microcosm for many french, whether children or adults, who do just that. this is considered to be a great honor. france is not unique in that respect, either. in dutchthing goes on cemeteries and other spots in europe, as well. >> any concluding thoughts, gentleman? is join me in thanking our panelists. [applause] >> american artifacts on american history tv. this weekend, a visit to the national archives reveals declassified arguments about the gulf of tonkin in vietnam. 50 years ago this week, resident johnson was given broad powers to invade east asia. p.m.

while congress is in recess, american history tv will be in prime time monday through friday, featuring watergate. american history tv on c-span3. >> each week, american history tv sits in on a lecture with one of the nation's college professors. you can watch the classes here every saturday evening at 8 p.m. and midnight eastern. next, professor tyler boulware and his class discuss the indian slave trade in the south between 1670 and 1720. spurred by trade with european settlers, tribes like the chickasaw raided neighbors for captives more frequently than they had in the years before colonization. professor boulware explained how these interactions impacted both native and colonial societies for years to come by pushing indians further inland, destabilizing smaller tribes, and driving them to war. this class is about an hour. today, we are talking about

in a little more detail the indian slave tried -- slave trade and the south. i gave you a primary source reading which i think most of you read full.class was from his i asked you specifically to look the document from the 1700s and think of it in terms of what he says about the indian economy, indian trade, and specifically the indian slave trade. what i want to do today is delve more deeply into these issues. i give you a chapter from the fairly recent book on slavery in the indian country, and on page andshe writes the chickasaw appalachian the experiences could not have been more different. i will throw this out to you. how do they compare, and what

does that tell us about the lower south at that time. we can start with the chickasaw. who wants to start us off looking at how they engage the slave trade. they will keep appearing in this chapter. chickasaw. what can you tell us about chickasaw. -- yeah?tion mark >> >> they participated in the transatlantic trade. >> all right, participated in the transatlantic trade. >> [indiscernible] they were able to dominate the slave trade with other tribes and trade them with south carolina and virginia. >> very good. this is a small group of people, relatively speaking. choctawtalk about the

and others were very formal in terms of population. they are able to use these connection to the european markets, specifically the english, that allow them to maintain their survival and their sovereignty in their homeland and so forth. what is important about this trade? you kind of alluded to it? the key aspect? >> reggie? it becomes much more profitable for them to raid other peoples and catch them and sell them as slaves, as opposed to concentrating on the ferc trade. it was much more profitable. >> two things richie said that are important to pick up on. one, the importance of the deerskin trade. we will talk mostly about the indian slave trade, but the deer skin trade is also important. you will see that in one of the slides i have. at the height of the slave

trade, there are about 50,000 years can sleeping before of charleston. if we focus on one cornerstone of these trading relationships, let's not forget the deerskin take -- trade is important. saidhe same thing that you was the economic benefit of participating in this trade, and that is another thing we will recap as we get to the powerpoint here in a second, motivation.conomic there were two sets of motivation indians really thought about and used in gauging this trade. there is economic. the economic ones are pretty powerful, as we will talk about. what about the chickasaw that made them so powerful? they were a small group. what is most crucial here? >> they started training with the british? >> very good. the appalachian he -- other

indians did not have this. they were allied to the english. that is very important. what did the english bring? they brought guns. the chickasaw for a. eriod of timer a p were the only ones in lower mississippi that had these guns. the bow and arrow are pretty effective weapons. what makes these rifles, the flip locks so important? it would not only killed people, but it scared them as well. >> ok, good. the psychological aspect of these weapons. is noise, the smoke. at it not great for hunting when you try to use stealth and quiet, but for warfare, it is great. they would unsettle these villages they would attack especially if they had not seen

the before and they did not have them. what else would you say is an guns have that bows and arrows do not have? >> [indiscernible] one, you are hitting your target more, and two, there is a higher rate of fatality. >> good. what else did you say? >> they shot straight. they were parabolic. >> yes, the damage these bullets will do as opposed to a bow and arrow. what else can you tell me about the chickasaw that made them effective slavers? again, their trajectory and so forth? >> [indiscernible] >> and not just english allies? >> tribal allies.

