not an ligsist. he was not anti-slavery. before this point, early on, ben butler had vowed to stifle any attempt of blacks in the south to start an insurrection. he was no friend of blacks and yet he's now stationed at fortress monroe and he needs manpower. he needs workers. and so he admitted into union lines three slaves who had escaped from the rebel army as laborers. and the owner goes to -- the owner sends an agent to ben butler to recover the slaves under the fuj turf slave law, and butler's brilliant response, hey, virginia's a foreign country. fugitive slave law has no legal implication to a foreign country. and also it's a foreign insurrection of our country. i'm not giving them back. you are no longer in the united states, no longer under obligation. the leads the congress, the u.s. congress to pass the first

confiscation act, which we now know is really what begins -- and immediately sfins to accelerate the engines of emancipation. until last year, the significance of the first confiscation act was down played by historians. there's a truly, i think, dazzling book by adam goodhart called "1861." and the high point, climax is the importance of the first confiscation act. what does it say? as i mentioned, it enables union officers to confiscate slaves who have reached union lines. now, their legal status is vague and in limbo. doesn't legally or technically free them but it means they're no longer slaves. and that confiscation act immediately is sent through the grapevine tell dpraf, and almost from that day -- i mean african-americans are making a beeline for union lines because they know they're going to be protegtded.

transformation is truly extraordinary in the wake of this first confiscation act. and then in august of 1861, still very early. only four months into the war, john c. fremont passes the nation's first emancipation proclamation in missouri, freeing all slaves. i mean missouri is just rife with guerrilla warfare. i mean missouri is suffering guerrilla warfare from the mid-1850s through at least the end of the war. john c. fremont in an attempt to control it just emancipates slaves. after northerners hear of his emancipation proclamation they're torched by parades and celebrations in most of the major cities of the north until 12 days later lincoln rescinds it. why does lincoln rescind it? because he's worried about the border states. he's worried that kentucky, in particular, will secede,

maryland might secede, and we know the border states start seceding, the war's over. another important catalyst in the road is the first six months or so, the union is desperate for a victory. the first major union victories are ft. donaldson and shiloh. now, shiloh is an immensely bloody battle. it's the, i think, fifth bloodiest battle in the civil war, and to give you some sense of the extent of the bloodshed, shiloh at that time was the bloodiest battle in the western world, bloodier than every one of napoleon's battles, bloodier than the battle at crimea. and americans both north and south were shocked, but grant emerges as this general who's

actually willing to fight and to hold -- and to stay the course, so to speak. and these victories inspire -- both inspire union generals to send notes to the president and the congress saying, our job is going to be much easier by emancipation. we can use blacks, which is the next point. generals -- generals across the board acknowledge that emancipation as a military policy makes great sense. and generals like u.s. grant, he was no abolitionist. he was not even an anti-slavery person before the war. but he understood as a general that emancipation was crucial. the blacks are not only crucial source of manpower, but they know the landscape. of the south better than just about anyone. and the second confiscation act in july of 1862 is a kind of

prelude to lincoln's emancipation proclamation. it frees all slaves within union lines. so it turns the confiscated slaves into freed slaves, makes them forever free, and it also urges the president to pass an emancipation proclamation to give this act teeth. so technically the difference between the second confiscation act and lincoln's emancipation proclamation is the second confiscation act frees all slaves that are already in the union lines. the emancipation proclamation frees all slaves of rebel masters. now, if you're a slave and you're working on your plantation, that doesn't carry a lot of weight. but it does further insight blacks to flee to union lines. by -- to the point about the class division of the

confederacy, in early 1862 the confederacy passes the second confiscation act. i'm sorry, the second conscription act. which specifically says that if you own 20 slaves or more, you're exempt from the draft. and among the nonslave-owning whites, they start spreading this axiom mantra that it's a rich man's war and a poor man's fight pause if you're wealthy, meaning you own 20 slaves or more, you don't have to fight. into 1863, as i said, lincoln continues to champion colonization. he finally abandons it after this plan to send some blacks to an island off the coast of haiti. the english translation was it's

called cow island in mid-1863. it was a disaster. most of them died. the ones who came back were sick. he eventually abandoned it. so as the war and the devastating effect of the war turns lincoln into someone who understands that to preserve the union, to win the war, it has to be a social revolution. here's in 1862 where he invites blacks to the white house and publicly urges them to emigrate. at the time there were a few blacks who themselves still championed immigration, but it was a vocal minority. in fact, william johnson, the black man whose article you read, that was a black emigrationist magazine. but here's lincoln.

