else. precedent if you about a lot of things. he was telling me something that he figured out before. i could go to law school. i could kill some birds with one stone. i did not like newark, i was just doing my way. if i did, the law degree would be applied there. a lot of this there. that is how i came to go there. the there at the end of semester. my parents wanted a formal

graduation. i didn't care. i went. i went home. i came back up when i went to newark. mentioned this already. they're all looking to the south for a new type of movement. know that in many respects it to be a place where the movement came and found an urban complex. to judex bliss of the understand that was your project when you came? i did. the movement had already come north. i just do not think about it as being "the movement." was doing in harlem, trying to build a playground in 1964, that was part of the movement.

these projects were all in the north based on the same concept. we have to take what is going on in the north. it is more about class. that was the foundation. these young people were not marxist but they understood marx. racism can be overcome if they tousted this back down include more people.

when they came near, they had the neighbor corporation. lighting urban renewal, aching sure there is no discrimination against blacks. they were an integrated group of mostly right -- white jewish homeowners was some black homeowners as well. they all have a working class. it was an interesting mix of people. they thought they were working with poor people. they were not. people thoughtl

they were going to pick up from where they were. they do not want to do that. there was a split. by the time i got here, they have moved down. there were two homeowners. mostlyf tenants and blacks. mostly black players and poor living in the same neighborhood. they had a base of several hundred people and on several blocks. wasissue that they came unemployment. that didn't wor. k. people do not want to talk about their employment status.

le had jobs. they were just bad jobs. there's not a lot of unemployment like there was now. it was underemployment. it was beginning of the working poor. we did not know it at the time but that is what it was. they are still only guiding people. not have credit cards and, people got credit. they would him the credit. of bait andhole lot switch. that is what they were doing, taking on those kinds of issues. >> have did you find your way into the role here? what commanded your attention? you -- whatated captivated you?

>> you mean once i was here? i wanted to be in organizer. i saw what i could get from being here. this experience talked me how to walk through the valley of the shadow of death. in organizer. here we were on a frontier. he did have that aspect. this understand class by point. talking about it and reading about it and studying about it. i was ready for that challenge. people get black organized in a context that is not purely racial? you are not going to have people with those that are terrorists per se. you have believe that you're doing legally.

there are people that did not have enough money to make their way based on the new job that they did have. folks that say what you can live here because the whole area was lack. the housing was so bad in some cases that you would not want to keep your dog there. how do you fight it? that is what kept me going. i wanted to organize people to fight that kind of fight. >> he mentioned the new york immunity union project. out this program. you would also work with the hutchins. can you describe the range of organizations trying to begin this in new york? >> this was not the first by any

means. there are people here who are already struggling aginstainst t same array of new enemy. array ofy discovered forces that were keeping people down. there were various combinations of people associated with poor and other organizations. one was called in bill. there were some black labor unions. to stayle who managed out of the clutches. this.as there were some white rabbis. a core demonstration protesting a lack of construction jobs at a school.

we had a black-and-white that was liberal. i would call it liberal. this came on. they were a radical. this was a form of democracy that nobody was willing to allow. it was a form of democracy that have not taken root in this town. they let the people decide. the people was reading through all hours of the night. it makes most of the basic decisions. not just one major. as it turned out, the leader was tom. tom was the main man. he was the big man on campus. they were competing for that

same position. then there were the community people who have their own set of standards to what they wanted to see done. she was the office manager. you had sent that was discovered by the deep will. her husband was like a mainstay of the organization. we got all of that together. bad landlords. that was interesting. situation,brutality and this is more for my review of the written records as written by some of the

organizers. a lot of the organizers felt po volatileality was to because it was too racial. there were white cops beating black heads. you cannot get away from that. this is something they really did not want to deal with because they could not control the emotion of the people who were at that did. the poor had weekly demonstrations against police brutality. people were getting beat up regularly. some people were getting killed. i was on aay i came core demonstration against because of aity black man that was shot by a cop. i did not know him at that time. i did not even association with anything other than the fact

