had changed and mckim restored the exterior but the interior which was the same house, but iñ was decorated in a more european way embassies were, with the french furniture and all. yet mckim's touch preserved the white house, bringing it into a mckimúxbl+%euu$e exterior " d plan and the plan of the white house as people knew it. he tore off additions people loved, the conservatory. but he didn't want it. building new wings to the side. one is a new entrance, the other as new offices known today as the west wing. there were bathrooms, coat rooms, storage rooms and modern nickel plated kitchen and all the accommodations needed in a house of state. as well as office space. yet it still felt like the white house.

the symbol had survived and even increased in power and roosevelt dismissed any critics of the remodeling as yahoos. that's all he said. the white house was lived in hard for the next some 40 years. world war i and ii passed by. very little in world war i, world war ii. they lived it down. and it also was threatened with being dangerous for bombs and things during the war. we thought we'd be attacked. ms. roosevelt wrote in the summer of '43 and said quñ father expects los angeles to be bombed this summer. so the great depression was battled from its walls in world war ii.@! president coolidge in the '20s tore off the attic and added a low-profile third floor.

president franklin met with the corps of engineers after pearl harbor, and among the many negative documents, a particular one brought a week after pearl harbor called the house a fire trap. roosevelt simply dismissed the report. i don't want to hear it. in 1945 came a president no one had ever heard much about. harry s. truman was a problem solver and considered that he had an appropriate knowledge of architecture and interior design. some might have objected to that, but he did have a history of dealing with buildings. one might question truman's sophistication but his sensitivity towards symbols was acute. always had been. as he was to demonstrate with this house, the corps brought to him the same documents that he'd truman read them and ordered a structural investigation from the corps.

he wasted no time. and the resulting death sentence predictably, the corps said the house must be torn down and reconstructed. the widowed eleanor roosevelt moved out from the second and third floors sending 13 van loads of possessions furnishings, pictures, thousands of books, models of ships and more back to hyde park. president truman faced a family quarters only sparsely finished and they witnessed structural problems far more at a nearly e! empty house. and it was truman who said it was just worn down by living. most of the fault went to -- not to age but human quick fixes. the culprits were many through 150 years. mckim, for example, enlarging the state dining room in haste suspended the extended ceiling with iron tie rods anchored in the old wooden timbers in the attic.

when president coolidge seeking additional space for the living quarters, tore off the attic level demanding it be done steel and heavy concrete block terminating the tyrods of 20 years before and so on. the house was like a hamburger that you squashed. it was falling down on itself. and the east room, mr. truman, when no one was pushing. plaster dust fell like snow and an engineer i knew recalled crawling in the space between the timber frame structure of the east room and below it the plaster that had come unlocked x and sunk 40 inches from the locking latch.

the army corps of engineers sounded the alarm more loudly. one fire bomb in the entrance hall they assured the president would burn the house more quickly than did the british in 1814. the public was informed of the dangerous situation by a simple vignette some of us here may remember that the white house was in trouble. margaret truman's piano, she had two in her sitting room and the grand piano of one leg of it slipped between two boards in the floor. cracking the plaster in the family dining room below an the state floor. that was enough for anyone to approve truman's flight that very day across the street to blair house. but what the corps's brief victory had seemed soon ended. the engineers realized they had to confront with the president and historian. it was close to being a passion, certain lie a commitment. besides being a reader of history, truman loved historic sites and material things that reflected history. he respected symbols and there was no way he'd demolish the white house.avsbn

truman was no restorationist in our modern sense but for his time, a very solid preservationist. the practical man in him realized that such a building had to function but the intrinsic side must not be lost÷ that the president move forever the white house was to him unthinkable. upon inquiry, he found that at yale university architect douglas orr had renovated the 18th century connecticut hall by removing the entire interior and replacing it with a new plan and steel materials. steel and concrete. orr was invited to the white house. the white house architect, one of the pioneer restorationists of georgetown, visited the governor's palace in williamsburg and noted the reconstruction there of an 18th century building was an interior frame of steel with everything built within it new. president truman determined to credibility of it, and replaced

the sagging interior of wood. he stuck to his order. no destruction any of kind whatsoever was allowed to do harm to the old stone walls which he observed the george washington had ordered built. and most people had forgotten that. the wreckers moved in pulling down plaster walls, removing some of the elements, windows, chimney pieces, but very little was held back. it all went away as debris. once the interior was gone, a steel frame looking like tinker toys held up the old walls from collapse. and in a sense, the steel structure was built inside the original walls which were given a new foundation, strengthened and they would have nothing of course, the backing of brick. there was a three-foot backing of brick behind the stone. that was removed. that gives a you the possibility to put air conditioning ducts in that extra space.?tjñ when the mass removal was done, the rebuilding of the interior began.

