we have three different distinct types of economic activity that really change and enhance the town. the first five years were primarily buffalo hunting, trading with the native americans, and, also, freighting down into oklahoma. the second five years has to do with the cowboys and the cattle coming to wichita. the railroad coming to wichita. and all of the fallout that comes from that. thirdly, our farmers. farmers and industry. the cattle leave of 1876. and so after that point, we're looking to see what we can do to create a business out of agricultural interests and also the growing industry that we've gone here. first the unger house, the only remaining original structure from the 1865 to 1870 time, and it was a very important building in our history in that it is a

it is a residence but it's also the headquarters of the wichita town and land company that came down here to create, shall we say the city of wichita. what was going on at the time is that we had a small military outpost, camp beecher that was stationed here. we had buffalo hunters and small trading post. we had freighting into oklahoma. we got a lot of economic activity going on, but we would like to capitalize on that. so some gentlemen from topeka decided that they would form a company to come down and create a town and so mr. munger was the most skilled person of that group. he came down here and built this log cabin pretty much by himself. the building served as a hotel as well as a land office. i often tell folks that we start out basically as a 16 building

town with anywhere from 40 to 70 residents. there weren't that many folks. a lot of people going through, military going through, freighters going back and forth between oklahoma so there's not really a stable population of much more than that, that 50 to 60 people who are here. and munger was one of them. that's what he was hoping to do was to recruit people to stay and live here and start their businesses and that type of thing. we, of course, are in the midst of the victorian time. queen victoria over in england is setting the fashion as to how people should live properly and despite the fact that we're here in the midwest, people have the mindset from the east and west coast is that victorian is the way you should be and act. ironic as it may seem a lot of the fashions in our 1870 time period were based on what you would have seen back in philadelphia. we got a number of photographs of some of our early settlers in their victorian finest, their frock coats and the ladies with their treasures and if you would cut out the background of all the tall prairie grasses and

slip them in front of a brick building like philadelphia they would be just in fashion. that was keeping up with what the style was. what we're in right now is our exhibit of the wichita eagle newspaper. the wichita eagle was created and run by one of our town founders, marshall murdoch. he wasn't here when the town began. he was essential in the development and the expansion of our town. he was the creator of the wichita city eagle, and newspapers of that time especially his newspaper is not necessarily a news dispensing newspaper. it's more of a convention and visitors bureau type paper. whenever he was done with his newspaper run for his subscribers he would make quite a few extra copies and what he would do he would send them to places in philadelphia and new

york and all over the united states so people in their reading rooms where other folks were reading newspapers from other parts of the country could read all about wichita and see what kind of a grand and glorious place it would be. mr. murdoch was a very interesting character. and he was gentleman who was recruited by the city fathers because of his newspaper ability. in our time we would have called it booster newspaperism. he's promoting the town. he's a very well-known throughout the midwest and also throughout the country for his style of journalism and also for his promotion and no holds barred, no hesitation about promoting the virtues of the town. he wants to sell this town as hard as he can because whenever you get enough people in the town, the town s-of course, assured to survive. at least that's what their goal was. now, mr. murdoch was not the kind of person that would tell you any lies but he also would

kind of maybe leave a little bit out shall we say. rather than saying that sometime in the middle of the spring your street is going to become open sewers he may say we have a strong south wind that keeps the air fresh and clean. does eli? not necessarily but he paints wichita in a good light. what we are attempting to create is an economic engine that will basically keep our town together. we have lots of ambitious people who have come from all corners of the united states to live their lives and they would like, of course, to invest in something that's going to prosper. one of the things that they looked at was the cattle trade was a vehicle to get them established, get the economic engine going. most folks realized the cattle trade would be a short term type of a situation and it toes only last for four years here in wichita. wichita acquiring the cattle trade presented it with a certain amount of problems.

