states, isn't that inconsistent with what you just said about parts managers moving the united states? >> do you mean product managers? >> product managers. i'm sorry. let me say it again. mr. williams, this says say they decide that most product managers stay in the united states. that's inconsistent with what you just said. would have relocated those product managers to the u.s. and taking with them the significant entrepreneurial opportunities. that was our concern. >> say they decide that most part managers stay in the united states, not move to the united states, stay in the united states. is that not your memo? >> the word says stay.

out of the -- out of the 15 or 20 product managers, they were proposing that all of them be in the united states. >> you were worried about move to the united states, is that right? >> move and stay in the u.s. in the future. no longer having those positions in switzerland. >> i said stay -- i said to you move -- >> to the united states. >> yes. >> the e-mail says the concern

was they stay in the united states. i'm just asking you. >> at this time, there were several important product managers in switzerland. the point here is stay in the u.s. in '09 and the future. the reorganization would have put and stayed everyone in the u.s. we were concerned about the reorganization and the effect on the tax benefits. we needed to assist corporate tax to explain to the executive office the tax effect of their proposed reorganization. >> mr. williams, you responded, what the heck. i'll be retired when this comes up on audit. >> yes, sir, that was also an inappropriate use of words and attempt of humor. my point is -- >> is this humor they will have to resolve it? >> no, that's not humor. >> would that be humorous to them? >> no, it would not be humorous to them. >> did you know mr. quinn and mr. williams had to figure out a story?

>> they had these views they were going to do some dancing, they had plans to be retired when it came to a head. were you aware of that? you were on the audit team? >> i was not aware of these e-mails. >> did you know the tax consultants took inconsistent positions regarding market intangibles in csaro and ciaco? >> i believe -- >> were you aware? were you aware of the apparent inconsistencies? >> we don't -- i don't agree with that inconsistency. >> you don't agree there was inconsistency? >> correct. >> okay. mr. bowers, an expert said he never heard of a company keeping two sets of an inventory book separate from the general inventory system. one to track the parts for the business enterprise and the other to keep track for business purposes. prior to caterpillar's use, had you ever heard of a virtual, a virtual inventory system? >> senator, management, different management books from legal books are common.

>> did you ever -- i'm not talking about that. i'm talking business systems. had you heard of one prior to caterpillar's use of an inventory system? >> that particular term, i had not heard of. >> no, but aside of that, have you ever heard of a virtual inventory system? >> an inventory system to what is referred to as virtual, i have seen before. >> you have? >> mm-hmm. >> you have seen it, just never described as a virtual one? >> difficult to understand, an inventory bin is a very physical thing. >> is that what you told our staff? when they said have you heard of it you said no, before you saw

this system. >> depends on how the question gets asked, sir. a virtual inventory system, i have not heard of, but when you think about what that sentence says, an inventory bin is a very real thing. >> therefore? >> therefore? >> if it's all emerged? >> straight forward to have an inventory bin full of parts, some belong to one owner, others belong to another. >> are they identified some way? >> why would that be the case? >> they don't need to identify? >> no. >> okay. >> did you have discusses with the pwc audit team or the consultant for caterpillar about

tax risks associated with this virtual inventory? did you ever have discussions about tax risks and what they were doing? >> i did have conversations. that's my role to provide assistance and device to the audit department. >> did you have concerns? >> not with respect to this inventory system. >> you never discussed problems with this inventory system? >> i explained it to them. >> did you have concerns about it? >> i did not have concerns about it. >> okay. >> thank you all very much. appreciate your testimony, your cooperation with this committee.

>> please welcome the interim president of howard university, dr. wayne a.i. frederick. >> well come. it is with great pride that i welcome our distinguished

speakers, guests and visitors to howard university for the moe men tus celebration of the 50th anniversary of the civil rights act of 1964. it is an honor for howard university to explore the history and future of this ground breaking legislation. it is my pleasure. to acknowledge the following individuals to today's program. our esteemed program guests, cabinet members, including those whom we are honored to have on our program today. leaders and stake holders from the civil rights community and the distinguished members of the

howard university faculty, students, staff and alumni. the long rule to the pass angerer of the civil rights act was paved with the footsteps of countless, ordinary americans and well-known civil rights leaders who marched, held sit-ins, staged boycotts and led freedom rides and segregation and discrimination. the civil rights legislation gained momentum in 1963. as civil rights activists organized peaceful demonstrations throughout the country, after hundreds of nonviolent protesters were met with police violence and arre arrested, president john f. kennedy delivered a nationally televised speech with support for its legislation. after president kennedy's assassination in november of 1963, president johnson made a commitment to pursue passage of civil rights ledge slags.