essentially it was a new house within the old shell. old window frames, some doors and wainscoting were rescued by winslow but little else. when the presiden>;>wjt)hr' april 1952, not long before he left office, the white house looked about as it had to most people who entered. the general judgment was that it was beautiful. however, eleanor roosevelt came for a visit and wrote in her column it looked to me just like a sheraton hotel. and that image shaded the renovation with a certain self-consciousness from then on% in truman's time while he lived in blair house, television made its appearance in the news. when the president wanted to say something, he usually walked over to the white house and construction using it as a background. thus began the presence of television and the broadcast of the symbolic white house to the world. dwight eisenhower further

developed this practice by giving his many addresses from the house. his tv expert, the movie star robert montgomery and tv pioneer, found filming the h8! president in the house challenging at first. powder puff for his head from the makeup people because the makeup people were terrified of eisenhower. so he went and got it and went -- eisenhower didn't mind it. so a system developed and eisenhower actually turned out to be a natural for television under montgomery's supervision. john f. kennedy and his handlers they left the democratic convention in 1956 with television in mind. by 1960, kennedy fit perfectly into what he always called that little gadget. the white house was ever present on the screen in his administration caring that farther, the symbolic house was embellished by press settings rich in history. the kennedy administration brought the white house into the

public. consciously as never before. here was a home finer than most but facing the same challenges of living that a house -- any house felt. and the public felt a part of this.kk4g in time, the settings of the kennedys inside the rooms were replaced by museum collections, assembled by president and mrs. nixon. the nixon white house is really the white house today in the sense of the furnishings. the -- what they did was they put history back. that truman had torn away. as a presidential complex, the white house served the purpose well as an office adjacent to the residence. it's very crowded. and the office staff of some 3,000 people spills over into the historical state, war and navy building. that beautiful second empire m! building to the right of it or west of it. and across the street from there to the new executive office

building, a large office -- modern office building. crowded office conditions for nearly everyone are tolerated because they have to be. being in the complex is paramount for one who works there. when one says, i work at the white house, it can mean a lot of places. a big fancy office or a broom closet. but sounds good.$÷h÷ but the residents always remains the central focus, the defining place. here the president lives.e2; here we imagine here every day. contact in a political system. the kennedy renovations did not create the white house symbol but seemed to put history back and they did repackage the president's house for a new age that through mass communications makes citizens feel closer to it than can ever have been possible every administration to follow has related in some manner to he symbol.

security's demands to close 7ennsylvania avenue were , until president bill clinton yielded v%ís1uq9qjer eloquent speech about necessity and common sense. he said he had to do it. like all necessary changes at the white house, this one truman's and all other ones, madison's, this one has been absorbed. this security business with the constant wish for everything to seem perfectly natural. indeed the visitor to washington can draw closer to the symbolic house than ever before. the auto-free avenue seems to access to the white house, which it had known for two centuries almost. ever more sophisticated security keeps the symbolic house as the home of the presidents and thus keeps the symbol alive.%bhoñ those who have preserved the symbolic house at various crisis periods over time have realized here, must profit from the

vibrant past and even the comforting image that the white house represents. james madison knew it, not quite in the same way as the rest. theodore roosevelt knew it well symbol back probably knew more than anyone.b6 the wall beneath each presidential episode is very thick in a sense. one president leaves, the next enters. for all practical purposes, a new house. at least new in the sense of his authority over it and how it will be used. how it will look. and his appearance -- apparent presence in it. yet the essential symbol never changes. the symbol of the presidency of stability, of american leadership and the peaceful transfer of the reins of immense power granted by ballots cast nationwide. thank you. [ applause ]

and now there is the torture of q&a. so any questions? i thought you were holding your hand up. well, if we have no questions -- $ñ i'm sorry. >> i was waiting to find out what you'd say about the clevelands. am i correct that they simply bought a house somewhere else and lived there? >> first administration, yeah.wñ they bought a house out in -- near the cathedral called red top and they lived there when they were newlyweds. they had no children then and she had her 39 pets there and all that. she was just -- he was old enough to be her father. and then she came to the white house in '93 pregnant and her first child was born there and they did live there the second time. though they did buy another but they also had other houses. they had a place in new york ei8rñ/0hbñ