>> that is one thing i'm glad that you picked up on. the english alliance is critical, but they are not totally making enemies among all their neighbors. they are very selective and strategic about who they are differently, like the natchez is one of their allies. anything else? how does this story and before ?e moved to the apalachee how does their story end? becauseumbers diminish -- [indiscernible] is not just hey, i've got a gun and i am rating a village. as we will see with the choctaw and the chickasaw, these are very distraught to raids. people on both sides lost their lives. one is population loss. that is one thing to keep in mind. i will not talk about it in great detail. with the slave

trade to really decimate populations in the lower south. you do see loss of population where they go from around 7500 to around 4000 at the end of the slave trade. what else can you tell me about their story? whohey would take people were captured into their own community. they would replenish their numbers, their population with the captured slaves. >> good. >> [indiscernible] answers a lot of the questions i was going to ask you that we will do here in a second. adoption into native communities. one of the questions i have is, what happened to these peoples who were taken captive? part of the answer is some of them were incorporated into native american clans. the chickasaw for example. and we will talk about the year of coy and all of these others who will incorporate foreigners

or enemies into their ranks. so, what is in store for the chickasaw? do they lose their identity as a people? are they run off their land? what? >> [indiscernible] >> what happened to them in the end? the story, what happened with the chickasaw? let me ask you this. was it an effective strategy, what they did? turning to becoming slavers, as one anthropologist said, a militaristic slave raiding fan -- this i-80 was it an effective strategy? >> yes and no. [indiscernible] to take themrted captives and make them in part of their families, they start to lose their identity more and more.

at one point there was one you had the claim that he was one of two original chickasaw >> do you believe him? >> no. >> [laughter] is where we have to question our sources. but it does bring in different alter role differences, languages, and so forth. ethnics of their identity and their polity, you know their polity, you know the government, what happens? are they like the apalachee? no. we see them maintain their homeland. we see them maintain their sovereignty. let's jump to the apalachee, because the chickasaw ground this chapter we read. later.lachee appear what happens to them? who are they? what happens to them? nichole? they had a huge mississippian

chieftain and they had 30,000 people. they had academics. the natives kept wendling down. >> ok, disease and war certainly take a toll on their population. during the desoto expedition, they had as many as 30,000. by the time we get to the slave trade, it is more like 10,000. still a very formidable people. what happens to that? >> a lot of them got enslaved, and then there were others that were absorbed into louisiana and -- >> good, good. hold onto your answer because i am going to return to it in a second. they were especially targeted and that is what you're getting at. they were especially targeted during the slave raids. why? >> one of the major reasons was they had no weapons, no guns.

>> why is that? who are their allies? >> the spanish. >> the spanish. good. we will talk about the mission system where the spaniards try to bring their religion to native peoples with limited success. but they are not trading guns to them, and that is not good when you have aggressive slave raiders attacking from the north. their location, the fax us -- the fact that they do not have access to guns, and their ally, the spanish, is fairly weak. what eventually happens to the apalachee? they are attacked and displaced from their homeland. you are going to see a number of them, as you mentioned, a number of them will be incorporated into other communities. 1000 will be sold into slavery. and there will be some who protection with the french in louisiana, as you

read about. a number will surrender to the english. to they will relocate florida -- there are no florida state fans in here, are there? they will relocate to the area of south carolina. they will be under the protection of the english. with that said, there are two major differences here looking at these experiences. so, how do we describe the lower south? if you did it in one word, what would you say about the lower south from 1670 until 1720? >> factional. >> very good. that ties into a later question i have. indians attack one another? part of the answer is factional. what do you might buy that -- what do you mean by that? what did she mean by that? yes? >> [indiscernible]