on one hand you have the people who are attempting to create a midwest victorian town that replicates that on the east coast. at the same time you need that economic engine that runs. now you got to remember that cowboys are basically high schoolers on spring break. you basically have boys who are maybe away from their house and home for the first time in their lives, and they are out looking for fun and excitement. unfortunately they spent the last three months staring at cattle seven days a week and by the time they get to wichita they want to cut loose. they are looking for drinking, dancing and gambling and ladies of the evening to spend their time with. wichita is divided by a river. on one side of the river there was a small undeveloped region called delano. because of that a lot of the drinking, dancing, gambling houses occurred over in that part of the city. and, of course, the folks here on the east side kind of felt well none of that is going on

here so we can preserve our families and you can have your business over there and support the cowboys and everything will get along fine. by 1876 the farmers and the cowboys are not getting along. the farmers are upset at the preferential treatment, the high prices that are being charged, different things that are going on and so they went to topeka. they had the quarantine line moved and all the cattle had to move to dodge city. we now have enough economic activity going on with farming industries as well as businesses such as grain elevators and flour mills and biscuit factories and things like that that really propel us into the future. the folks who came out here were entrepreneurs and people who are willing to great risks to get the cattle here, number one we became the county seat by shall we say running roughshod over some of our neighbors.

we floated our own bonds so we could create our own railroad because the santa fe was heading west and they bypassed us so we had to create our own railroad to meet up with them. once that happened then we embraced the cattle trade that was coming through. so there's a lot of men who were basically putting their whole fortunes on the line creating a future. a lot of that activity still happens here in wichita. if you look at all the flight industries we're known as the air capital and a lot of those industries came because gentlemen had ideas of things to try. we also are the home of the first pizza hut, again frank carney, someone taking a risk and starting something and so that entrepreneurial spirit really has been the reason why

wichita began and what keeps it going. this weekend american history tv is featuring wichita, kansas. our local content vehicles recently visited wichita to learn about its rich history. learn more about wichita and c-span's local content vehicles at c-span.org/localcontent. next month we'll feature jefferson city, missouri. you're watching american history tv. all weekend every weekend on c-span 3. coming up, dr. ira rutkow discusses the civil war. a clinical professor of surgery at the university of medicine and dentistry in new jersey as well as the author of "bleeding blue and gray." the new york academy of medicine hosted this 50-minute discussion. please note there are graphic photographs shown during the program and some viewers might

find this disturbing. >> you're welcome, thank you for coming, i'm getting over a cold so if i have a cough, you'll understand why. i appreciate the opportunity to be here, chris has already taken awayslide. so i will start with nib two. i want to thank you for inviting me. i have spent many months into multiple months working in the rare book room within the like library. this is a unique place and wonderful history and i look forward to its history. it holds a unique place in american medicine and especially in medicine relative to new york city, so i appreciate the invite. well, i guess i should say a

little bit about dr. latimer, this is the john k. latimer memorial lecture, as professor warren has mentioned. dr. latimer was a product of new york city, he was a columbia medical grad, he was a columbia medical school. he was a lanky 6'4" gentleman. he really was quite varied in his interests. he was chairman of surgery for almost 25 years and he really placed pediatric neurology on the map. aside from the professional what was including 375 scientific papers, he was really involved in several different subjects that were outside the realm of academ academia. and most important were military weapons. as a very young man, he graduated medicine school in 1938, during world war ii at the time of the nuremburg files. he was part of the medical team

that took care of the nazi war criminals. and he got to know many of them. through his knowledge about them, he published this book, "hitler's fatal sickness." it engendered a lot of criticism, a lot of discussion. he hypothesized that hitler had parkinson's following a post encephalitis disease. having said that, doctor latimer said that the war happened the way it did because of the parkinson's and hitler's making what he calls bizarre judgments. was also a ballistics expert, he was the first nongovernment, nongovernmental medical individual allowed to view the photographs and transcripts from the kennedy assassination. and this is back in the '70s and he came out and he agreed with the findings of the warren

commission that there was a single assassin. the most interesting thing is this right here, he was a collector of historical relics, professional warren used some ice language about what he collected and what he didn't collect. let me go through a couple of them and then we'll get into the civil war. the first thing was he owned lincoln's blood stained collar from the night of assassination, which was later sold at auction. he also owned the cyanide capsule that became the cyanide capsule that -- he also owned napoleon's penis. how did he own it? he owned napoleon's penis that when he was receiving last rights, that the priest amputated his penis. i know nothing more than that. somehow through the years, it was placed in a wooden case and

later on was eventually sold to public auction. dr. latimer bought it in 1969 and assured everybody -- now i never met dr. latimer, i wish i had. he assured everybody that it was absolutely airtight. finally ethan allen sword. he was the very proud owner of ethan allen sword. ethan allen was -- american revolution in 1975. so in 1975, dr. latimer re-enacted ethan allen's sword and his charge on the fort. so that is the story of dr. latimer's ethan allen's story, i wish i had got on to know him, but i did not. i became interested in the civil war when i was a very young man. i always write about the civil war throughout the years.

