it serves good effect to pin down the union infantry. it does, does force the federal artillery to leave the field. one of the reasons the federal artillery is leaving the field is because they used up the available ammunition and have to retire to find more. it isolates the position, pins the union troops down and allows the two wings of the confederate force to envelope or encircle the federal position. that's the demise of the hornet's nest and what crushes it from existence where as throughout the entire day the federal troops here have been masters of all they survey and only been hit by piecemeal fragments to the confederate army and able to check those easily but when they're left here, isolated by the retraction of the union right and the retirement of the union left and non-able to successfully get themselves out of the envelopment, a fair number of them will find themselves surrendered including general prentiss and will wallace will be mortally wounded trying to lead his command to the north

and left on the field as dead. >> you can watch this or other american history tv programs on the civil war at any time by visiting our website, cspan.org/history and watch programs on the civil war every saturday evening at 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. eastern and sunday morning at 11 a.m. on c-span 3. as the presidential campaign enters its final months and the political parties prepare for their conventions, american history tv will air c-span's original series, "the contenders," featuring 14 key political figures who ran for president and lost, but impacted american political history. we'll air the series every weekend from june 3rd to september 2nd on sundays at 8:30 a.m., 7:30 p.m., and 10:30 p.m. eastern, all here on american history tv on c-span3.

and join us as historians preserve the series on saturday, june 2nd at 10:00 a.m. eastern. welcome to world war ii national monument. my name is daniel martinez, chief historian with the national park service here at pearl harbor. why don't you come inside. i want to show you the museum. when the visitors come in here they get the idea of diversity, ages, branches of service, male and female, different ethnic groups. but the question that is asked here is what happened to them.

did they survive pearl harbor? this map indicates all of the japanese expansion up until 1941. it shows all the different countries that had interest in japan, including australia, france, great britain, the netherlands, portugal, the united states, and the japanese. it shows the asia perimeter as it was just before the war. and this was so volatile in 1941 that it will lead the two countries, the united states and japan to act out the stage of battle right here on oahu on december 7th, 1941. in order to show both sides of this story, you're looking at a gallery that is state of mind america.

it shows through newsreels from the 1930s to 1941, the kind of the social structure of the united states, the political structure of the united states, and also the military structure of the united states. these are the newsreels that people watched in their theaters. this is how they got their visual news. and this was their interpretation of the going crisis with japan, and also in europe. it was a very dangerous time leading up to 1941, and this shows america caught in between, whether it should intervene or isolate itself from the world events. this part of the exhibit deals with the whole idea of espionage and code breaking. and this machine you see here called the purple decoder machine actually was scrambling the codes that the japanese had for their diplomatic mission, and in fact we were so good at

this, we were reading their diplomatic mail quicker than they were. and this played a principal role. documents like this, which is the war plan for the united states navy, wpl-46, was a key document on how the navy would conduct itself once war started. it was believed by many that war would start somewhat out there, not come here to pearl harbor. and of course, on the morning of december 7th, that's exactly what happened. but it wasn't just pearl harbor, as you can see from over here, it was the entire island of oahu. this map shows some of the air defenses on oahu prior to 1941. this shows some of the army defenses prior to 1941. it was believed that the idea of attacking oahu would be impossible by any enemy, but the advance of aircraft and aircraft carriers made that a very probable prospect.

we also have interactive exhibits like this one, in which you can actually spin these dials, hit this button, and then try to detect the japanese force coming into oahu. in fact, in actuality, the japanese strike force got within 230 miles of oahu, and then launched 150 aircraft toward the island. so when you really think of this to the audience that comes into the museum, this was an attack on oahu. and i guess interpreted for them it wasn't just pearl harbor, but to look at oahu as a battlefield. also, there was this change. the age of the battleship demonstrated by this model of the "uss arizona" as she looked in 1941. these large shells you see standing side by side here, like this one, is a 14-inch shell. this is the type of shell the arizona would fire, and had a range of nearly 20 miles. some people want to guess the

weight of this. if you combine the weight of a volkswagen beetle and packed it inside here, that would be the weight of this shell. one of the key experiences of coming to this museum that's different than many is we have oral histories we recorded of not only the american veterans, but japanese veterans, and all branches of service. so this one talks about what life was like before the war. so this interactive exhibit is handy capped accessible. in fact, the entire museum is. so we have a lower screen and higher screen. right here you see kanami hirata talking about the attack on pearl harbor. you have the perspective throughout the museum. >> i took my view and ran up to the bridge. that's where my battle station was. it couldn't have been a couple of minutes before 8:00.