you and we are different races, broader differences than exist between almost any other two races. your very presence in the country is the cause of the war, which is a weird inversion. even though men on both sides do not care for you one way or another,ite bess etter that we both be separated. now doug lass's response to this is just -- actually doug lass responds to this and says that lincoln is a representative american racist. now, some scholars have argued that lincoln gives this public address to blacks at the white house because he wanted to pave the way for his emancipation proclamation. he's written it. he is waiting for a victory in order to make it public. he is -- lincoln is truly brilliant in engaging public opinion. he never wants to be more than a step ahead of it. and he's also uncertain about when and even if in mid '62 he

should follow the lead of the congress and issue an emancipation proclamation. and you read a few pieces about lincoln's religious views. here's his response to horace greeley's "the prayer of twenty millions." greeley, the editor of "the new york tribune" is saying that 20 millions of northerners, which is essentially the northern population, are praying for an end to slavery, please issue emancipation proclamation. and lincoln responds, my paramount object is to save the union. it's neither to save nor destroy slavery. what i do about slavery in the colored race i do because i believe it helps to save the union. now, again, many scholars have said he's doing this because he wants to pave the way for his

emancipation proclamation. this was truly lincoln's chief aim. his chief aim was always to preserve the union. and here in terms of whether or not he should issue emancipation proclamation, which would make the social revolution much more explicit, unlike frederick dug lass, unlike the abolitionists, unlike most northerners and southerners, lincoln does not believe he knows god's will. in fact, you could say that lincoln is a calvinist. for lincoln, god is inscrutable and to presume to know god's will is hubris. here the will of god prevails. in great context each party claims to act in accordance with the will of god but both may be and must be wrong. he's uncertain. you read the preliminary emancipation proclamation.

how he made that public is ultimately lincoln understood that the closest that you can come of understanding god's will is to look for signs. that's a classic calvinist understanding. it's hubris to presume to know god's will, but we can look for signs of what god wants. and new eh knew that there was going to be a major battle between lee and mcclellan, which becomes the battle of antietam. with the news of lee's invasion in the upcoming showdown, lincoln actually tells his cabinet that he has entered into a covenant with god. and in this covenant with god, he basically says if union achieves a victory, i will take that as a sign that god wants me to make public this emancipation proclamation.

this is from gideon wells, the secretary of the navy. and mcclellan declared a tenuous victory, truly tenuous victory at antietam and the next day lincoln makes public the emancipation proclamation to go into effect january 1st. we'll talk about the difference between the preliminary and nine final next week. but i'll previously say that it's -- one of the main differences is that it's only the final emancipation proclamation that calls for army northern blacks as soldiers. there were southern blacks who formed regiments in the fall of '62. frederick douglass on the preliminary emancipation. lincoln did not free the slaves. this is crucial, i think, to understand. because most americans still believe that lincoln freed the slaves. now, douglass loved the emancipation proclamation. frederick douglass said the emancipation proclamation should

be accorded the same sort of reverence that the declaration of independence has. it's one of the -- the two are the twin birthdays of liberty. but lincoln does not free the slaves. it's absurd to think that one man can free 4 million. and, furmg furthermore, convenients greater than the president than any one person had won the proclamation fight. slaves as much as any other single factor freed themselves because they fled their masters for union lines. and now it's much more feasible to do so. before the civil war, before ft. sumter, most slaves had to go through thousands of miles of slave territory to reach freedom, to reach protection. now you go 10 miles, 30 miles. republicans in congress had been working to dethrone slavery. first confiscation act, second

confiscation act were crucial. union soldiers were killing traders. in other words, military victors. and the fact that they're protecting blacks. abolitionists, the war with ft. sumter. the abolitionists reunite in one major voice. the garrisonians, if you remember, had been essentially pacifists, disunionists. believed that violence was wrong. right after fort sumner, william garrison totally endorsed the union efforts. again the abolitionists are speaking as a united front. and douglass and most other opponents of slavery also saw emancipation as part of this great prove den chal wave of progress. sorry for going over. we'll see you next week.

next week on lectures in history, columbia university professor nathaniel persily looks at the matter of redistricting. join us each saturday at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern and sunday at 1:00 p.m. for lecture as i cross the country on different topics in american history. lectures in history are also available as podcasts. visit our website at c-span.org/history/podcasts or download them from itunes. this year c-span's local content vehicles are traveling the country, exploring american history. next, a look at our recent visit to wichita, kansas. you're watching american history tv all weekend every weekend on c-span 3.