that he was a cop. same ran fromhe -- for city council and we became friends. i had no idea that was the same i was in my first demonstration against my first day in newark. i had no idea. he was a completely different man. i do not see how that man could have shot somebody. you know how i found out? by doing some research about what was going on on that corner on that day. i get to talk to him about that. i probably won't. judge whatyou happened in the summer of 60 seventh at 3 billion will suddenly dominate so much of how people think about this history? all the police brutality,

terrible conditions, underemployment, how did you feel about your progress against the goal of starting something that would yield results? how did you feel the first 20 four months you were here? >> when i first came, i was not here for 24 months. i was here for the summer. i went to new haven to yale. in my first several weeks i realized one thing. that race was going to be a bigger issue than these kids were able to deal with. were the two black college types on campus so to speak. we talked about it all the time. it is becoming more and more difficult for white people to go out and organize black people. in 1966, there was a

whole lot of conversation about that. the final bill in 1966 said we've got to go out and organize them. carmichael replaces louis at our very terminal two is meeting when lewis went away thinking he was the president. tumultuousery meeting when lewis went away thinking he was president. was not a part of the hierarchy. montgomery, a grunt. a soldier in the army of the lord. later. about this it cannot happen overnight. what peoplesaying can do this. race is predominant. people do not go

along with a lot of what he said but a lot they did. there were other nationalists raising that issue. losingegrationists were ground. king was losing ground. he saw it himself. i cannot go out and tell people to be nonviolent. continuing to sell the nationalists that they are wrong and less america gives me something to work with. all of that was against it. we started in our microcosm in newark. because of police brutality and that wereions just as far from getting out of hand. organized this in ses.k at the second

you had the south war. this wasntral wars, like a hangout for young men. that is where he spent most of .is time , 605i was still here. maybe after i left in the summer. they took that separate line as a sign of black power. it was impossible to do anything in newark without adjusting the racial issue. looked at the double-edged sword that they present peers

some people like to do about it. -- like to talk about appeared what people like to come in the neighborhood and help. some people do not. time in 1965 was full of people who would just come from the south. end of thee tail second great migration from the south. the southernere in experience. a lot of people do not trust white people. if other people loved white people and wanted to be with the white people. there was an inkling that created a great deal of hostility. we were beginning to see that there is more hostility. we cannot get people to understand that these white people over here are different. it took up too much time and

energy to explain that. i found that on the block. at some point i was getting my own blog. i must have been doing all right. they assigned me to work with over aher and breaking new block in the central word. how are we going to get a stop light? that is what the people said they wanted to do. among them was a man named a bullet. i can work with you but i cannot work with him. he was becoming a muslim or arnie was. i am not sure which. he knew the nation of islam line. he challenged me. he and i talked about it. i did not want to stop working. i didn't. i still believes in an integrated movements.

i thought the whole class issue was the best way to deal with it. it was becoming more and more impossible. you still lived together? >> yes. ,as there any point at which obviously the fbi cannot say how these were parts of the story ultimately. sense thate any there are the folks who were being watched and monitored closely? >> more because of phil then me. i was just a grunt. they were doing what they told me to do. until i got my blog.

a little later on, i guess 1968, i looked back. there was a house un-american meeting.s at some point, some policeman a letter fromnted me to tom hayden. i did not give him that letter. i am sure tom did not give him that letter. who the hell gave them that letter? it was really and an accusation, of living with his hell raiser phil hutchens who everyone knows is a hell raiser. they were all trying to blame us for the riot, for the rebellion. it was a conspiracy.

that was the context. that is how the containing take place. they did the damage in the 50's and the 60's. nobody was really paying attention to them. there were more important things to deal with. we were under surveillance at that time. another time i went to california to see my sister who was alive at that time living in los angeles. i came back. my bad was opened. what happened to my suitcase? a few days later jimmy who was , i head of the court said understand you went to california. how did you know that? the fbi asked me what you were doing in california. i put two and two together. they have search my bag when i came back. they wanted to see if i was

bringing anything in. evidence alsoof in 1960, all of this is post rebellion where i become more than just a yellow sticky. i was asked to go on a trip to europe to look at newtown based .n some group enters they knew i was interested in how it had worked. asked to go at the tail end. i got my passport. i went. in france, iran into this young woman -- i ran into this young woman named jackie. i was a riot is clear she was in france and here i was in france we have this great reunion.