i didn't even sound colors, so i'm not sure. captain binion came up, and this was just a couple minutes after 8:00. and he come up here and said, my god, we're at war. and then the next thing i remember, there was a tremendous explosion on the "tennessee" near the number two gun tourette. and there was shrapnel all over the place. and i looked around, and the captain was laying on the deck. he had most of his -- he was almost tore in half. and we made him as comfortable as we could. and this was just a little bit about eight or nine minutes after 8:00. and we stood up and all of a sudden i saw the "arizona" explode. and i tell you, i never was so scared in my whole life. we had 106 dead, about 3 -- a little over 300 wounded. and, of course, our captain received the congressional medal of honor, captain binion. i played taps for him next

night there in the warehouse where we stayed, you know, for his death. and it was the most beautiful taps i ever played in my whole life. >> another thing we have in the museum are these cast models that allowed the sight impaired and children to actually see and touch the models that are in the case. so for those that have the disability of being sight impaired, they not only can feel this, but they can also read what it is in braille. so it allows that experience for all to be jointly shared. of course, the thing that changed everything here, this model is demonstrated right here. this is a scale model of the japanese aircraft carrier and flagship. the akagi. on the flight deck is the first wave of aircraft, and right in the center of that is the pilot that will lead the attack on

pearl harbor. he's standing up right in the cockpit watching the first plane roar down. and that is mitsufushita. and he will survive the war, and later be converted to christianity, became an evangelical minister. he would preach in the united states. he is the key figure you will see in the film "tora tora tora." this exhibit shows the special weapons that were developed for the pearl harbor attack. the high-level bomb. the first one you see hanging, the first in the row, is the type of bomb that sank the arizona. it dropped from an altitude of 10,000 feet, it penetrated the deck of the arizona and exploded in a magazine. but the weapon that was specially designed also for pearl harbor, and in the words of admiral yamamoto, unless they were able to solve this problem, the attack never would have taken place, and that is the

shallow water torpedo with these special wooden finish -- fins, which allows us when we talk to the visitors to actually take it off and show them how this attachment allowed this torpedo to run now in 25 feet of water. without that, it would plunge to a depth of 125 feet of water. without them they couldn't be used at pearl harbor because pearl harbor is 45 feet deep. this map gives the visitor a clear indication of the expansion of the japanese military throughout the pacific in the opening weeks and months after the attack on pearl harbor. this large perimeter with the red line shows the furthest extent of japanese power. it's important to note that this invasion was probably one of the greatest invasions ever undertaken by a country at the outset of any war. if you look at japan on the map, you can see it's about the size of the state of california, with

a population of 70 million people. this incredible turn of events ensured defeat for all the allied nations for nearly six months, but it all turned at midway in june of 1942, in which the japanese navy lost four of their six carriers that they used at pearl harbor, were sunk there, and it was the turning point of the pacific war. this chart was found on one of the japanese submarines, and shows clearly how much information the japanese had about our anchorage. the primary designer of the attack was admiral yamamoto. and you'll see in the museum quotes from admiral kimmel. the attack was well planned and executed. he was a commander in chief here at pearl harbor. above you, the quote from admiral yamamoto. throughout the museum, we use quotes from those who participated in the attack, and by doing so, we allow the

visitor to weigh these, instead of having opinions, we have the real words of the real people. on this side, as opposed to the other side, which is state of mind america, this is state of mind japan. and like the same exhibit, we have the newsreels of japan that were filmed during the time and shown in their theaters. this is exactly what the japanese people saw in the 1930s and '31. ♪ and so a lot of our japanese guests when they come here have never seen these before. and are quite taken, on some in shock that this information was part of what the people knew at that time. for the most part, we show what life at home was, and the beginning of militarism in japan. a kind of moving away from the democratic principles and moving

towards militaristic ones. this shows the other part of japan which is the people of japan. and this is a young girl with a little baby, and this is a famous badminton type of game. and then we show the expansion and the vision of japan's military and expanding and occupying all of asia. over here, a reminder of what we had in common. this is a picture from the baseball hall of fame of babe ruth in japan in 1934. that was taken in tokyo. and at the bottom, the caption reminds us that these young boys are the sailors and soldiers in 1941. and served in that capacity. this goes into the idea of a view from japan. the military buildup and the invasion of china. and these are the culminating facts that bring these two nations to conflict. this talks about the last efforts of peace, and over here

these oral history interviews talk about what they felt was coming prior to the attack, and the possibility of attack. and so we kind of leave you hanging here, but over on this side, something that's relatively unknown to most people, this was a letter sent by president roosevelt by cablegram to the emperor of japan. and in it, when it was sent at 9:00 p.m., it was the effort of our president to try to avoid the war he felt was coming. some of the most telling words here is, i address myself to your majesty at this moment in the fervent hope that your majesty may, as i am doing, give thought in this definite emergency to ways of dispelling the dark clouds. i am confident that both of us for the sake of the peoples, not only our own great countries, but for the sake of humanity in neighboring territories have a sacred duty to restore traditional anonymity.