after the longest debate in civil rights history, the first of many legislative victory over the past 50 years that had been critical tools for protecting civil rights. throughout the past 50 years, our university has been grounded by the legacy rendered by the outcomes of the dedicated commitment of countless locals, as well as national civil rights activists. today's keynote speaker has made protecting civil rights a tough part of his office.

in his commencement address, he offered the following about the future pact of civil right ins our country.q>ínónór not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and equality as a result. i believe that a presentation and discussion in today's symposium highlight the critical importance of the on going work that must continue to guarantee justice and civil rights for all citizens. as we reflect on the 50th anniversary of the passage of the 1964 civil rights act, we celebrate the activists who

sacrifices paved the road toward equality. their on waivering commitment strengthened the nation and inspired us to persist. let us rededicate our erts to the past 50 years and advance a robust agenda for the future. we must obsess about the journey. and not any specific destination. the passage of the civil rights act was a destination. an important one, albeit, but not a final one. this is a journey without an end. it is my distinct pleasure to introduce to you, today, the attorney general, eric holder. eric holder, jr., was sworn in as the 82nd attorney general by vice president joe biden.

the first african american named to that post. prior to that, he served as the district attorney to columbia. upon graduating, he returned to the attorney general's program. as attorney general, mr. holder made one of the highest priorities of the department of justice.

well, thank you, president frederick, for those kind words. and thank you all for such a warm welcome. it's a pleasure to be here on the beautiful and historic campus of howard university. home to generations of leaders and role models. i'd like to thank the howard university color guard for being a part of this celebration. and burt cross for that exceptional rendition of the

national anthem. i'm glad i didn't have to come immediately after him. i'd also like to thank andrew young, a proud graduate of this university. and i also want to thank every member of the gay man's choralous for making this event so special. john seaganthorn was a passionate journalist, a life rong defender of the first amendment and a fierce civil rights advocate. he was top aid to my predecessor and later served as pal bearer. he was a truly remarkable man and a singular voice for the

cause of justice. a guiding light and inspiration to many, including me. i count myself as extremely fortunate to have known john segenthal and i extend my heartfelt condolences to his family. he will be dearly missed, but his critical work goes on. it is a privilege to be among so many distinguished guests and accomplished trail blazers in the fight for civil rights. young people who will carry on the work that we kmem rate and the single achievement that we celebrate here today. half a century ago this month, president johnson marked an inflection point in a struggle

that predated our republic when he signed the civil rights act, 1964. it was a struggle that had begun more nan three centuries earlier. it continued through the expanding colonization of north america. by 1763, the colonial population included over 300,000 africans. the overwhelming majority who were slaves. it wasn't until years later that our greatest president issued an emancipation proclamation and secured the 13th amendment which finally struck this evil from our constitution. but even then, gym crow laws and other measures were engineered

to keep millions of african americans in bondage. slavery by another name for a century more. and intimidation and violence were routinely employed to prevent them from becoming educated, to keep them, us, from voting and to keep them, us, from mixing with the white majority. finally, when the unanimous supreme court declared that segregation was unconstitutional, our nation took an important step to reconcile not only two races, but two histories. two americas that had been intensely separate and profoundly unequalled since long before the american revolution. ten long years after that, as long simmering injustice gave way to activism, the civil rights act of 1964 was adopted to forever enshrine american inequality to american law. this relationship instituted critical employment protections it out lawed discrimination.