it was at an automat. people do not know what that is good it was a fast food restaurant of the day. i am buying food. this finally becomes up and looks at me. we had this big reunion in the automat. happy,dy is happy, happy. long story short, we got together later on that day. she's are asking me questions about what was i doing in france. what was i doing on the strip? what was i doing? in that she is attracted to me. i was certainly attracted to her. were walking down the left bank of the river. she just walked with the head. i said why are you running so fast? walking.kept i walked faster. she walked even faster. at some point, my ego said i

don't need this. she walked on. i've never seen her again. she never contacted me. i put two and two together. she was representing the man. she wanted to find out why i was there and what i was doing. she got the confirmation she needed that i was harmless. i really was. this is the kind of thing. there was this all the time. it went on. i was thinking about this. at theermission to look papers down in trenton. i became friends after the medical side. i asked him if i could take a look at the files. i'm thinking about writing a book.

this is long before i wrote anything down. he gave me permission to look into his bag. with all kinds of stuff with people that i knew that were informing on us to the police. i was amazed. that is the way it went. >> let me just check. 65-66, the two academic semesters in spring. you are in new haven. summer 66, here again. 68 and 66 in new haven. in summer of 67. >> i am back. that it diduming not surprise you. were you anticipating open conflict in the streets of new work? it had happened other places already. >> everybody was predicting it.

[indiscernible] coming back from philadelphia from the black power conference down there. i heard it. there i came in here to see it had been sealed off. we can get it in. i came in. i think i went home that day. the next day it could have been that same night. i was in the car with three other guys. i think it was the next night. philadelphiao to with me. we are just whining around -- riding around.

i'll remember his name in a minute, i cannot right now. it was court street. going up the hill. i heard the sirens coming. rearview mirror. there was a cop car bearing down on us. we were out after the curfew. they pulled me over. four guys get out. shotguns, up against the car, mother fucker, which of course we did. they searched us. found nothing on us. the told me to open the hood. fortunately, i had law books i had forgotten to take out. there was a tense moment there. aresergeant said these guys law students. the other police, they didn't want to do that. begun on allad

of us at the whole time, leaning up against the car. sergeant was there. is a you're goingl toaw have trouble explaining this one. student. the others were not law students. i think you're trying to save our lives. at some point they made a down,on, put the shotgun jumped in the car and toure off. was the first time i looked down the wrong end of a shotgun. how did you assess what was happening? how did you added up at the time?

time,, after that first encounter with the police to try to stay on the cover -- under cover as much as i could hear it at some point we just left the house. we were in a basement apartment. i think they may have had the wrong address. us at 642 high street but it was really 624. that might be significant. some bad policing on that part. beaid people are happy to destroying, happy to turn the tide. i knew something was going to happen. when the state police came into town, things changed. peras during the second

thati theo stated police rioted. i was in charge of a group of law students. we were working in the housing project. igating theest whole relocation process. that was eventually what we cited. that to godoing interview witnesses to the police. that is when i really saw what the damage had been. my law student to information out of the one. bar where two young men had come in after the thing had been looted and were still looking for whatever they could find. cops rolled up on them. they cannot get out. one of them hid in the other one , okay, i am here.

began toasically systematically shoot him. they shot him 46 times. information down and we thought somebody is going to do something about it. they were coming in from all over the place. fter the rebellion was over, they took all of this it overion and turned to the authorities. i was cut before a grand jury. caught before the grand jury. here's the part that i did not tell you.

[indiscernible] about this particular incident. is to one of the funeral homes and took joseph the court. it was destroyed. as you can imagine. then he made a flyer and put it all over town. is this what you're going to allow to happen to the young people? when i was called in for the grand jury, they asked me, didn't i think it was pass the flyer around? first of all, i do not pass it around. second of all, did you do get was shot 46 times in his head? now i am a smart alec. they did not like me but there's nothing they could do about it. they knew it was true. as time went by doing the actual