so, yes, that was the one that moved out. they came only for formal occasions. >> hi.>> there are two chandeliers, at least two chandeliers in the ies capitol that i've always said came from the teddy roosevelt a white house in 1903.ddy >> the grant white house. . roosevelt in 1903 but that's why i'm asking.e'aato t >> they were removed in the 1902 renovation1elqñ and taken to th capitol. as i know the story there was an auction.day you have to auction from the white house or destroy.andelier and so in those days, so the chandeliers were coming up in some members of congress got urious about it. they were the ones from the east room.ey wer so they took them to the capitoh ñd hung means, i believe it was.1aw and two there and then through president -- vice president johnson's influence, one was zñ

administration. and then the johnsons returned d it to the capitol. the the capitol didn't give it away. it was in the rules committee at room was the other one. >> my understanding, they are us now at the -- the speaker roomsh side and then the speakers office next door.w that >> i didn't know that. they were originally put in by general grant in the depressionr for his daughter's wedding. natalie's wedding to an englishman which took place in the east room.d up b and then there are wonderfuly pictures of 1902 them being taken down and lined up by the parts on the floor in the room. and there was a question about e keeping them, but mckim wouldn'm have heard of it. thank you.deqçs >> thank you. >> would you speak a little bit about the history of the oval od office? >> yes.off

we have an author here that is going to write history of the oval office for our white housei history.)jf;& the oval office was an invention of taft. d6 and the apparent reason for it was taft was smart, a very smart man. and congressmen didn't like visiting the president in the west wing. they didn't like it at all. president was on the central @kñ axis of the west wing and his oe office had a bow this way, but it wasn't oval. so when president taft doubled t the size of the west wing, he devised having an oval office that would identify with the white house, with the blue room. and so that's what he built and there.hat and that was there until and th president franklin roosevelt moved it to where it is now. which is adjacent to the anc garden's closer to the house, which was good for him. and so the oval office, it was e

trick pulled off very well.d' there were many meetings there. the state of new mexió+ñ o entered in the sign for in that oval office and it was taft made of interest. but mrs. kennedy had plans to redecorate the room for -- to match the house, but in his death, precluded that. and president johnson moved in with a very different -- two ticker tapes, typewriters, it was a work room under him. mostly, unless the president loves to work there, it's ceremonial now, to have your picture taken with the and you can, and you can too. and so he had a gun.okw3 anyway, that's used ceremonially

now. that's the brief history of ok . but that's the brief history. it roosevelt by eric googler. roosevelt likes to play architect.archit he had -- mrs. roosevelt got the signal and she got her friend 2 that silly man. he came in and did a design that roosevelt finally agreed to and that's the design the president wanted and there are parts of the other one in it. ma'am? >> who put the pool in? >> the pool was put in for president roosevelt, march of dimes. and it was in what was still, if you can believe, a laundry. it had always been that west wing that west wing that connects to the big building. that had been a laundry since the beginning and wine cellar and so president roosevelt, there were contributions great and small, schoolchildren, and they built -- it was a tank. it wasn't more like an exercise

tank. beautiful room. had an arched ceiling. it is now the press briefing room. president nixon changed it to that and president ford had a backyard pool built behind the west wing. and i must add that it is very interesting recently that the place was changed. the briefing room. and a group of us from the association went down and you can see traces of jefferson's wing there and you can see before the nixon improvements, you can see a portion of his -- lydia can tell you better than me. the wine cellar, semicircular, is still down there. the mike, % traces of jefferson's wine and after the war of çós win ay12, when the house was rebuilt, where the west wing bi2 building is now was a stable.xd it is under the dining room a se

windows, wasn't a very clear t( decision. in there, and you and you can -- the big arch is . so it is -- the west wing is a working wing and it receives plenty of attention, but it does have a job to do. yes. >> i would like to know when was electricity put in the white house so that an elevator could be used by president roosevelt or if, for some reason, they didn't have a back up, were there ramps or anything of that sort to be used? >> the first elevator, which was a counterweight elevator, not electrical, was ordered by president garfield and put in later by -- put into it was near the elevator now, a little back hallway, you read au about lincoln going down the

back stairs, this was next to it. it was there. and mckimm put a fancy one in, s you used to see at the smithsonian. i haven't noticed lately, but it is there. and now there is a modern elevator now in the house.ator w which is -- i would say the next one was put in by mckimm, 1902. and he used timbers for the for carriage for -- from old north o church in boston. mrs. gerald ford didn't like it and so she had it pulled down. miss johnson never liked it.