familiarly society's most vulnerable members. the new statute also created the equal employment opportunity commission, as well as the community relation services. now, securing this law was an extraordinary, extraordinary undertaking, born of a consensus braught by decades of hard work and profound sacrifice. it required two great equal employment opportunity commission, as well as the community relation services. now, securing this law was an extraordinary, extraordinary undertaking, born of a consensus braught by decades of hard work and profound sacrifice. it required two great presidents, john fitzgerald

kennedy who called on us to respond to a national crisis and president johnson who took on after president kennedy's assassination to make that real. it required a fortitude with those who defended a way of life that was founded on bigotry and oppression. it required leaders of commission from medgar evers to dr. king to john lewis to andrew

young who were willing to risk and even to give their lives an order that others might live free. most of all, it required men, women and even children. children of tremendous courage and unwaivering faith to endure the unindurable and to advance the cause of justice. these are the heroes whose legacy we celebrate on this milestone anniversary. of course, all who are old enough to remember those days, i will never forget the turmoil and violence that characterized the civil rights era. i will never forget watching on a black and white television in my childhood home, queens, new york city, countless people, rich and poor, black and white, famous and unknown, braved dogs and fire hoses, billy clubs and baseball bats, bullets and bombs to secure the rights to which every american is entitled. these extraordinary citizens streamed into birmingham and marched on washington.

they stood up in little rock and they sat in in greensboro. they faced riots in oxford and walked through a schoolhouse door in tuscalusa. they deared during america's long night of racial injustice, to dream of a more equal society. they risked everything, they risked everything they had to make it so. that was the fight that half a century ago brought nearly a thousand students to mississippi

for a voter registration campaign called freedom summer. as the battle for civil rights was waged in the halls of congress and thundered across the streets of america, inch by inch, the nation as a whole moved slowly towards equality. mississippi and other states continued to stand in southern racist opposition. it was made almost impossible for black men and women to vote. newspapers published the names of registered black voters so they could be targeted and terrorized by those who harbored

hatred. yet, hundreds of people came to mississippi in defiance of these threats and in the face of deadly violence to help extend democracy's most basic right to people of color. in the ten weeks of freedom summer, more than 65 buildings were bombed or burned. hundreds of civil rights workers were beaten and arrested. and three brave young men, andrew goodman, james cheney and michael schwarner were brew tally murdered. more and more brave americans joined the cause. both residents of these communities and students from all races across the country. when they saw that african americans were being deprived of quality educational opportunities, they established freedom schools to facilitate discussion and to encourage political activist. these young people devoted themselves to the hope that they koumd pass on to the next generation a world containing more effect for the dignity of all men than that which was willed to us. the senseless murders of rita's

husband and his two colleagues, one black and one white, in a case that became known as mississippi burning, captured headlines and sparked outrage across the country. their tragic deaths moved public opinion. but their acts made the voting act and the americans with disabilities act of 1990, along with other countless movements for progress. although michael and rita never had the chance to have their own, their work and the efforts of friends and physical lows left a better world for me and for my children and for millions more. without their monoyumtal progress, few of us would be here this morning. i am just as mindful that none of this progress was

pre-ordainez. we know these rights have never been inevitable. every step forward has been hard one. the owners were not automatically imbued with the force of the law. by patriots who never shrink from the possible toy draw this nation closer.á"j9!z now, like you, me and my colleagues are determined to do further these efforts. to protect and expand the work of those who have gone before. and to extend america's

populations to populations who have been too long enfranchised. the civil rights act continues to find an arsenal of tools in waging this struggle. as we speak, the justice department is using provisions of this important law both aggressively and innovatively to confront civil rights challenges old and new. the 1964 act reaching the $99 million employment discrimination settlement with the new york city fire department. in 2012, the department used provisions of the act to prevent harassment against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transz gender. we are fighting for jepder gender equality. and ensuring that schools provide safe and equal

opportunities for our sons and daughters. the civil rights act offers powerful enforcement authorities to address contemporary challenges and safeguard vulnerable people. beyond the act itself, the justice department has worked with our partners throughout the administration. the department of labor who led not long ago a help to provide. ushering what i'm considering would be an area of historic achievement. alongside these other age season is, we have worked hard to bring on the spirit of the law by

bringing in new legislation and judicial rulings that extend the equality to others. they can finally receive equal opportunities, equal protection and equal opportunity that they deserve. all of this is important, lifetime work. to keep expanding upon the

safeguards that it provides. it also shows that our work is far from over. significant challenges remain before us: each year, every american has a great deal more work to do. we cannot accept these answers as an indication that our work is complete. progress is not the end. as we speak in far too many neighborhoods, far too many people of color are denied hozing. in our education system, state of the union students of color are far more likely to attend

poor schools. when it comes to our most treasured democratic institution, many vulnerable populations, including young people, the elderly and communities of color are now facing a range of new restrictions, levelled under the dubious guys that create significant barriers to the ballot box. i believe our national dialogue in response to these problems would be very different. our society is not color blind, nor should it be, given the december parties that still afliblgt and divide us. we must be color brave that's why, today, together, we must act not out of self interest, but of national interest. we must take into account not only the considerable step that is we've seen for the last 50 years, but the entirety of the experience that people of color have faced. and we must never hesitate to confront the fact that this undeniable truth stretching back nearly four cinch ris continue to reverberate, these echoes from times passed are happening by too many.