>> we're flying overdowntown wichita, the air capital of the world. our mission is to preserve and present kansas aviation heritage with a real focus on wichita aviation heritage. you look at the history of aviation, from basically the wright brothers, moving forward to today. about 70% of all general aviation aircraft have been constructed in wichita. that's a huge number when you think about the msa or the population of wichita being about half a million compared to other cities of similar size and to say that historically any city has 70% of the market share in any one industry is pretty significant. and that number's still about 40% to 45% annually. people who wanted to build planes in the late teens and early '20s came here seeking venture capital. and that's why i've come to call wichita the silicon valley of

aviation, in the same way people in the '80s and '90s and each today my great to silicon valley to seek venture capital to build computers. people who wanted to build planes like clyde cessna and walter beech and lloyd steerman actually came here because there was lots of oil money. one of the largest oil fields in america is just to the northeast of here, the el dorado oil field. so there were lots of people with huge amounts of money as a result of oil. the people who wanted to build planes came here seeking that capital. this is a really unique building. it was the original wichita air terminal from 1934 to 1954. it's one of only 12 buildings like this that were built during the first round of air terminal construction in the late '20s and early '30s that still exists, and it's the only one built in what's known as the indian art deco style that exists anywhere in the country.

at that time in the mid-'20s when local officials started beginning to think about a grand air terminal, charles lindbergh was traveling the country and he came to wichita with the idea it would be on the major way oochz east-west route between los angeles and new york and he worked with local official l.w. clapp. together he and lindbergh went all over the area looking for an appropriate site, and they finally settled upon this one. it is the highest point in wichita, and it's one of the reasons they picked it. but also the particular type of grass they grew here had a particular tight weave, if you will, and it made for a good landing strip. and the first six or seven years, this air terminal was in business, it had no runway. it just simply out in the field had a big circle of white rock and an air sock and pilots would fly over and determine the wind direction and then land into the wind in the grass. and then roll up to the terminal. because of air travel at that time, and this was a major route between new york and los angeles, this was the fourth

busiest airport in the country for about 20 years, and also because of air travel and the fact that people didn't use private planes in the way they do now, just about any famous person you can think of in the '30s and '40s passed through this airport, and we have photographs of famous actors who were here at the museum -- or at the airport. fred astaire -- this is a true story corroborated by someone who was at the airport at that time. fred astaire actually did a tap routine out in the atrium during a weather delay for the other waiting passengers, so a lot of really kind of neat stories about famous people who passed through this building. this is our ramp area, and this is where the majority of our planes are showcased. the area where we are right now is an area where people would come and they would throw their blankets out. right over here you can see the line of the concrete. the ground level was actually there, and there were stairs coming down off of this terrace. and then over here to the left where these picnic tables are,

there was a little kind of a building there where they would sell hot dogs and hamburgers and things like that. people planes come in. a plane would roll up and folks would disembark and go up into the building, but the folks out here would just walk out and stand around the plane as it was being refuelled. there were no fences at that time, and obviously, much less security. it was a totally different environment. the focus of our collection is kansas aviation heritage. so if the plane was built here or flown here, then we're going to be interested in it. we have a number of planes here. everything from 1920 swallow through more modern era planes, and the collection is primarily the result of two sources. either individuals who have donated their personal planes to the museum, or corporations that have donated planes in the museum. here's one other category.

that is we do have five planes out on the ramp that were -- that are on loan from the u.s. air force museum in dayton, ohio. this is a 1920 laird swallow. this is a very important plane in wichita aviation heritage. it's the first production aircraft in wichita. so there were 43 of these built between 1920 and 1923, and it's the first time in wichita and very early in aviation heritage where people recognized, hey, if we build more of these, the economy of scale, we can sell them to a wider audience for less money. this is the only 1920 swallow that exists. there weren't any, and this particular one is a replica, and if you look right here, our volunteers started with about 10 or 15 of these brackets, and these are original brackets, and they used those to scale

photographs, and from the photographs, took hundreds of measurements and with the measurements created the working drawings and then built the plane from those drawings. and so this is very representative of the amazing skill of our volunteers here at the museum. what i wanted you to see over here is, where the pilot would have sat in this basket, if you can see it through the mylar. we stretch this mylar on here so people could see it, the internal of the plane. but also, i don't know whether you can get a shot of that, but the control stick is actually a baseball bat. >> is that what would have been originally used? >> yes. if you think about the development of aviation technology from 1920, when this plane was built, through the end of world war ii, you went from this plane, which had an ox 5 engine that produced 90 horsepower, flew at about 120 miles per hour. 1920 to 1945, the beginning of the jet age. the most intense period of development of aviation