it is still in the dining room. it is back in the dining room.ig white house has to change. excuse me, here is our author friends. >> one of the last time i was touring the white house, one of the things that is really fun effect about it is in the red s room, above the joining doorway is the portrait of dolly join madison. and we can see when we see on te television the cross hall, but those interior are doors, when they're all open, doesn't that a painting still look at the george washington painting?st like, in the east room.. don't -- can't you see visually from dolly's point of view abov that door frame all the way into the east room?>> i don >> i don't know. >> i just wondered if it was still done that way. i understood that hillary clinton had that picture put atp there so that dolly could stilll keep her eye on george y washington.keep >> doesn't sound much like mrs.h clinton, but lydia, is that true?clinto

lydia, from the office. lydia says it is true.ly i always thought it was hung too high for an important picture.il one more -- more >> there are some beautiful drawings of the benjamin, henry latrobe furniture that was burned up. why has the white house never w reproduced that? and could you comment a little bit about the appropriations foo the monroes to furnish the whitu house and how congress specified that they were ever practicablep by american furniture. we >> yesre. okay.>> two questions. one, the world behind is not so happy with orange seats anymore. so they didn't want to rebuild the latrobe stuff. it is hard. it is wicker seats and it is not -- would not be comfortabled for what has to happen there. in those days you didn't have aa lot of chairs, you had stools.

and women would sit on the ls. stools and men would stand it on behind them and the fire in e fi front of them.ont of and that doesn't really happen n anymore. you would have a ride, probably, but anyway, as for the other one was -- about the monroe thing -- monroe naturally wanted french furniture. he was in the diplomatic service there and he and his wife th acquired beautiful furniture acu that you can see at the museum in fredericksburg, one of our people. and he had that and so he ordered it from paris and happened to be a time that napoleon was defeated. was napoleon's government had t h ordered quantities of courtly t furniture for his generals and all, each general allowed 400,000, something like that to decorate a resident. anyway, these -- apparently the cabinetmakers were pretty hungry.th while they imply in the letter it is to monroe, describing it , that it is made to order and

new, it is clear it was alreadys made.ecified and its goal for which he specified he didn't want, and he got it, and so all of these trappings of the napoleonic period late napoleon period came to the white house.pe and dr. nell alexander, the records are all there. it was stunning and it was a er. chandelier which must be very much like what is in the blue y, room today, an old owen. and there is a document in 1840 where the visitor goes there ans says, i stood beneath the chandelier that belonged to nged napoleon.so so the legend of the french t furniture stuck and some of it has been brought back. some has been reproduced.ger wo and it's comfortable. dolly's painted stuff wouldn't have done. dr. kissinger would not have been comfortable. thank you. thank you.

with congress returning monday, here's a message to congress from one of this year's c-span competition winners. >> throughout the years we have encountered a handful of friends who struggle with mental illnesses and seen how a lack of treatment can result in devastating events and emotional stress for those individuals and their families. >> i was diagnosed with a bi-polar disorder. i ended up in the hospital after an episode, like an attack sent me there. they diagnosed me there. after five minutes or so of talking to me as bi-polar and streeted me for two weeks. i got out of the hospital and went from doctor to doctor looking for someone who would

listen. it took me over a year to find a doctor who did listen. >> we strongly encourage congress to provide funlding for those who struggle with mental illness and allocate resources and develop programs for those in need. >> join us next wednesday for the theme of the 2015 c-span documentary cam competition. . they talked about president madison's role as commander-in-chief during the war of 1812. this is an hour.we our last peekers are andrew burstein, who is the charles professor of history at

louisiana state university, and he's the author of the books "the inner jefferson," i "jefferson's secrets," "lincolnn dreamt he died," history of thei american dream, and he's also co-author with nancy isenberg, our second speaker, will be ake, co-presenting, of "madison and jefferson." of and andrew asked me it tell you about his new book that is coming out on jefferson's birthy birthday next year, april 13th, 2015 called democracy's muse, l how thomas jefferson became an fdr liberal. a reagan republican and a tea party fanatic. sounds likede a good descriptio of a white house historian. h but anyway, and with him is nancy isenberg, who is also distinguished professor at di louisiana state university. she's the author of two prize ss winning books.ing sex and citizenship and antebellum america and the falle founder, the life of el