>> very good. there is no indian identity. race is a nonissue. she writes, the most important thing to native peoples in terms of identity and belonging and protection is what? kinship. very good. if you are not can, you are other, you are an enemy. you were a foreigner. you were a prime target. very good. what else? why else would native peoples attack one another? we talked about economic reasons. any cultural reasons we did not touch upon? anything at all? cultural reasons? leaders.ad two one civil leader 1 -- [indiscernible] the political structure of these communities and actually the chickasaw, so much evidence points to the chickasaw changing and the organizing their society so they become a militaristic slave raiding society, because it was so beneficial.

economically, but also in terms of survival and protection. that is something to keep in mind there. ok, a couple other questions we will finish with before we move on to the powerpoint. i guess i could ask you more about the description of the lower south. we did not flesh that out that much. what else would you say? asked questions i like at least five answers. >> violent. >> great description. what else? >> people kept breaking their allies and -- >> very good. i think we talked about that last class. as we saw in the chapter, you know, it works native diplomacy. that heret and we see in this reading. friends could quickly become in any space on the motivations and the allure of this trade. very good. anything else?

there are a lot of descriptions you could use, but anything else? these are some good ones. all right. all right. this,ot going to get to to the powerpoint. this is what i'm going to ask you now. what can you tell me about the captive slave activity before the europeans arrived and how does it change question mark >> a byproduct of war and not because of war. >> that is a good answer. you will see as europeans arrived that is motivating people to attack one another. what else? what about indian slavery or captivity during the era ofippian period, the the chieftains? before the europeans arrived? >> [indiscernible] >> all right. the second big difference is just the scale of captivity.

it is going to grow exponentially. the commodification of human bodies was unprecedented, meaning they did not get slaves, did not take captives for an export economy. when europeans arrived, that is going to greatly change. we will talk more about this .dea good. there are some other things we could talk about. two other people i want to introduce that we will also talk about in a minute. the era coy -- your toys -- iroquois. where are they located? >> upstate new york. >> that is a long way away. what do they have to do with this story? yes?

>> [indiscernible] >> good. they are going to attack their neighbors near and far. and lots of groups are going to be displaced likely see later on in the lower south. one of those groups are the west theyh -- and who are originally? >> the. indians. >> and they will be forced out onto the south, also seeking trade. why are they important to the story? mimic iroquois tactics. >> very good. they basically bring iroquois tactics to the south. these slave raiding expeditions. they are going to bring bees

tactics down to the south and rate their neighbors. we're going to talk more about that. >> [indiscernible] , you will see they maintain relationships with the english and then take it down to south carolina when that colony is founded. very good. the last question of the day -- we will talk about why indians attack one another, but i want you to tell me for our last is the homage he wore important? forget about the details of the war. why are these two things, the slave trade and this -- what happens? give me a couple. >> [indiscernible] >> good. one thing that you see is that

for all intents and purposes, the war ends the slave trade. snyder argues it does not destroy the slave trade, but it basically ends the slave trade. all of that is going to implode. what else? legacy. what else to we have? one more? it changed certain ways of native diplomacy, that war is so violent and so treacherous and their mindshange afterwards. >> ok. i would go a little bit further and say this is going to be a major shift in the geopolitical makeup of the southeast. do you want to elaborate? were you going to go that way or somewhere else? >> i was going to say the rise

of african-american slavery in the south. they used them instead even though they were more expensive and taxed at a higher rate. >> very good. there are two answers i am looking for. the indian slave trade provides for the growth of this plantation economy, this plantation complex in south carolina. we will talk about why, but it is intimately connected to that. what else? >> [indiscernible] >> ok. i would qualify that with yes and no. the conflict as kind of a pan indian movement, but when you get into the war of 1812. yamasee war,the but it is not just the yamasee

attacking north carolina. the last thing i wanted you to get was a shift in the makeup of the southeast, and was that where you were going? >> making them realize there was more separation between the colonists -- they could not really work together. >> ok, you definitely see a change in the relationship, and one thing that is going to change is the site of native power, the site of native power is going to shift to the interior, and the main aspect of this relationship in terms of trade is going to be built on the deerskin trade and not human bodies. along with that, the shift in power, the answer i was looking , these large polo tees, confederacies, we struggle with terms for how to describe them. these nations that will form in