technology, and so what was happening here in wichita was some 80 companies building planes and plane parts is the experimentation that led to the jet age. the golden age of aviation. now, the plane that we're seeing in front of us is a learjet 23. and it was the first learjet ever built. the first model. it was actually the sixth one ever built. this was actually bill lear's personal plane. this plane doesn't seem very unusual now, but back then, this was cutting edge. i mean, learjet set the standard for what we know today as the business jet, the corporate jet. this is where it all started right here. this is model 73 steerman. it was actually in a military, navy military plane known as the ns-1, and this was -- it's a

very iconic plane. there was an army version of this plane that had a blue fuselage and yellow wings. this was flown by navy aviators during world war ii as a trainer. so just about any naval aviator that flew in world war ii would have trained in this plane at some point in his career. and it's interesting, because it's a steerman, but at that point in time, boeing actually owns the steerman brand. so this is an early boeing plane, but this is where it all started with a plane just like this. >> what is boeing's legacy here in wichita? >> well, they have a huge legacy here. i mean, at their height, during world war ii, they were employing 40,000 people. they built whole neighborhoods, like plainview, that's just a mile or so from here and they built those specifically for their workers. so they have a huge legacy here. they've been a supporter of the community for years and years. sad that they're leaving, but you know, we've had a good run

with the company. >> whenever there's a downturn in the economy like there has been recently in 2009 and moving forward, some 10,000 or 12,000 people laid off, and the unemployment ranks go up, so it becomes very challenging. the thing that people in this community understand is, because they've lived through it, through lots of those cycles of the ups and downs of the economy, is, they understand that that's going to happen. i'm not saying it doesn't hurt, but they know that that's going to happen, and i think people here prepare for it. in terms of the psychology of it. and they know that -- that sooner or later the economy will turn around and they'll get rehired. people recognize that's going to happen in this community. people do just have a love affair with especially americans i think have a love affair with aviation. i think it's just the idea that, that there's another dimension.

you know, there's a third dimension that we can experience outside of the two dimensions that we can walk this way and that. we can also go up. >> we welcome you to the missouri governor's mansion. >> the first governor was b. brown. here we have a photograph, his wife and his child. what is interesting is the fact that his granddaughter, margaret wise brown wrote the book "good night moon." a favorite of many of the school children all over the united states. >> july 7 and 8 book tv and american history tv explore the heritage and literary culture of missouri state culture with c-span's content vehicles and american tv inside the governor's mansion. >> there was a bachelor govern that the story says he wrote the

horse up the front step tfs mansion into the dining room and proceeded to feed his horse oats out of this plate warmer as part of the sideboard. now, the comment was that he's probably should not be feeding his horse in the governor's mansion and his comment to them was, i have had to feed more people in this home with probably less manners than my horse has. >> watch for boorks tv and american history tv july 7 and 8 on c-span 2 and 3. >> how do you approach book interviews differently than news reporting interviews? >> i think of the book interviews as gathering history. i think of interviewing when i'm working for the news side as gathering contemporary information. >> how difficult is it to remain impartial and not get caught up in the hype of one campaign or another? >> i'm going to try to as besti

can give people as full an understanding of what is happening in this campaign. it's not that difficult to put your biases to the side. >> how does social media change your line of work in terms of reporting and getting your information. >> twitter in particular is now a primary news source for anybody who covers politics and anybody who pays attention to politics. twitter didn't exist four years ago for all practical purposes. >> tonight, purdue university students interview "the washington post" dan balz on the newspaper business, covering presidential elections, what's news worthy and the rise of social media tonight at 8:00 on c-span. this weekend on afterwards katie bablich details fast and furious. >> this was something that was swept under the rug and kept from not only the american people but the mexican people as well. there are hundreds of faceless innocent mexican citizens who have been murdered as a result

of this but the only thing that we knew outside of the government program was that guns from american gun dealers were going into mexico and causing all of these problems with the cartel when really, the government was sanctioning these sales and sending them into mexico. >> she's interviewed by major garrett. tonight at 9:00, part of book tv, this weekend on c-span2. >> you're watching american history tv, on c-span3. every weekend we visit sites and college classrooms as professors and historians reveal america's past and watch our series on the 150th anniversary of the civil war, with debates and interviews about the people and events that shaped an era, saturday at 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. eastern and sunday mornings at 11:00 here on american history tv on c-span3. >> next, an oral history interview that provides a new