aaron burr and co-author of "madison and [ ap jefferson." please welcome our speakers. [ applause ] >> there we go. i like to give a shoutout to a t war vet, not the war of 1812, nr number 12235370, thank you for your service, dad. you -- for [ applause ] you may wonder why it is that nancy and i got to be the nancy closing act at this festival.an as wonderful a job as the whitea house historical association and u.s. capital society and

montpelier have done, they wereh unable to get jimmy hendricks to perform the star-spangled banner. i'm glad you remember woodstock. by going last, we get to put an end to this nasty war. and to start picking up the pieces. which is to say we get to talk about historic memory. the nature of historic memory. we get to suggest new ways for t the public to contend with madison's presidency. as well as his larger legacy. what tradition tells us is the true assessment of historical knowledge. it is often a little more than consensus of the moment, of a lo particular moment in history. mn and it is carried forth for ther purposes of commemorative ritual.or so a consensus, a mere consensus is not and should not be the

final word on history. in the year 1814, what did that consensus look like? in part, it meant giving this city what was then known as washington city a place in the poetry of nationhood. in -- the star-spangled banner did not resonate in 1814 b obviously the way it does now.w. instead, there was an ode called the fradiniad. a tribute to the land of the free that spanned four volumes. why the fredoniad? fredonia was offered by niad? congressman, by columbia samu university medical university medic

medical professor samuel mitchell to be a better name for this country than the united states of america.caug and in some circles it caught on, fredonia, new york, perched on lake erie which we know is a central place in the war of 1812. k there is fredonia, kentucky, pennsylvania, all growing out on this early -- early 19th century suggestion. and, of course, groucho marx o gave us fredonia in the 1933 film duck soup, where he was, i, don't know elected or unelected, leader of that great nation. but getting back to the epic poet of 1814, of the fredoniad, he opened one canto with lofty praise of washington city and the man after whom it was namedd you'll recognize the geography

of the heaven on earth right away. where the potomac glides over c crystal sands to wed the sea columbia stands, freedom's st defender when he dwelt on eartha planned and surveyed and brought it into birth, and to exalt its character to fame generous charc bequeathed it his immortal name. some lines later, the fourth , president's name was joined to that of the first. the the honored place of washington was filled by madison in diplomacy skilled.dipl a seat far more exalted than a throne, or ever yet too hauty monarchs known. the patriotic consensus went like this. the office of the presidency all by itself was a testament to thy nobility of the american political experiment. and madison had already proved

himself by 1814 as both as great and as a appropriately humble as the first of men, george washington. so the unfortunate tendency is to make history simple. the whole idea of a political la faith is that it is supposed to eliminate confusion by suggesting pictures to the mindt that are frozen in time, somehow pure, cleaner, than they really were. the world had known many a hauty monarch, america's distinctive e characteristics was its nonhereditary system of governance. the presidency's republican character, that was our national morality. many people have a picture in mind of washington crossing thed delaware in 1776, in december. a romantic figure, stern,

standing erect, looking forward into the future.di the whole world sat on his patriarchal shoulders. well, we don't have to know whao actually happened on that icy river in 1776 to know it didn't look like the painting. it is for similar reasons of refashioned memory that ioned americans nowadays only think on james madison as the father of the constitution.ye cons intellect to be sure, but in other respects, lacking the charisma of those whose names are associated with the designation age of, age of washington, age of jefferson, je age of jackson, actually nancy and i will tell you that the wl early 19th century was really the age of albert galatin. you'll see.

madison should not be seen as one dimensional. he was a complex politician, and as nancy and i demonstrate in our book madison and jefferson and see whose name comes first t in the title, the 24 year long g virginia dynasty from jefferson through monroe underscores the fact of politics that subsequent generations in their embellishment of a prophetic, progressive narrative of american history don't want to consider.ive and that's the real fragility ol the union. from 1789 to at least 1814, thes more perfect union of the preamble of the constitution was understood for what it was. wishful thinking. virginians were always fighting for virginia.