-- during the actual time of the rebellion, there became more stories like that. people were really whipped. as it turned out, the power stretch year was really scared of what would -- the power structure was scared of what was happening. woman louise who was a homeowner. so said when interviewed what of the rebuilding in? i cannot get anybody to talk to me. -- afterery billion

the rebellion, everybody wanted to talk to me. that kind of experience. we've got to do something about them. we've got to borrow some of that energy that is now running in our favor. the tide has temporarily turned. imagean we do with that of the black man with the [indiscernible] what can we do to turn around to turn around and make things better? word about thea brothers? >> the united brothers was formed. i think the letter came out in december of 19 67.

he was born and raised here. he went out to california and met ron and became very much influenced what karina was doing in los angeles with his group called u.s. he wanted to do something like that here. of minenother contact of electing a black man. he understood the whole concept united front. most of us did. he had been new york and then on the frontline with a lot of people who were thinking. we were not thinking at that time. he was in a position to do that. during the rebellion, he was the badly by the cops. he had a national reputation but not that many people knew him here except the few he grew up

with. he was doing his own work with the arts. we were doing our work in our own little bailiwick. when he got beaten that day, the cameras went all over him. became much bigger than he was. the back power conference came the last days of the rebellion anyway. said you need to stop that. oaks that they are not going to stop it. rice was his name. he was in charge of that. morocco became the keynote speaker.

he was in the position to influence a lot of people. atincluded some of us who that point had taken on a leadership position. my position was i was just a soldier in the army. after the rebellion after we resurrected the site, we resurrected the site that really have been law. the committee had come together in the spring of 1967 to area ofate about the those who propose. there was a lawsuit. upon anased incompletion of testimony at the hearing to determine whether it

should be taken. they lost that. during that time, some of his people had taken the books out of the hand of the clerks. they were going to see what happened next. they said this was one of the reasons for the rebellion. had nothing to do with any of that. i was in the audience sometime when that happened. i came down and saw it from new haven. not anywhere near the leadership of that. after the rebellion is still not the together the new area plan. i have been in new haven and talk to some of my rents.

i said it was too large. we started talking about an alternative plan. >> there was a massive footprint. 160 acres. >> 200. then it was brought down to 180. is the the planners what smallest footprint and you can give us. they say we can use american and we school associate can give you a footprint. this is a new opposition. office which was an old candy store that had no heat we had a press conference. in addition to that i've gotten in touch with the legal defense fund.

handle thisey would . he sent over a young man who was our lawyer. the complaint was going to be debian based on the inefficiencies of housing. based upon that research, we knew there was a one percent available vacancy rate. they were driving people out of their homes if they were rdn. we revised the medical school sites. i became a leader. in december of 1967 before we even begin the negotiations

which ended up in success for the community, he asked me to become a part of the united government. this is for the purposes of pulling together the community. this is how we got started. >> in practice, how did you swing the successful negotiation 60 acres?pa on the >> is was not just napa. she had other people who were from the ordinary regular political persuasions. .hey were involved i had the new breed with me in napa. together we had a coalition. he had this down to his place

and all of that. we set up negotiations. negotiations were based on the belief that there are going to let people have that say. the band would play on. we said no. we have a negotiating team. there were three from other organizations. we have an audience of about 200 and. i said i wanted to be a part in the negotiations. we shut them up. when not let them talk. with the support of the 200 people. harry wheeler and i just looked up and down. i cannot explain it any other way. they had no way to go.

the people on the other side of commissionere new became our friend became the friend of the new jersey department of higher education and very -- and various other people who work for them. over a. of months, we negotiated an agreement. we have done our research. we brought in other people who were experts on primitive action -- on affirmative action, hiring. the people on housing and health . we researched the medical school agreement. this is headed by a housing

counselor which we set up. they wonder the whole group thrown out. we have an election. i was elected to that along with other. we had that covered. we wanted to set up a training program for blacks and latinos to get the construction jobs. they were going to say we do not have anybody. you are right. you have been discriminating against us for years. we want to train them. we had a group of people brought together, the name of which i forget. it was a group of all of the stakeholders and the jobs. we have the unions and the contract is.

we have the city and the housing authority. they wanted to see what kind of client -- compliance was going on. that was the key thing. we had an entity we set up to make sure they do what they promised to do. they let them know that if you mess with us now you got to pay for it later. we never said that. by, it lessened and lessened. >> you would contribute your efforts to the campaign. 367. you reach an agreement and 68.