the southeast. you talk about the creek, the chickasaw, the choctaw, and so forth. this is going to be this process of coalescence we will finish our talk with today. very good. any questions before we turn to this? any questions? anytime you have a question during the slide, feel free. all right. at now. let's turn to the powerpoint discussion ahis little more structured and ask some details about some things we have already been talking about. our story today begins with comments man -- thomas mann. mann was from scotland and sometime in the 17th century he settled in the neighborhood of port royal, south carolina. he is what we would consider to be an expert in indian affairs. he had experience in the indian trade.

he was an early agent for the heony, which means that negotiated with the indian heads, and he was so important, he drafted documents related to the indian trade. he was also a pretty good observer of indian cultures. he wrote all of this stuff down. this is a pretty good collection . the evidence is featured prominently in our reading today. i have used it for my own research. scholars really tap into this to learn more about the south, the lower south, the british empire, and native people. probably would have written more except yamasee built his house with burning splinters and tortured him over the course of several days. and part of the question we want to ask and answer today is why?

why? why did the yamasee -- these were his neighbors. this attack occurred in the main yamasee town which is in the vicinity of port royal and naime was a frequent visitor of the yamasee. so, why did they kill naime> --naime? are multiple there answers -- but the answer mainly has to do with the indian slave trade. 1670 tooing to focus on 1720. this is the height of the indian slave trade. it is important to remember that indian slave ring captivity did in 1670. for generations, native peoples had been practicing their own cultural forms of captivity. and the slave trade did not

begin in 1670. peoples like the open nietzsche wererginia and the westo trading slaves to the virginians before 1670. but 1670 is nevertheless a watershed moment in the history of the south. one reason is because the colony of carolina is founded, and from that point on, the slave trade will spread to the interior of the lower south and grow exponentially. now. the other thing i want to mention before we move onto the iroquois, one historian has written -- and this is why we will spend so much time with us -- it is the indian slave trade that is the decisive factor, right, they should -- shaped both colonial and native world for years.

this will be the legacy of the old south and the beginnings of the old south. all right, my clicker does not work so i have to do this manually here. talkedtingly, as we about, we're not point to start in the lower south, but we are going to turn to the iroquois. the five nations, will establish a very powerful confederacy. it is up for debate, but nevertheless from the seneca people in the west all the way to the mohawks in the east, the five nations will become a very powerful confederacy. and they occupy a very strategic as mission in the region, especially when we look at -- i throw that out there -- the arrival of europeans in the 17th century. you have the french who are they're colonize, calling this new france. they will come down the great lakes, down the mississippi into

the lower mississippi valley. you also have the dutch along the hudson river. the dutch in the 17th century have one of the greatest commercial empires of any nation and they will establish a mercantile venture along the hudson to that penetrates even to the interior of modern new york. and the english -- we have already talked about new england. they're going to rapidly colonize and establish multiple colonies in what becomes new england. going topeans are bring three crucial elements to these exchanges. they're going to bring disease. they are going to bring markets. global markets. and they are going to bring guns. are especiallys going to use these. their connections with the dutch in the english, they are going to especially use these as part of a very culturally-specific

type of warfare called the morning war. and these are basically rates for captives. they are going to attack their neighbors near and far in order to weaken their enemies and strengthen their own numbers. the iroquois-- have been taking a hit from warfare, from disease. there are also cultural reasons. itch i mean by that, when comes to kinship? why else are their motivations for war, especially when you put it within the context of plan or kinship? yes? >>s question mark -- >> any ideas? yes? to have power over the other tribes maybe? >> when you're in the clan, it brought you power. different favors, like

attacks and violence against the tribes -- >> good. people had an theirtion to alleviate disease kin in terms of going out and getting new captives, bringing them into the family, or pillaging and torturing. it is not all about captivity. this is very violent warfare here. -- iok at this image here do not have all the back story of this image -- uc two iroquois warriors on the right. ?hat can you pull out of this what do you notice that is worth mentioning? richie? the man in the middle -- the

