to our panel. history, memory and campus protests during the long 1960s, i'm barbara truesdell assistant director at indiana university and i'll be your chair this morning. we have four speakers. then we will have a question and answer session at the end of all the talks. let's begin with kelly sartorius who currently serves as director of development for college of arts and sciences at washington university in st. louis. she holds a ph.d. in american history from kansas state university. her work shared today comes from oral history interviews conducted over eight years with dr. emily taylor, the former dean of women at the university of kansas. her paper is entitled "a dean of women and student activism: cooperative intergenerational