everyone identified with his or her state, much more strongly s than they do today. save perhaps for texas. state identification outpaced the nationalist impulse. madison knew this. he got beyond it. which made him exceptional for a southerner. he lived many years in philadelphia, and as president n cultivated the competent pennsylvanians and made them him closest advisers, where as his political alter ego, thomas jefferson was more comfortable surrounding himself and fferson communicating with fellow virginians. of course, both the third and d fourth presidents treated their new york vice president as window dressing, handing out

crumbs of muted power to the vice president. so as to affect an imaginary balance between the sections.sec yet despite whatever largess he was capable of, madison too kept his pulse on virginia state politics, wary about departing from that world view. how will this play in virginia, he was repeatedly obliged to ask himself. the virginians almost obsessive defensiveness and refusing to share the presidency with any others speaks to the certain self-consciousness of the ia tha bigness of virginia that dates back to the 1609 charter when o king james i gave the colony ank expansive backyard extending to the mississippi river and to such promising lands as kentucky and ohio and indiana.

as a virginian, madison was perfectly part of the ploy in 1812 by which the u.s. would .s. annex canada and cuba and nancyc will speak more to this point. madison was in no way reticent, never mind he was 5'4" and built on a narrow frame and unmarshall in his bearing. n he was in no way reticent when it came to war-making. in he was secretary of state in tht driver's seat during the negotiations over with france, over the louisiana purchase. the constitution may not have stipulated precisely how lands might be acquired from european colonial powers. but in the face of reality, it was done. okay, madison was not outwardly heroic. y no commissioned painting of him presents vigorous forward sharps eyed talent.en

his wife doted on him because he invited it. he thought of himself as a man of infirmitiesi. little madison, as he was widely known and little gemmy as his a detractors often called him wasd a small narrowly formed man, buh careful examination of all he did over decades brings out abundant evidence that er dec contradicts the standard measure of the man.adntradict madison, we have discovered, was a man for all seasons and those who knew him best knew that theh greatly enjoyed his raunchy sense of humor. he never practiced law.he no one ever thinks about that. to his mind, the philadelphia i convention of 1787 from which his modern fame springs, was not what he argued for.

it wasn't the miracle that asn't everyone claims because he wasn't satisfied.wa his preference had been for a sd bicameral legislature where virginia was accorded as the ao largest and most popular state was accorded the greatest numbet of representatives in both est u houses of congress.mb so the senate we have today was not actually subverted madison's design.as but fortunately for his . presidency, he did get a central government that could urgently t command the economy, and the un military in war time.tl as i suggested at the outset, nl national symbols rarely reflects the flow of historical reality. mostly they reflect the comfortable reading of a fixed point in time.e who madison was in 1787 as a centralizer was not precisely who he was just five years later in 1792 when he led the fight

against what he saw as alexandee hamilton's crony capitalist national bank.st yet that madison of 1792 bears faint resemblance to president n madison in 1814 when he found f himself leaning on bankers to avoid running out of money needed to continue the war. as nancy and i argue in the boot and as john stag has spelled out here, madison's war time presidency was not as undistinguished as the general understanding would have it. h there are good reasons why he ended his second term more popular than ever before in his political life. s >> when i first heard about thii symposium, i'll admit i was s worried. the burning of washington, scary.wo better not give the tea party any ideas.on but as andy emphasized, it is d

time to amend the commonly held views about james madison. real when we think about the will ofw the people, we have to realize that they knew that was rhetorical at the time it was w drafted. it was not as if it was the embodiment of everything they stood for.af it sounded good on paper. madison told his peers at the constitutional convention he would not countenance not laws made by the brightest people in the land and he was thinking ofh his local representatives in virginia. to give needed guidance to those less talented who sat in the state legislatures, and occasionally made in his word mischief, he thought of them as kind of undisciplined children that needed to be reprimanded. he had wanted the u.s. senate te be compromised of elite men who would wield their absolute negative or veto over not just congressional legislation,

but state legislation when it was deemed improper or ill conceived.egis he had also hoped for a for coalition of southern states an large northern states which never materialized.rn this is one of the things we have to realize. madison was actually really reai upset at the end of the actu constitutional convention.of he felt that he had lost -- >> can't hear you. >> he felt he lost most of the major issues. he kind of re-adjusted, but he was not a happy man at the end.m and we have to remember that and understand that. confident in the selection of his friend and confident georgem washington as the first ad president, madison remained in the forefront of political debate and ardent supporter of a strong federal system. as leader of the house of olitdr representatives in 1799, he spoke as an enlightened member of the elite on behalf of the e people as he construed them.ha that is he was a representative acting in the interests of the less politically aware.y when it came to what he knew to