man in the back is controlling them with a weapon. >> very good. i thought they were scalps, but maybe they are heads. you see the gun. very important. if you look at the unfortunate person in the middle, would you say he is going to be adopted into these iroquois clans, or do you think he is up for a carpal fate? what would be your gas? >> horrible fates? >> why? >> often they would take women and children. also, he seems pretty depressed, so i am just going with -- >> [laughter] voice.e good men were adopted into clans, of course. but we have read about largely uc women and children are targeted for captivity and for adoption.

head down. what you notice about the man in the middle that might tip you off, not a very good fate? we haven't really been studying native american history a lot in this class. we are shifting years of it. what is this? >> [indiscernible] >> all right. yes? it is not a weapon. most likely a death rattle. see a picture of an 18th-century halter and a second. he is most likely destined for a horrible fate and not to be adopted into these communities. i also want to stress there are economic reasons for war. it is not just about mourning war replacing lost kinsman. expandinghe iroquois

to prevent others, their rivals, from getting access to european trade. they're trying to expand their hunting territory. these factors go together in the iroquois attacking their neighbors. and this is going to be important to our story, because this greatly destabilizes the region. in the early days, they're going to start by attacking their near neighbors. --er iroquois neighbors people like the huron and the susquehanna and the erie. many of these people if they are not killed or incorporated, they will become displaced. many will move further west and the iroquois will follow them. their attacks will be as far as the illinois country along the mississippi river. mentioned, there is one people, one group that does more damage in a very short time in the south, and that is the westo .

the westo were originally erie, iroquois speakers, made up of the confederation of alleges that included -- villages that included peoples like the huron. they will have access to english trade. they will recall -- they will relocate to the falls of virginia. they are not really welcome there. the english do not want them there. group does powerful not want them there either. nevertheless, they establish trading relationships with the english and they will trade and sell slaves, indian slaves to the english in virginia. about 1660, they are going to relocate to the savanna river area, where they become known officially as the westo. they are going to attack people in the carolina piedmont.

they are going to attack groups in georgia and florida as well. i am not going to get into all of the act story, but their rain is short-lived. there is a faction within salt -- south carolina. many of them barbadian's, aggressive planters. they resist the westo monopoly. they want to open up trade to the anterior. they secretly recruit another group of indians, the shawnee ,ndians, known as the savanna and they will arm them and they will pretty much wipe out the westo. are going, the westo to take a pretty big hit. there is only about 50 westo remaining at the end of that war and by 17 50, they disappear from the records altogether. the westo are important because it opens up the interior to trade. the english are going to trade

to a much greater degree with peoples well beyond the atlantic coast. deep into the interior. we read a lot about the chickasaw and this english-chickasaw alliance. they are strategically located. were,ike the iroquois they are strategically located in the lower mississippi. you have the mississippi river, the tennessee river. you have the natchez trace that goes north to south. to cap, like the dutch and the iroquois did, they into thisto tap trade. they are going to use that to attack their neighbors. they are the only ones with access to guns. they especially target the chop chop. along the pearl

river in the mississippi region. and the choctaw are a pretty powerful people. moreare about three times powerful, but they don't have guns and they are ethnically and politically divided. there is going to be this nasty war, a series of raids that will go back and forth between the heavily armed chickasaw and the choctaw. i will give you a couple statistics and these are not completely accurate. we see in one decade, it is estimated that the chickasaw killre 500 choctaw and 1800. one, it lets you know how destructive the slave raids were. but also, the human toll that was taken. in addition, it tells you that the choctaw were not passive victims. they targeted the chickasaw as