you can tell me how you evaluate to that? looks like you manage pretty well. we had to fight within the community to make sure the results really were substantive. all kinds of people came out of the woodwork and want to that land. point, the white controllers were standing around watching the black folks fight each other, saying maybe better man win and we hope it not williams. but we won. we establish a housing council. we decided he was going to get this. right now there was a thousand units of housing.

hundreds of young men were successful in getting the union books. they thought than to make sure that happens. george fontaine was involved with that. jim walker, those are the people who handle that part. he backed them up and they backed us up when they needed it. those are the two most exciting. they could do a whole new set of characters that had not happened before including myself to become involved with the federal program of that magnitude. we had a joint veto. >> your arms a very close.

what is your feeling about how you went through the late 60's and where you stood at that point and how did you feel prospects and further change and building the world you are trying to build russian ma? of awas high on the result medical school fight we were doing, the street organizations we had, the fact that it was not it was notc party, just them alone. we have some of them with us. the real momentum from this thing came from people from our civil rights and black power groups. i think he knew that. he said that. when i got the job, and you promised me the job earlier and i was happy he lived up to that,

i learned the potential in the job from being on the neighborhood council. i learned how that particular position was what i wanted. he won. i was in charge with planning most of the money that was coming into town. it was substantial. i was 26 years old at that time. making 26 thousand dollars. a raise people's eyebrows. attempt by lot of an our part to continue what we have started in the streets just to bring it into the sweeps. we wanted to make sure we had democracy for the people in the city and was at the best of whatever was possible. that was what was in our minds. that is what we throughout on. raca had a big heavy organization at that time. it was the main group that

pulled the folks together to forgive sin in office. they put it on the west african guards. we are all supposed to be legitimate. anybody he was not doing that legitimate. it is in the community. gibson took advantage of it. us.as not really one of he was kind of like bear that he was not on the front line.

he came after the battle was over. this came after this. he helped them get some jobs. was in the second tier. his him oh. perhaps he needed somebody like that. -- that was his m.o. perhaps he needed somebody like that. when he got into city hall, he in not want people like me the leadership position. i worked for him. all i did was make him a good.

i doubled that. how they had these in the project. eventually, this was based on a full audit. by a man who is running for office. he said this is $300,000. what had happen was we had interpreted the guidelines one way and other people had interpreted it the other way, with the ones that didn't want me there. i can tell you about those adventures. we went to war with the

.ongressman i had an opportunity. he was in the first page advertising his alstom claim with his reference. i came back. i came to see the editor of the "star-ledger." i said, you have done me a disservice. but to this point, you have not listened to what i said. explain all me to stuff i explained to him what said,ing on all stop he bring me down with your -- i brought him an article.

the stated what our responses had already been to the audit. and he ran that on wednesday. all of this other stuff was saturday and sunday. i got front page. then, some of my friends came back and said, now we are seeing what you are saying. you are not so bad. gibson didn't like that. i was gaining more and more support. on television, i was on this guys show. show, comes on and bill of rights people. he said, mr. williams, there are good guys and they're bad guys.

i'm standing there smiling. so, the whole thing turned around. at one point called me. the minister said amy up this escape so. he said, i'm going to have the hearing. i had my own notes. when you gather u.s. congressman.

he had been told by malicious people, don't show up. i need him to get the information. i had been wrestling with this thing. i knew this stuff inside and outside. everything he threw at me, i threw right back at him, even on my side.there none of my staff showed up. i was there by myself. i was there after that. gibson said, i want you to resign. i said why? he said, because of the audit. i want time to answer and respond and get this thing out of the way and then i will leave

. i had planned on leaving anyway. he said, no, you cannot do that. makel give you 30 days to up your mind. >> i collected all of the documents that i had, that i knew that i needed. someone was going to come after me with an indictment. which they never did. he called me at the end of the 30 days. i expended for five people to such.ople in some get the wordple to

out. have 400 people. the got a lot of it because of his excellent legal fees. he said, why is he trying to get rid of williams? he got rid of me. up my law on to set practice. a year later, i am on my way to washington. man who this little comes up to me and start saying, you don't know me know me but i was one of the auditors. the prosecutor

came to me and asked me, was anything there to invite this man on. and i told him in no uncertain terms there is nothing there. he turned around, walked back into the crowd and i've never seen him since then. true story. so, that is what happened to me with this great new city experience. was not able to apply all of the skills that i wanted to. i was able to do something. -- had his own experience. as a result, he lost all the things he was going to do including building that housing. to be aed he was going

market in turn. he made that up turned. so, now he is still just as famous as he was as a writer. he is out of the mainstream. he was able to reign supreme. >> we look to the years beyond the early 70's. touchly like to have you on a couple of things. electedgest person ever to the role. i would love to have you framed your race in 82.