amity and prevent further death and destruction in the world. signed franklin d. roosevelt. this is the last gesture of peace. this letter was never delivered to the emperor. it was interrupted by the militarists in japan, and perhaps had it gotten to him, the possibilities of peace may have been there. but we'll never know. one of the untold stories about pearl harbor and the attack is what it did to the people of hawaii. the intervention of american forces into hawaii had its telling effect just at the turn of the century. but it's the buildup of the pacific fleet and army and air forces here in hawaii, it became very evident to the people here that something big was brewing. some even venture the idea, are we becoming a target. but more importantly is the culture of hawaii. this is a home to many peoples, the hawaiian islands. and this chart shows you the diversity of the people here.

there was about 25% caucasian, spanish and portuguese, 37% were japanese. about 12% filipino, 15% hawaiian, about 7% chinese, and a small percentage of koreans. so it shows you the asian diversity here. and my family was here. my mother was part of this, my grandfather and my grandmother, and they were here that day. and they came here out of this great depression for new work. and my grandfather worked as a federal navy worker. he represented part of this diversity. but one of the things about him living in -- with his family in the area here, is that this land of hawaii with its many peoples was also a friendly land in which people got together and liked living together. and that diversity was not a minus, it was a plus here in hawaii.

this is the attack gallery. this is the second largest gallery we have. and what we wanted this gallery to do is take you from the drama of roosevelt's letter, and take you right into the theater of war. every museum hopes to have an "oh, wow" moment. ours is the beginning of the attack. why don't you come on in and see what we have for you, to give you that moment of history. if you listen carefully, you can hear the planes roaring overhead. come on in. and right behind me is a dramatic painting by tom freeman. tom freeman's artwork depicts battleship row. if you listen very closely at the next pass, you can hear the torpedoes dropping and splashing in the water. the japanese planes are beginning their assault on battleship row. you can see smoke coming up from wheeler field. the air fields have been reduced.

air power in hawaii has ceased to exist 15 minutes ago. and in the next 15 minutes, the main battle line of the pacific fleet will be crippled. this is the attack on pearl harbor that began at 7:55 at pearl harbor, and about 10 to 12 minutes prior to that at the airfield surrounding pearl harbor that were meant to protect it. in that moment the japanese have achieved surp price and are dropping torpedos to slam into the side of these battleships. over here, you can see a miniature of that painting, all done in braille, so that a person with any sight impairment can feel the ships, feel the aircraft and read the names of the ships and what's happening here. but above us is something else. this is a one-third scale model of the japanese torpedo plane. and if you come right over on this angle and look with me, you can see the crew, with them

looking out, much the way the pearl harbor survivors talk about they could see the faces of the pilots, and this one-third scale aircraft is about ready to launch its torpedo. so we're going to go into the next gallery, because there's always something about pearl harbor that's interesting, and that is, of course, the what-ifs. on the morning of december 7th, the destroyer "ward" was on patrol right off the harbor entrance. and this drawing depicts what happened. a japanese midget submarine, one of five trying to get into the harbor, was detected. this crew from minnesota, they were all navy reserve, opened fire. and this is their own quote. when the sub got in range of my gun, i trained out and aimed for the conning tower. we hit in the lower part of the conning tower and it immediately started to go down. this group is known as the first

shot crew. they fired the first shot of the pacific war in defense of pearl harbor. but while that was closing at 6:30, and a message sent in to headquarters that they had fired a depth charge on a submarine, while that is trying to be sorted out, over here, this radar contact depicts what they saw at the opana site. privates elliott and lockhart have picked up an unknown group of planes, the largest they had ever seen. but this is what it looked like. it's not a blip, but rather it's a spike, electronic spike. the taller the spike, the larger the target. right here is a replica of the chart that elliott and lockhart plotted, which they didn't know at the time was the japanese strike force. it was called into the information center. a brand-new guy named lieutenant kermit tyler, first day on the job, was told that they had a

large formation of planes coming in from the north. sensing they are friendly planes, b-17s coming in from california, he tells them not to worry about it. was he wrong? well, first of all, right off this chart would have been the b-17s flying parallel with the japanese strike force. he was told by an american bomber pilot that if the radio was on past midnight, that meant that a flight of b-17s or aircraft were coming in from california. when he drove in that morning to the information center, the radio was on. he thought he had picked up friendly planes. they indeed turned out to be the japanese strike force. and this is what radar looked like in 1941. these are two mobile vans. one with the operating truck, one with a power truck. and this is the array that was at opana that picked up those kind of targets on the morning of december 7th. radar worked that morning, it