they're heard by too many in our nation today. in addressing these lingering effects, there's need for personal responsibility. there's also a need for societal responsibility. we must be willing to acknowledge the problem that is we face. to talk frankly about inequality and to examine its causes and impacts. we must look on our great nation with open eyes and deep understanding with who we have been, who we aspire to be and who we are today. this is the key to perfecting our union. and form lating policy that is will lead to a better, brighter future for all of our citizens. this is what drives the obama administration's sweeping efforts to ensure that every american has the chance to succeed based on his or her skills, talent and potential and not by the circumstances of their birth. today, i'm calling on congress to renew the spirit of the civil

rights act. by updating fair housing laws. [ applause ] by discriminating workplace exceptions against women. [ applause ] >> and to finally end discrimination against lgbt citizens by ensuring equal access to education and promoting non-discriminatory learning environments and -- and by passing updated voting rights legislation that will enable every voter in every jurisdiction to exercise unincouple beryled the right so many have died for to defend. after all, the civil rights act of 1964 was an attempt, and a highly successful one, to con front fundamental question that is have bedevilled this nation since its inception and that justifiably general rate controversy even today. this morning, we are reminded that the civil rights of every person, no matter where they come from, no matter who they are, no matter who they love, continues to constitute our most solemn obligation. the true greatness of this country lies in our limitless capacity of innovation, for rebirth and renewal, for reaching greater societies and reaching new frontiers. as a people, we have never been

content to tie ourselves to an unjust status quo, no matter how many individuals may have found >> and to finally end discrimination against lgbt citizens by ensuring equal access to education and

promoting non-discriminatory learning environments and -- and by passing updated voting rights legislation that will enable every voter in every jurisdiction to exercise unincouple beryled the right so many have died for to defend. after all, the civil rights act of 1964 was an attempt, and a highly successful one, to con front fundamental question that is have bedevilled this nation since its inception and that justifiably general rate controversy even today. this morning, we are reminded that the civil rights of every person, no matter where they come from, no matter who they are, no matter who they love, continues to constitute our most

solemn obligation. the true greatness of this country lies in our limitless capacity of innovation, for rebirth and renewal, for reaching greater societies and reaching new frontiers. as a people, we have never been content to tie ourselves to an unjust status quo, no matter how many individuals may have found it 5:00 septemberble. we challenge, we question, we struggle u we quarrel. we bind ourselves to an on going quest of a better future. one nation, indivisible, driven by the pursuit of a perfect union and driven it what it may

to achieve it. that is what defines as us as americans. a nation of equality but built by those in chains. a vision achieved by patriots. activists who fought for equal justice and who challenge us even today to make this promise real. to them, as generations yet to come, we owe our best efforts and deepest resolve. we must take up this challenge and implement this vision. and we must build, in their honor, a world that is worthy of their passion, their sacrifice and their humanity. as i look around this country devoted to truth and service, i'm really confident to reach

that promised land. i thank you for your commitment to the pursuit of progress and justice. i look forward to what we must and will aaccomplish in the months and years ahead. as a nation, as a beloved community, as a united people we shall overcome. thank you. >> please welcome the deputy general of the department of united states justice, james m. cole. >> history is not just a series of events. it's the people who create those

events. it's the impact of the stories told and untold of the many trail blazers and unsung heroes whose tireless sacrifices and relentless dedication have resulted 234 justice, equality, opportunity and freedom for all. looking back, we have seen that the defining moments in american history from the strategic, dedicated and tremendous hard work of risk takers, of visionaries, of leaders, leaders like presidents john f. kennedy and lyndon b. johnson. congressman john lewis, rosa parks and many of today's participants and guests. and many of you, in this auditorium, as well as countless others, who, in the face of bigotry and violence, called upon our nation to live up to our nation's equality.