affected them most, public and c private debt management, and tht potential injustices attending s legislation that sacrificed thet welfare of the minority to the majority.he this is one of the key points j. where jefferson and madison never agreed.ke jefferson believed in the will of the majority.eed. madison did not. and this is also where he differed from hamilton. this is sort of ironic.this hamilton was much more i comfortable with inherited power, where madison wanted to create a system that could n restrain excessive passions among people. and what is ironic about that is that madison came from a well l established genealogy and pedigree, established family in virginia, which as we know hamilton did not, who was illegitimate by birth. in our book, what we try to looo at are the personal motives andv not just the abstract thinking o when it comes to madisont . and you can begin to see this if you pay close attention to what

he says and don't just relate it to political thinkers from europe. he had very specific individualy in mind when he conceived the political principle.ceived and the best example of that is that when he raised the specter of a dangerous demagogue, he actually wasn't thinking of ly ' hamilton, he was thinking of virginia's effusive patrick henry in mind because he had watched him manipulate the house of representatives with his rhetorical skill. when he thought of firm and yett reasonable leadership, he had washington in mind.n and when he reached for symbolic embodiment of the republican style, it would have not been one of the democratic republican clubs that sprang up in the p mid-1790s even though hamiltonian federalists saw them as having been inspired by ough madison. havin they went so far to nickname g club members the mads.

basically implying that they're not quite stable upstairs. no, madison would have found a more appealing symbol of the moe republican style and the national gazette.na the newspaper that madison helped found in 1791. that was for madison a prime a source of educated public opinion. not what we get today. not polls. get educated public opinion. he wrote public opinion sets ss bounds to every government. here we get this theme that is weetty consistent with madison, setting boundaries. g this is a fundamental principle. it meant restraining, ries. disciplining excesses. this is what madison was committed to.str unlike his friend thomas jefferson, madison never had complete faith in majority rule or anything close to it.ero in a mob, ordinarily decent individuals were capable of abandoning their own reason and joining in the group's enthusiasm.ning

this is what madison wrote to wt jefferson, which was the operative term for radical he sentiment or religious ecstasy that implied a loss of individual conscience. this was central to madison's thinking, protecting the individual conscience.e. so government had to serve not n only to protect minorities but another key idea for him was that governor had -- government had to serve as a neutral arbiter between competing interests. let me repeat that, because it is another key theme to madison. government had to be a neutral arbiter between competing interests so he knew there was going to be tension.g he knew there would be conflicto and this is central to the ict. american experience, not union t or unity, conflict. it was the new institution instt proposed by hamilton, the natiol national bank, which led madison more in the direction of a d mai strict construction of the constitution.n th under the bank's aegis, emerging industrial concerns could

receive loans, currency would circulate more easily. and funds could be made available to the government nata the problem here was that a government had so powerful a h t system ofem funding and think o this today combined with english practices of increasing government debt, the united states would be imitating the british and become a large scale military machine. this is an idea that jefferson and madison both got from pang. madison argued that the u.s. congress was granted a institutional power to charter corporations such as a national bank. that's what he argued in 1791 but it wasn't true. madison was not being entirely forthcoming but advancing this argument in the closed debates at the constitutional convention he had favored chartering a

national university but he had change bd by 1791. he didn't get what he wanted t hamilton got his bank.st madison's part isson credentials onlycomi enlarged as the tryinge decade of the 1790s war on.parts one of the things we discoveredf is that t the party was first identified more with madison than jefferson because he was the active player in congress and was much more out in the open. the first two st organized political partiesäjñ3t federalists andie democratic republican and as they took shape, this is also a period po where wed see some of the most e interesting writings by madison as a legislature. he developed strong positions and wrote pieces such as a candidate state of parties who e were the best keepers of the people's liberty.erson while jefferson had to confine his complaints to private correspondences, madison went g public, opposing hamilton in newsprint. madison's embrace of partisan