well. when they came down for their raids on the way back to their villages, their hunting grounds. in that same decade, in that is estimated, it 800 chickasaw were killed through this warfare. the playing field is going to become a bit more level later on when the french will arrive in the lower mississippi. they are going to construct supplyative alliances, them with guns. the warfare between the chickasaw and the choctaw will continue, but much more level. , we could talk about different groups that become slave raiders all day. there are lots we could mention. two more i want to introduce very quickly, because they are important to our story later are the creek. and these are new peoples that are forming, these confederacies that are emerging. both the yamasee and the creek. they are made up of remnant

communities that have been targeted by slave raiders, and those hit hard by disease. so, the yamasee and the creek are important because along with the chickasaw, they are going to slavers, thepal principal allies of the english. and they are especially going to target people where? >> [indiscernible] >> all right. very good. i am going to have you guys do some work here in a second, so stay with me. they are going to especially target people in florida. florida is strategically important to the spanish. very important. because a lot of the new world well coming out of central and south america is being shipped around the coast of florida, back to spain, and as a military outpost, it is very significant to their empire. but florida is on the northern

fringes of the spanish empire, and it is a weak outpost. they are more concerned with bringing this mission system to native peoples of the region, trying to convert them, trying to assimilate them. and it has limited success. i am not going to get into all of the details because we have a short class, but they are particularly active among people we read apalachee, who about. 2000 or more heavily fortified towns around tallahassee. they will have a fairly close, relationship,ect with the spanish. while they are formidable, the odds are against them, because these flavors, the slavers coming down are bent on getting slaves and their heavily armed. if you look on the map here on the right, if you look on the map, you can see as early as the to 1711,0's, up

getting up toward the tuscarora you can see how extensive these raids were. they even went to the tip of the florida keys looking for indian slaves. intensifyrating will with clean and's war. that -- queen anne's war. that is an imperial conflict and it will unleash a slaving frenzy. one reason, it really interrupts transatlantic commerce. you have the flight of african slaves that are tripled. people in south carolina, carolinians, will see this as an opportunity to get slaves. one of the most instructive raids, i think, that you read governor oformer south carolina, james moore, who leads 50 whites and 1000 indians, yamasee at others, down to florida, attacking the apalachee and others.

he wrote about how destructive these rates were. exaggerated inbe those letters, but thousands were sold into slavery. some were incorporated into yamasee and creek communities. you had a number, like we said, maybe 800 that went to french louisiana to establish that connection and alliance. you had maybe 1000 or so that relocated to the savannah river area to be under the protection of the english. and they will participate in slave rating after that. ok, the last thing i want to mention about this before we move onto something else is the end result of the slave raids is devastating for the spanish and for florida. and florida is largely depopulated of indians -- not completely, but largely. the other thing is it pretty much ends the mission system. a mid-18th-century map, maybe a little bit later. i highlighted in yellow some of

the descriptions included in this map, and it pretty much is talking about commemorating english victories -- i do think you can read it. maybe you can if you have better eyes than me. commemorating english victories from 1702, 1703 at the top one. in the middle one, it talks about how the settlements were abandoned. a lot of the missions in this mission system were located around this road here. this is where the missions were. they were destroyed. and here, being destroyed as well. ontakes a pretty heavy toll florida. all right. now we're going to stop for a second, check the clock. ok. that snyderquestion asks. i'm going to answer the first one because we've already done that. but then i want you to look at the next document and tease out some information. why did indians rate for slaves?

why did they participate in this trade? one big reason, protection and alliance. if you do not have access to guns, it is a good chance you are a victim. almost being forced to take part in the slave trade to ensure your own metonymy and survival. also, allies. it is important to ally with important people. the english will bring these guns and bring this power. for many, they are good people to connect with. other reasons -- the second reason i want to talk about is what richie started going down that road, and that is the economic motivations for slave rating. i hope it is ok if i can cut down for just a second -- just look at this document for a second. 1760. what is going on here in the document?

what is it? >> [indiscernible] who wants to elaborate? if you are a historian. this is in the archives -- >> [indiscernible] >> not slaves, but it is a ofedule of -- a schedule prices. prices. this is for the deerskin trade. all right? on the left here, you have goods. on the left, you have goods. on the right, what is the payment? or these goods? if you are in indian, how are you paying for these guns? >> buckskin. deerskin. good. remember, the pure skin trade is very important to reason relationships, especially with the -- the deerskin trade is very important to these relationships, especially with the english.