>> i went into practicing law. i just couldn't practice law. i ran into a friend named ot wells. , he was president elect of the national bar association. . believe i went to one meeting he appointed me as the assistant regional director that is something that peter streamed up.

to make a long story short, because of some foul up in los , hises following summer convention couldn't be there and he is no one to plan his convention. it will be in san francisco. go do it. started calling people all over the country. i put together a great convention. i met a lot of people along the way. organizationmy in the time i came to his convention which was in san francisco in 1973.

there were a lot of long -- young lawyers who were dissatisfied with the way the heart was going at that time. ,e who had been in the movement this is steeped in the tradition of democracy. there is this kind of arraignment. so, we elected to things after that time. he elected a new treasure. i became elected to the board at that particular time. that was the first two things. five the young lawyers.

you revive that. thatw upon the knowledge knowledge -- i drew upon the knowledge from people around the country. the young lawyers became a campaign enterprise for young and aspiring lawyers who want to see some change come about. they wanted the bar more interested in issues than just conspicuous consumption. iran for the fourth vice president. meody ever ran against because i had the young lawyers as the basis. and 74, it wasrs

like a complete overlap. the women who were in the women's division. we always had a coalition and we were able to go into each of the and offergations trade-offs. in florida, in 1978, i became the youngest person ever elected to the national bar association. immediately, we begin to do things. is tost important thing introduce to the national bar association this whole concept of africa.pendence

one of my friends was very influential in this. we knew the racist and southern rhodesia would try to prop -- as the next god coming. they really weren't going to give them independence. we were lawyers and we knew how to say it. the national affairs committee dissected that, they are very wonderful people. the head of the naacp legal defense fund was the head of that committee.

i can't think of his name. teddy shaw? >> no, teddy shaw was gone. now, this guy. it will come to me in a minute. committee -- otherwise, it was a legally, scholarly document. it was going to be another document. friends and i asked, can we get this before the united nations? of africanation unity. we were able to go to the united the organization heard

what we had to say. not only did the oa you accept theut it was adopted by general counsel of the united nations as an official document of the united nations on the question of independence for zimbabwe. translated into seven languages and sent all around the world. ghana, blacke from , africanchampions rights, something like that. it was like my movement days was coming true. it was with african independence with african-americans and there was betweendeal of unity the africans who were in the united nations and eventually the ones in washington who were diplomats of a higher level as

everybody saw that paper. i went to jamaica, another one of the united nations committees and everybody wanted a copy. i got invited to cuba. doctors, lawyers, nurses, dentists to zimbabwe. zimbabwe did become independent. he didn't call me back in time to get this set that i had set up. he did not see the importance of

it. the good part was that i was able to parlay this paper on the behalf of the nba. help in thes could independence of zimbabwe. here is a crying achievement, my gotle in the white house the document to jimmy carter. and got him to hold onto sanctions because of the document. so, that was the most significant aspect of what i did when i was president. that movement connection was i was able to organize the people. that was in 1979. had a great convention in los angeles. hadmy keynote speaker, i

louis farrakhan who mesmerized the people. i had met him in new haven when i was up there. he was the minister in charge of the march. he spoke for about an hour and everybody gave him come it must have been about 10 standing ovations when he got finished, he had everyone in the palm of his hand. myent to harvard, i called friend from state here in new jersey, if you member from the medical school. he was the dean of education school. got me in the institute of

politics at the john f. kennedy school at harvard. was beginning to believe that i belonged there. article to the "new york times. i said, i've got to use all of these skills and powers i have to go back. what can i do? gibson had been there for then going on 12 years. very little had changed. he had not used the power in the streets to match that power to force any kind of real change. for example, raising taxes, the state was not giving enough money. kind of like it is right now. here he was, saying i will take whatever the states will allow. taking money from the fed.