and these are some of the examples of the most famous books about the civil war. bruce patton's trilogy about the army. this happens to be my copy, i looked at it the other day, it says 1962 inside. i was a lot younger. these are all fantastic writers, nobody can compete with their writing style and through the years and certainly as i went into medicine, i graduated medical center in 1975 and through my training in the '70s and the early part of the '80s as i was reading more and more about the civil war. it became obvious at least to me that combat and suffering and death were glorified and pomp and circumstance masked the deadly battlefield. this in my mind -- this is 1989, he won the pulitzer prize.

1990 was ken burns' documentary of the civil war. well, for me, as a physician, and a historian. despite the brilliance of the writing, in my mind, something was always missing, an understanding of the brutality and medical realities of the war, i wrote this back about seven or eight years ago. surely it was a description of armed conflict ever to be considered faithful than the brutality of combat as well as the painful and physical restoration of maimed bodies had to be spoken about and written about. the description of a combatant's

death following a surgery or the -- troops of warfare to unsurface. having said that always needs to be answered. why did these wonderful writers who won all these awards, why did they not write about medicine during the civil war? if you go to the first book that's about 600 pages, there's two pages on medicine during the civil war. i can only give you my opinion, and that is that medicine, that those of us in the audience understand, is a very tough discipline to get to know, it takes us multiple years and many writers just feel uncomfortable writing about medicine. the result is they do not have a lot of input into the medical field. i leave you with this quote from richard skyrock. he wrote in 1962, if medical aspects of the civil war are omitted the story is not -- we

can glorify it, we can talk about all the economics and the politics and the sociology and the anthropology, but ultimately it was a tough war for the combatants and we should always keep in this mind. having said all this, let's talk about medicine, i actually titled this lecture, the big bang theory. why do i call this the big bang? i'm not talking about the television show with sheldon, leonard and penny, i'm talking about the big bang theory as it involves the beginnings of the evolution of the universe, because i truly believe and dr. warren actually said an important phrase, he said turning point. i believe that the civil war acted as the big bang for american medicine as we know it

today. there was stuff going on before, and that's what we're going to talk about, but that big bang that created everything that we know today, that hospital over there just down the street, it all really started at the time of the civil war. and that's what i want to discuss with you. not actually the specifics of civil war medicine, but the impact of civil war medicine on the future of american medicine. so these are just some individuals, these are 1830, 1840, your typical doctor. he's tied to the mexican war. and you can see over here, this gentleman is holding what? he's holding a saw and a bone and the old slang term old saw bones, i'm not telling you that it came from this picture, because it didn't. this was around 1842.

if you read charles dickens pick wick papers, i'm not certain where it started but i thoughts it was a great picture. we're going to start with two quotes, the first is like nathan smith davis. who is nathan smith davis? he was a very important man. sometimes the passage of time is like a big eraser, it just erases things, and in this particular case, he probably had been erased because of the passage of time and the in fact that he was prominent but did not write all that much. but nathan smith was a two-term president of the american medical association and founded the journal of the american medical association. he was a very astute individual of the american medical scene. he wrote the great --

subsequently without harming of actions and true digging into professional character. key words professional character. what do we mean by profession? what are we talk about as medicine exists today? well, how do we define a a profession. it's very simple. a profession back then, it was mostly the ministry and law and medicine. those are the professions. a profession is a group of people who have specialized education and training. however you want to define it in today's world. there's also the question of medical licensure, and we will get into that, but specialized licensure and certification. there's ethics, professionals have a series of ethics that they have to follow. and then there's just the entire concept of organization of the profession, national society, local society, all that go into