congressman john lewis, rosa parks and many of today's participants and guests. and many of you, in this auditorium, as well as countless others, who, in the face of bigotry and violence, called upon our nation to live up to our nation's equality. a one with enormous ramifications for our country and the world. the civil rights movement and

the ultimate passage of the civil rights act of 1964. ambassador young met the challenges of segregation and discrimination with truly remarkable sacrifices helping to transform america into a better, a stronger and a fairer nation. kyo= depths of depression and gym crow segregation, ambassador young accepted the responseblety of service at a young age. in 1960 after receiving his undergraduate degree right here at howard university, and his divinity degree in hartford, connecticut, he joined the southern christian leadership conference. the atlanta-based civil rights organization, led by dr. king. hi was soon named the director of sclc's citizenship school program where he, like dr. king, employed the concept of violence and non-violence resistance as

an organizing strategy and tactic for social change. later, after becoming executive director of the sclc, ambassador king quickly became a trusted advisor and confident. it was those campaigns, along with other critical events that led to the civil rights act of 1964 and the votes rights act of 1965. e67 after being beaten and jailed, the ambassador's leadership and devotion to public service, to social justice and to human rights never waivered. in 1972, he game the first african american from the deep south to be elected to the united states congress. and in 1981, he was elected mayor of the great city of atlanta where he served for two terms. in atlanta, where he resides today, ambassador young has continued his service to the

and in 1981, he was elected mayor of the great city of atlanta where he served for two terms. in atlanta, where he resides today, ambassador young has continued his service to the civil rights cause. as a college professor at georgia state yumpblt, where the policy school is named in his honor. he's also established the andrew young foundation and he has remained active in local, national, and global affairs. in recognition of his vast contributions, ambassador young was awarded the highest award that the united states has to bestow. and he has received honorary degrees from more than a hundred colleges and universities across the united states and abroad. just when you thought that his

inventory of accomplishments could not extend any further, ambassador young has earned the title of film maker, devoted husband, emmy award winner, author and proud father and grandfather. ambassador young, on behalf of a great nation and everyone here today, i want to thank you for our remarkable service not only to the country, but to the world. your work along with historic efforts of others laid the groundwork for what has become a significant part of the justice' mission to safeguard the fundamental infrastructure of our democracy among us. our commitment has never been stronger.

one that reflects the values enshrined in our nation's founding documents. your par tisz pags serves as an inspiration for this work. please join me in well coming an ambassador for change, an ambassador for equality and for justice, am was door andrew young. >> thank you very much. that was an extremely generous introduction. but i want to come back to my days at howard university and before howard university. it was in 1941 that my sixth grade teacher took me to a federal courthouse and i saw a

tall, skinny young lawyer by the name of thurgood marshal. 1941. already, howard university had started through its law school laying the groundwork for what was to come. before that, ralph bunch, one of our professors was asked to do the intelligence network to try to understand how america should relate to africa during the second world war, remember, the south africans were supporting hitler.

and ralph bunch took a leave of absence from howard university. and spent two years trying to figure out the world. but, in the process, he figured out the united nations. an i really think that ralph bunch probably has more to do with every word in the united nation's charter and every institution of the united nations that still exists today. i'm saying without howard university. without thurgood marshall and many others, we wouldn't have had any basis for marching. i got out of here 63 years ago. and i said, lord, if you give me one more chance, i promise you, i'll do better.

but i didn't foe what had happened to me here. i say i neglected my studies and none of my teachers knew my name, but i got one hell of an education. and don't plaid yourselves cheap. don't let anyone else define you. now, let me go to december 17th, 1962. fred shuttlesworth churj was bombed. it was bombed for the third time in the last 18 mobts. nobody had ever been charged or investigated. fred shuttlesworth came to see martin luther kick and said, first of all, the house came pleatly down and everybody was sure that fred was dead and he walks out of there with his shirt and tie on and says if this didn't kill me, you know, i can do anything i want to do. so he kwam to atlanta and got us to say that we couldn't sit back and wait for deseg ra gags.