we were in the age of reaganomics. wasthe power of the people divorced from the power of the institutions that we had created . i wanted to correct that. i want to create another movement to get me in there so that i can make sure that the independent organization that had been killed by gibson should be revived and we could get the kind of power that we dated the --ks that have been elected the power that we needed to back up the folks that have been elected. obviously, i didn't win. i did not have the money he had. i did not have the money that was necessary. people told me that i should have run for council first.

i realized that i couldn't do that. you have to be all things to all people. this is part of the process. i would never be able to raise that kind of money. that answers your question. >> let me ask to kind of wrap up. interesting in that attitude. can you describe that, to the struggles he can envision? >> i was the town attorney

because i had a good friend. she became mayor and she asked to be counsel for the city council and she was president of .he council which it became mayor, she asked me to be the town attorney. not to run again. i decided i was going to do something here once again. in 1981, they failed suit and you have to match the money, the state of new jersey. you have to match the money that the suburbans are getting.

into urban food. it is getting late in the day. the constitutional claim is upheld by seven white men over the age of 50 with a whole lot of money. city theo have in the same amount of money that they spend in the suburbs, not just the average amount, but the higher suburbs. that is what you need to have real reform. a supplemental program. you have to pay more. governor has agreed to that.

it is time to get the parents involved. we are going to build this organization. abilitybased upon our to teach people how to become involved. we will not have an organization , we want to teach people how to get organized. i had been able to bring all of my skills and all of my memories and all of my abilities to help people strategize to do different things on the school or nowr the program helping young people to become involved in the process. i said, we have got older in people involved as parents. let's get the beneficiaries in here. when i was that age, i was thinking about the coming a member of snic.

no thoughts are going on today.ly in young people there are people that want to mobilize or do different things. i'm not saying nobody is conscious, because they are, but the whole concept of organization has been lost and , putting all of our exit in the basket of electing black politicians and those black politicians turned around and destroyed the organizations. we did what we did, because that is my job. i'm teaching a whole new generation what we did and everything i have been talking to you about. excited by both of those groups. the parents getting organized.

those parents are so inclined to get involved. that youa certain way use information, a certain way you position yourself, a certain strategy you can use to make your presence more profitable in terms of the goal that you have. voice and your voice is there to be heard. if you learn the skills of the media, you can empathize. so beat downle are they think they don't have a voice. but, we introduced that whole concept. once you open the door with them, they walk through. now, we have a lot of young advocates here who know how to speak, they know how to

interview, they know how to use putras, they know how to projects together, we haven't taught them how to edit. it is two days a week. they introduced a lot of .ocuments people have paid attention to short public service announcements. some young people who have graduated and now come back here and help us as interns. we have some young people who have graduated and i meet them in the store. of that program, i went to college, i'm doing some advocacy things in college. looking at the awards that were given at the time.

>> there is much more history that we could discuss but today you have been so remarkably generous. it has been an honor and privilege. thank you for such a substantive contribution to the series. >> i hope everybody runs out and read my book when it is published. hopefully, it will be published by the smithsonian. >> we look forward to it. >> all right. >> thank you very much. >> you are watching american history tv. 48 hours of her grammy on history every weekend -- 48 hours of programming on history every weekend on c-span3. >> now you can keep in touch with events happening on the with radio now.

weekday, listen to a recap of the day's oevents. you can hear audio of the five networks public affairs program. >> next american history tv, a panel including dennis hastert, bob woodward, and two former congressman. they discussed the role of the legislative branch when the nation is faced by international crises. it includes the separation of powers and actions taken without congressional authorization. this is about an hour and a half. >> thank you. we are all assembled here and

ready to go. welcome, all of you. thank you, dennis, for the introduction. i think it is really appropriate we are having this conversation here tonight at the national archives. because much of the controversy around this topic, the role of congress in international crises stem from the words on the parchment papers you can see all around your. article one section eight of the constitution gives the power to declare war, raise funds, and the senate ratifies treaties, verifies the appointments of key presidential nominee is when it comes to assembling a foreign-policy team.