did pick up the planes, but it was the transmission of information. and the thing -- what private lockhart said, if anything came out of this whole incident it was recognition of the value of the equipment. up until that time the military thought radar was just a toy. now, in this room right here, we have a film that documents the entire attack on pearl harbor. it is literally a tactical explanation of how the attack on pearl harbor took place. it lasts about 13 minutes. and this is something that i and several others worked on, so that we could give you the ultimate detail of how it happened and how it was done. in this case, we have a number of recovered artifacts from ships and planes that were shot down, or fired shells, or even a flag carried in one of the aircraft. this is all part of the artifacts of war after the attack. these dramatic pictures which show for the first time the kind of death that occurred here,

were something that the survivors asked that we do. they wanted to show it in the graphic detail in which they saw it. not to have it in any way be antiseptic. this case shows two dramatic items. this is a uniform of a pharmacist mate that waited and took care of those that were dying and those who were wounded. all the stains that you see here are from blood. from the men that he worked on. right here in this case is a clock that was taken from the arizona that stopped at 8:06, the very moment the forward magazines of the ship exploded. that is replicated in this dramatic photograph taken of the "arizona" after the explosion and the huge fire that erupted from its magazines. this ship literally burned out of control for two and a half days. and even to this day still leaks

oil. a droplet every 20 to 30 seconds comes up from the arizona. we don't know how long it will last. some have estimated perhaps 100 years. the ship itself that now rests below the memorial will probably last anywhere from 600 to 800 years. and this is part of the wreckage of "the arizona." this is a large piece that was taken from the boat deck section, which is depicted in this chart. and this is one of the largest pieces of "the arizona" on display in this country. you can see here the oil, how it caked on the side of the ship, and is still present. this is a depiction of hawaii at war, and what the civilians did, what my family did during that really difficult time. gas masks were issued, not only to adults, but children. this is a photograph of a young girl about the same age as my mother, 10 years old. and in fact, she will be here for the december 7th commemoration.

her name is dorinda nicholson. she wrote a book called "pearl harbor child." within this, it gives a description of women that worked in the radar detection, those that worked in civil defense, those who went from being lei makers to camouflage net makers. the introduction of martial law changed everything in hawaii, and in doing so changed the lifestyle of the people who lived here. these oral histories not only depict home front hawaii, but they also depict life in japan. this was retrieved from the waters of pearl harbor in 1991. actually, we had the whole torpedo. this is the only recovery of a japanese torpedo that we know of. it was 18 feet long. but because it was still live, it had to be detonated and we got this half of it. it is one of the most valuable artifacts.

there were 40 torpedoes dropped, only two failed. this is one of them that failed. this japanese periscope is one from the midget submarines in that was captured here at pearl harbor. in fact only one of these were captured, and that was on the coastline over on what we call the kailua side of oahu. it was right near bellow's beach. and it toured the country. it was called tojo cigar incorporated. and it was used to raise war bonds. and so part of this story here is the effort to galvanize the american public, to raise money, to show that not only did they buy war stamps, but they had songs, like "let's remember pearl harbor," "praise the lord," and pass the ammunition. and you could buy stickers, and posters like this one, which is americana toros.

this is an americans all, let's fight for victory. and this is actually benefiting my racial background, which is mexican-american, in which mexican-americans are called upon to join the military and support the united states in the great war effort. so this is part of the story. the darker part of the story is over here. and that is the loyalty question of japanese americans during the war. and, of course, this is a good friend of mine who was a principal, and the story was told to me and this was the quote. you are not an american citizen. you are a jap. that word i cannot forget. during my lifetime, you know. you're not a citizen, although you were born in hawaii, you're a jap. and so, it was a very difficult period in the united states history, and these young men you see here were volunteers from hawaii that joined the 442, and

among that group is somewhere senator daniel inouye, a young man that will lose his arm in the war fighting in europe. but also, we also had one internment camp at honouliuli. and so on the west coast there were great camps of japanese-american citizens that were taken from their homes and placed into camps like the large one near lone pine, california, called manzanar. and so, this is a difficult part of this history for a lot of people. and in particular, for japanese-americans that live here in hawaii. they have now these young men to look back on, the most decorated regiment in world war ii, the 442, 100 battalion and mis, military intelligence service, and these veterans are now the ones still alive are in their late 80s and early 90s were recently given a gold congressional medal at a service in washington. so this story still continues. [ applause ]