i want to go back to a quote from thomas naime. he said one slave could bring in an entire estate at once. for one slave, you could get a gun, ammunition, a horse, a hatchet, and a suit of clothes. what we want to do really quick before we move on, how much one slave could bring in in terms of your skins. anybody here decent at math? >> i remember the number -- nine >> oh, you can't do that. majorsif we are history math is not our strong point. is there anybody here who would be willing to write down a few numbers and tally them up. i am not going to volunteer. calculate her? well, if you want to be modern. can you do that for me? ok, i've gone. how much is that? 30 skins. very good.

ammunition. what you see for ammunition? >> once ken? >> all right, let's do that. let's do one skin. what is this? 18 flints. that will be enough for ammunition, although it might be more. forget the horse, because there is a good chance this is an exaggeration. trade,were part of the but i doubt every indian who brought in a slave received a horse. these were very valuable animals and commodities at this time. later on they would be traded illegally as well, much more extensively. let's skip that. how about a hatchet? two. >> very good. the clothes -- we will have to mix and matching, with a number. what are some items you think would be part of the suit of clothes?

a shirt, good. how much? foreskins? what else in that first column do you think is not only valuable, but atypically traded item? typically traded item? that is the overcoat. do not forget the ladies. often times men would get goods for daughters and wives and mothers. let's throw in there -- what else can we throw in there? help me here. let's do that. what have we got, nicole? >> 93. >> 93. does not quite match up with what we said, but what was the number from the book? skins.60 >> 160 skins for one slave. even if you get in the range of 80, which a good hunter might bring in 70 to 80 skins are more. you have the option of hunting the effort labor and

required and that to get 160 or 180 skins. or you can get one slave, which is much more dangerous, but much more valuable. these are a couple of the main reasons on why indians are attacking each other. let's flip the coin. we already talked about this. what happened to indian slaves? we have already kind of answered this. let's just go over it real quick. >> they would go to farms or be shipped to the west indies. >> ship to where? the west indies? >> new england? >> where else? traded to on were virginia to work on tobacco plantations. and the carolinas. very good. we have a number that were

treated to new england, as you see from this advertisement. a carolina indian boy, that is how they are often described. carolina indians are spanish indians. they would be household labor. we have already read a lot about the west indies this semester and the voracious demand they had for labor and human bodies. indentured servitude, indian slaves, and african labor they would use, especially in sugar plantations. the end ofse, at there, many were put to work on south carolina plantations. you can see the statistic. it is no small number. the estimates are from senses records a quarter or more of the slave population were native american. this was not -- this was in the reading, but not to any great detail. does this date have any importance in terms of what we are going to turn to next to kind of finish up this

presentation with a few more slides? not the yamasee war. remember that picture of lawson, the original drawing? >> [indiscernible] >> north carolina is what i am thinking of. it very well could be this carolina indian boy was taken during this war in north carolina. >> [indiscernible] yes, do your member that work? >> and the other two were let go, and actually killed him. >> give me the name of the war. >> oh -- >> you would know this if you were from north carolina. ?> the tuscarora war >> very good. because the aurora war. -- the tuscarora war. i am not going to get into all

of the details. north carolina is expanding. the tuscarora respond. north carolina calls on their southern neighbor for help and of course south carolina looks at that and says, looks like a great opportunity to get slaves. so, they are joined by a number of allies including the yamasee, who are going to go into north carolina, turn this into a slave exercise andiding thousands of tuscarora will be sold into slavery. a number will go north to be part of the iroquois confederacy. that is when you have the shift from the five nations to the six nations. that being said, i want to look at the causes of the yamasee war and then we will get to be legacy. the causes, one of the big ones is linked to being gauge met with the tuscarora war, and that