we koupdn't continue to be passively nonviolent. there had be an aggressive non-violent movement. us to say that we couldn't sit back and wait for desegregation and couldn't continue to be passively nonviolent. there had to be an aggressive nonviolent movement. much to my surprise, martin luther king was really no militant. on this occasion he said yes, we must. i said, oh, lord. we ended up going to birmingham a few months later and we had a plan to confront segregation and you heard about the dogs and you heard about the jailings and you heard about the fire hoses. that wasn't it. the plan was that 300,000

citizens would not spend a nickel on anything but food or medicine. until the economy changed. birmingham was an economic movement more than a marching movement. when you pull 300,000 citizens out of the economy, everybody was -- and my job was to try to negotiate with them to help them to realize that it was really not going to get any better unless they took down the signs, they allowed people to work and said we can't find anybody qualified. that's not true. the maids that you have wearing those white embarrassing suits, no more than the young ladies that you have coming in from auburn and alabama about your departments, go home and talk to

your wives. see who they come to when they want to shop at your store and know where something is. they don't go to the clerks, they go to the maids, running your business anyway. so we ended up one by one help being them overcome the obstacles, no such thing as blackwater and white water. take the signs down. if people don't want to drink, they don't drink. it was really very simple but only because we refused to cooperate with injustice. and in that noncooperation, we slowly but surely refashioned a society and that's about the time that the community relations service was born. it wasn't called that then but it was really burt marshall and bill van den hoofal and all of

us from the justice department, while we were talking with business men on one side, they were talking with businessmen on the other side. it was not a children's crusade. the people going to jail were juniors and seniors. so for us it said stand for freedom in your own hometown because you're not going to have a choice. so the president of student body, captain of the football team and leader of the band, a key group of leaders from each high school went to jail early in april. they went to jail to have an experience. they had a religious experience. they went to jail with the ministers and members of the

civil rights movement. when they came out they were changed. and their purpose was to organize their high schools for d-day which was may the 5th 1963. may 5th, 1963, birmingham and surrounding counties closed down. the principals locked the gates, they pushed the gates down. they walked as many as 20 and 25 miles to get to the center of birmingham and get to jail. by that time everybody knew it was all over. so the justice department was able in 1963 to get 100 business men to sign an agreement that met the challenges that had been offered by fred shuttlesworth and the alabama christian movement for human rights. 100 business men signed that,

even though it was against george wallace's law. but it worked and changed and people suddenly acted different and we never had problems at the lunch counters. the reason was that the south was basically comfortable racially. and but for a few hoodlums and once established citizens and good folk reigned in the if you hoodlum, we were able to move forward and with the help of a courageous congress and coming together of the churches and business community behind the congress with the president,

they were able to pass the 1964 civil rights act. don't forget the 100 businessmen agreed to it a year before congress passed. so when i said that to harry oppenheimer in south africa, he said do you think that would work in south africa? i said sure. any time 100 business men decide that they are going to change the society and they are far more vulnerable than congressmen, takes 50% to change 51 to change congressmen. you hit a businessman in the pocketbook and you got his soul. [ applause ] at least his attention. so we took some of the same ideas into south africa and all around the world. and i say that you are a part of changing history. we did only two-thirds of our promise.

mandate was to redeem the souls america from the triple evils of racism and war and poverty. now, racism is not gone but it's illegal. war is not gone, but you cannot say that there's 6 million people killed in the second world war and 5,000 to 6,000 that the president has been ablu to limit in afghanistan. %

get mad if you want to but think about it. you're talking national european economics in a global economy where they can transfer more wealth over a cell phone than existed at the time your textbooks were written. so think. take us to the next stage. i challenge you to let the leadership for a global vision of a global economy that feeds the hungry and clothes the naked and heals the sick and sets at liberty those who are o pressed. i hope somehow from some of your minds and souls and spirits, that kind of economy might

emerge in our lifetime. god bless you. [ applause ] >> here on c-span3, on weekends the home to american history tv with programs that tell our nation's story, including six unique series, the civil war 150th anniversary, he visiting battlefields and key events. history book shelf with the best known american history writers. the presidency looking at the policies and legacies of our

nation's commanders in chief and lectures in history delving into america's past and real america featuring educational films from the 1930s through the '70s. c-span3, created by the cable tv industry and funded by your local cable or satellite provider. >> tonight on c-span3, american history tv in prime time, taking you back to richard nixon's resignation, a special report announcing president nixon's decision to resign. followed by president nixon's 15 minute address to the nation. then journalist bob woodward and carl bernstein talk about the presidency in a discussion hosted by the washington post.