making up a profession. i'm sorry to break the news to you, but none of that existed in antebellum before civil war america. if you think of the words anarchy and chaos, any of the those words that you want to use that's a synonym of them? that was american medicine at the time of the 1824, no body of men are less influenced by espirit du corps than medicine. so let's talk a little bit about what was going on and how these men were educated, what they diagnosed, what they treated so that we understand american medicine at the time of the civil war. well, at the beginning of this i leave you these two quotes because this was american medicine in the first half of the 19th century. let's talk about what was going on and how these men were educated, what they diagnosed, what they treated so that we understand american medicine at the time of the civil war. well, at the beginning of this

country's founding in the 18th century and through around the first two decades of the 19th century, there were what they called apprenticeships. it's exactly what you think they are. if i were a doctor in 1793 in upstate new york and some young man and i use the word man throughout this lecture because in truth there were no women involved in american medicine. the first m.d. from american medical school was elizabeth blackwell in 1949, but in reality, putting political practice aside, there were no women to speak of going into american medicine prior to the civil war. these men, i would have somebody come to me and they would say i want to learn about medicine. and i would say fine, here are my books, your father needs to pay me 100 pounds and i'll take

care of you. that was an apprentice. if you read these, these are the articles of indenture. this is exactly what you think, they read books, they listened to the doctor, the doctor would tell him what to do, very often they were like servants in the house. but this was apprenticeship, this was how americans learned about medicine. there was no regulation, there were no standards, there were minimal licensing. one thing they did, the apprentices, they would sometimes augment their apprenticeships in anatomy, in surgery or whatever. this happens to be a certificate of one young man who went and attended lectures up in harvard. i only show you this because it's tough to see, right over here, i apologize, there are the initials pr and i leave it to

anybody in the audience who wants to tell me who p.r. was. but this was a full revered engraving, so this is very famous. and paul revere was an even graver at the time and this was one of the many things that he did. so these young men were apprentices and they learned and they did whatever they wanted. in the 1820s, like mushrooms on a forest floor after dewy rain, these popped up all over the place. these medical schools were exactly what they sounded like. they were proprietary, because doctors began to realize they could make a lot of money, instead of having one-on-one, i could make a lot of money if chris and i joined together with dr. ruben and we owned our own medical school and now instead of having three apprentices i could have 40 in new york. there was only one criteria to get into these medical schools and what do you think it was? it was money, money is what counted.

if you could pay dr. ruben and dr. rutkows and dr. warren state, congratulations, you were about to become a doctor. so this is rutger's medical school, this happened into in the new york city on duane street. this is an interesting story because all of you know what rutgers is from what state? new jersey, it was chartered in new york, it was given a license in new jersey and it was totally mixed up and it folded up after two years. so these proprietary medical schools were all over the united states. in the 1860s, there were over 60 of them that were established, from maine to vermont to new york to kentucky and all the major cities, they all had two or three of these. so the proprietary medical schools grew larger and larger and like anything else, you

know, citizens united, they became great lobbying efforts. and the reason was there wasn't a government that was involved in medical licensure, the federal governments basically told doctors, listen, we don't want to be bothered. we have enough problems with politicians. so the county medical society, your own group can tell us if someone's good enough to receive a license. that's how people were licensed back then. so you had these schools, nathan smith talking about these schools, and a student applies for one of our schools, the fact is we dare not refuse him or he would turn and walk directly into a rival school. these men would sit there in the upright chairs for six to eight hours of monotonous lecture,

over and over and over again, day after day, and this would go on for months. they would listen to their receptors turned pentagon. the schools did not have much. there was no science, they might have a skeleton and they probably did not do anatomical dissection, so this was a paper mache model from ohio that was used to teach medical students anatomy. there's these little papers here, and that told you this is the lung, this is the shoulder and this is the brain. this is a paper mache anatomical model. so this is kris cox, kris cox

was chairman of the medical association's committee on medical education, chris cox, he was the surgeon general of the state of maryland. he was vice president of the ama and headed this committee. so he now, all the students have paid dr. ruben and dr. rutkow and dr. warren all this vast amount of money. this is what surgeon general cox had to say. it's a great quote. each role of -- endorse its professor as a man of distinction and he goes forth amid the sound of marshall music and richbow -- he credited an agent for life and death, endowed with all the paraphernalia of medicine, but destitute of the brain.