is the slave population is dwindling. where are we going to get more slaves? well, we wille, probably have to start attacking each other. the question is, are we next? that is factoring into their decisions on what to take away from the tuscarora war in this long-standing trade in indian slaves they have been for dissipating in. the second thing that you see is abuse. abuse -- trader that is an older notion. it is still relevant. in older days this is how historians would explain the war. it was the traders. you can't trust them. they are living in the ending communities. they are cheating and her resting their native clients. they have horrible behavior toward native women. as a result, the yamasee can't take anymore, and they are wrapped into war and others will

follow. and no surprise that the first act of the war is the killing of traders, about 100 or so scattered through the lower immunities in the lower south. answer,at is a relevant it is much more complicated than that. we have to look at such things as settler encroachment that factors into this. the failures of south carolina diplomacy, where any reform in was not about justice to native clients, but more about getting control of the trade and exerting authority. , the slave trade itself as a major reason for the yamasee war. ofre is the endless cycle debt. many native peoples find it hard to repay their creditors. for some when this war corrupts, they want to drive the english into the ocean and kill every one of them. reformers, they want to

the trade and bring it back to their terms. these are all inc. that factor into why the yamasee and others are going to corrupt in warfare. you can see on the map in the darker shade -- this is what one historian has called the coronation that participated in these attacks against north carolina. these are the creek peoples here. these will be the lower-upper creek later. groups are auxiliary or confederate nations that participate in a limited way in the yamasee war. going to get into the details of this conflict. carolina, i think about 7% of the population is wiped out in this conflict. they are going to recruit african slaves, native allies such as the cherokee, and eventually they will drive the yamasee out. the war ends.

are ourmost important last three slides, and certainly -- suddenly the eyes are awake. that is the legacy of the war and the slave trade itself. much in the slave trade. so, halters like this 1 -- we saw in that picture -- halters willthis when -- this one continue to be in use, but you will not see the scale, the scope, the range of the slave trade and the slave raiding expeditions. this has an effect on the south carolina indian population, indian slave population, excuse me. within a generation, you see a drop from a quarter or more to a minimal 2%. legacy of this slave trade and all this war is this shatters own that is created.

this is a term that has been popularized by an anthropologist , talking about the region in up evil. the two major things that create this shatters own our disease, which we have not talked about a lot. but these are recurring epidemics decimating populations. disease and commerce. and by commerce, we mean the indian slave trade. and these are best estimates from scholars who are working in this area. and that is, it could be as many as 50,000 who were enslaved during this period. not includedoes those who died from disease, g,ed from warfare, raidin and so forth. another thing we see, the consequence of the shatters own -- and we get a sense of this from this map -- the coalescence of native communities. there is the site of native to the interior.

and the diversity -- this is not a perfect map here -- but the diversity we want to see in the native south is now erased to a large extent as the powerful nations, powerful confederacies of peoples are going to emerge. again, the deerskin trade is going to take over more so than the slave trade and that is going to dominate the relationship there. -- adam, iot least think you gave us this answer in discussion. what we see is the beginning of the old south. -- you cannot understand this shift to african slavery and at this shift to rice production without appreciating what happened during this era of the indian slave trade. one of the things we have talked about throughout the semester in terms of virginia or new england or elsewhere is the importance of capital.

we have talked a lot about that. capital is needed to grow these plantations and economies and the slave trade allows for that, is, indian slaves are producing commodities on these low country citations, and slaves themselves are commodities being sold and traded. slaves are monarchies -- commodities. i will show one more graph to show you the tremendous growth of this plantation economy. look at the top. exports, 1698, a mere five tons. to aan see a major shift rice producing and exporting economy which we will talk about next class and thereafter. you see the slave population of south carolina.

make up african slaves about 30% of the population. 16 years later, a short window 2/3 of there than is made up ofion african slaves. many of them have come from the west indies. others will later come directly from africa. that is the end of the powerpoint i have. any questions before we leave for the day about these things we have been talking about? yes. populationindian intermingle with the african slave population? >> yes. that is a very good question. scholars have written about these connections. as one of you