newspapers helped lay a org foundation foran organized litia political parties yet hle never put his metaphorical eggs in ona basket. concentrating power in any one institution, officer or even a private body. as you guessed he deeply distrusted speculators which was a very wise position to be now and then. it was a bad thing. parties therefore also had to be restrained. if we look closely at his at response to the alien and sedition act of 1798 in which the federalists were tried to t squelch decent, madison did notd follow, jefferson down the roads of nullification. they both responded. in madison's version -- in jefferson's version he held out the prospect of a state nullifying the law of congress it objected to. madison now madison very consciously and carefully avoided that word

choosing interpose instead. a word that ment to meditate to act between two parties. he did not want to annul a power of the federal government.he fed heer wanted to bring the issue before the public and broaden o the range of debate by includint politicaicl voices from the stae government. now if we fast forward tono w, madison's presidency, we see the political environment is very different. the federalistdi party by that a time and laex andalexander hamir no longer there only had a minority status in the government. as president jefferson's secretary of state, madison had strongly supported an embargo of oversees trade, commercial tal retaliation on the high seas. american's lost honor was part of the diplomatic stale mate

that madison inherited. now if we look at kcanada and or of the things that we argue is the war of 1812 is two wars if not more in terms of the agendas that it takes on but the projecj of taking canada really is a fail buster masquerading as a national war. to what we tend to forget about ous history was filibusterering as the national past time in the 19th century.tempts there were numerous attempts to engage in either sparking revol revolution inut canada, in lati america, this was not a sort off one time event.. it defined america because america in the 19th century wase about getting their hands on land as much land as possible.aa it's the most important t principle of the 19th century. think about texas. texas independence.ce, it was not a revolution of tion independence. it had prutside americans as private armies thativ went into

texas to help facilitate what happened there. in the war of 1812, before the war begins, jefferson and jamesg monroe are dreaming of this potential war as leading to the annexation of cuba and canada. this is kind of fantasy of the ever expanding continent. without thinking about the real realities of what it takes to t deal with taking this land or conquering this land. but this was what they were very much invested in. unfortunately for mr. madison, he wasn't going to get canada or cuba. he had to settle for baton rouge where i happen to live right now so it's a good thing.th this -is- baton rouge if you dot know came into the united state because it was based on the fail buster undertaken by virginians as opposed to the new yorker air inn aaron burr and his attempt

to establish the republic of 1810. the lone star flag of the west florida republic later morphed into the better known texas an flag.adiso madison was completely onboard with this. he wasn't opposed to it.t. he was like we'll take advantage of this. now while historyor has priviled the role of the younger war st haur hawks in congress.fia, they are part of one story. madison's long time secretary of the treasury, wrote the ollowi following on the eve of madison's assumption of the presidency. mr. mad madison is as i always e him slow when taking his ground but firm when the storm arises. >> in his first inaugural address, march 1809, madison made sure everyone knew that he considered his election to have come at a critical historical o

moment. he was the first u.s. president to use the inaugural address fof this purpose the first to move beyond generalities.s. he was absent of political bromides, absent of platitudes., he was strong and direct. america faced, he said, global f challenges without a pair legal in hi , parallel, he wanted no part of europe's bloody and wasteful wars. but he demanded of the smug power that was great britain one thing, the rights of neutrals. s of e course, we all know what s happened before his first term had ended. u.s. the u.s. declared war on britain, a war it was il, ill

equipped to fund.ence there was a reference in that first inaugural address to the constitution as the cement of ce the union. as well in its limitations as in its authorities. he was promising to adhere to o the same principle he demanded of the hamility yo ililithamili party was in the minority and both houses of congress excluded from the executive decision making. he promised to continue repu republicanbl measures. economy in public expenditures. keeping the standing army within the requisite limits and state denoting state militias as quote theme firmest bow work of republics but that on interpretation of the constitution, constrained from i moving americaca in the directi of a permanently centralized ra

military, that interpretation of an america constrained from building up a war chest, that government was supplanted by another. it had to be if continental co expansionism that jefferson anda madison both saw as ultimately desirable was to take place.pl so madison had to learn on the job. in delivering the second inaugural address in march of e 1813 in the midst of the war, which the government was then i fund, he sang a different tune.t tune now, if you listen to his language, he was referring to ng the rapid development of our national faculties in support oe unavoidable war. when the public voice called for war, he reminded, all new and

still know that the effort had to be paid for which required the patriotism, the good sense,, and the manly spirit. manl you can't get anywhere without manly spirit.rit. the manly spirit of our fellow citizens in bearing each his share of the common burden. the he said to render the war short and the success sure, animated t and systematic exertions alone are necessary.