going to be discussing two separate conflicts that took place in the war of austrian succession. we talked about the french indian wars, we also talked about queen and's war, and we're going to talk about separate conflicts. one is in the french indian wars, i kind of added it to the powerpoint here, but we're talking about the war of jenkins' ear in north america between the british colonists of the south and spain, and in the north, once again it is a french and indian war, a war that occurred just before the french indian wars. i put up aas always, couple of words appear for spelling. these are not words you necessarily need to remember. often time i like to mention these, and students want to get the spelling.

so you will be able to get the spellings off there. we are going to start off the recht," which ended 's war, and it ushered in a you of relative peace in europe and in the colonies. but war interrupted in late 70 39, and this was when britain 1739.ed war on spain -- this was when britain declared war on spain. this is a listing that was saying, look,, the spanish are seizing our ships on the high seas, this is an insult, there is an increasing clamor in britain, and we need to do something about it. the, the tension between

british and the spanish is contract thate was a 30 year contract. specific numbers on that. so the bottom line was there was tension between 10 and spain, and there was one incident in particular that later gave this conflict its name. an you will think, that is odd day. the war of jenkins' ear, where did that come from? shipsbecca was one of the that had been seized by the shipsh, a british merchant , and the captive of -- the captain of that ship was robert jenkins, and in the process of being or day, his ear was cut off. took it upon himself to carry the ear around, he would put in a jar, may be taken to a

bar to get free drink, i don't know. but to jenkins, that ear was symbolic. 1741, andut off in you can see in the cartoon here he is talking to the prime minister, and he is taking off his wig to show his ear. the primary string is dismissing him. talk to a lady there than to deal with this issue. minister is dismissing him. he would rather talk to a lady there, then to deal with this issue. we are going to focus on events in the colonies and we are going to start with this fellow olglethorpe. we might think of him as being the colonial governor of that

area. opportunity, he saw a war between britain and spain to have broken out, oglethorpe sees an opportunity in the area what is now the state of florida -- well, thered is a claim by both the spanish and the british colonists -- and oglethorpe thought it would be great to season for the crown. force ofogether a british regulars and colonial militia and indian allies in the summer of 1739. and they begin marching towards -- where were the begin marching? saint augustine, right? saint augustine. together,rpe put this he captures several small spanish forts, and in late june,

he enters say augustine -- saint augustine. here is a picture of the little to her guide you to get there. you canittle tour guide get there. fort in response to the drake raid. oglethorpe and history of the going to seize that fort, at the same time the royal navy from the west indies squadron are going to come in for some fresh supplies. waslocal spanish population going to withdraw into the four, and it will be easy to take over. and that is exactly what took place. the fort was run by been well -- montiano, and he said

we are going to hang out here in the fort and defendant for the king. we actually have really good records of this. we have an interesting slide here. this is the digital library in georgia. and you can see this document and you can wonder why montiano wrote in english? all of hisanscribed documents. it is a great resource if you don't speak spanish. i brought this up because i wanted to talk about this letter that he wrote on the 24th of june, the day the oglethorpe began his siege. ,e says about halfway down here "i cannot express to you the

place. it isthif this pitiable to behold." i'm not sure if you talking about the four or the landscape if you but he says, " cannot aid us, we will surely perish." the supplies that they asked for were able to reach the four. the seas failed, oglethorpe realized that he was not going to be able to continue it, and he accuses -- recuses to return to georgia, or what will become of georgia. what you think will happen? that's right, a counterattack. contactedde montiano the spanish government and said

that they have been attacked and would like to re-attack, and they give him about 5000 troops. 5000 is a large number of troops in the 18th century. is in charge of these troops, and they sail up to what is now georgia, and they actually outnumber the georgian defenders, which is a combination of colonial militia, british defenders, and indians by about four and a half to one. and yet, oglethorpe is able to defeat the invasion, there are two battles that take place in july. the more significant of which is the battle of the bloody marsh, and that is why they have a statue of him, a nine foot tall statue, because he saved the colonies there from an invasion by the spanish.

essentially, that is the end of major operations in the war of jenkins' ear in north america. montiano decides to withdraw his defeated,ter he is that nothing ever comes of oglethorpe bosch plans -- and at thes plans, end of the day nothing really changes. on your slide here, at the inset he goes back up and the spanish are defeated there at the bloody marsh. so as far as american history is was inconclusive. it was essentially a draw. in the war between -- the border between florida and georgia remains as a rough line between the wilderness, and it would stay that way and tell -- until

1763, which would be the treaty of paris, which we will talk about next week. so that was a conflict, the conflict of jenkins zero in north america -- the war of jenkins' ear in north america, but then there's others. spain, butupporting there is largely a maritime war. a just to get any land war with france. but if we go back to 1740, there are some things going on in europe. one of those things occurs in the spring of 1740, a new monarch sits on the prussian throne. he is also known as project -- frederick the great. his father passes away in the may of 1740. the emperor of the holy roman

vi, passesarles away. and frederick recognizes a good opportunity. he is a prussian with growing power, and he saw the secession crisis in austria as an opportunity. was his daughter, and during his lifetime, he had tried to kind of get a whole bunch of stuff lined up, with the idea that that a woman could rule the throne. that was not possible, but in other places like a good it was, but it was contested. resa was fine, but others said that is not ok, but it was about her gender but it was also about power. so frederick is using this as somewhat as an excuse to attack

the holy roman empire, and essentially war breaks out between the habsburg monarchy and their allies and the prussians. britain tends to side with the austrian habsburgs, while france tends to side with prussia. ultimately this cold war between france and britain ends in march when france declares war on britain. 11 days later, britain responds in kind, and then we have a major war in europe. really, it is almost a world war. it is known as the war of austrian succession in european history. once again, there is an opportunity. not just for the english colonist, but for the french colonist. recall, inas you utrecht, this was

the opportunity for france to reclaim its lost territory of acadia. that is what the french governor does, he launches an expedition to recapture the capital of it nova scotia, which is annapolis royal. have, and we talked about this in the last class, a master forest -- fortress here at louisbourg. there is a big fortress with almost 150 cannons, it took a number of years to build, so not only is it a great place to launch an expedition, it is also a great place to house your privateers. not only are the french interested in retaking acadia, they are interested in making some money. and a privateer is a pirate who has been authorized by the

the french government has given a letter of mark saying that you are authorized to commit private -- piracy against the british. irate is another man's privateer. we can get some protection by the fortress, we are in great shape. so the colonists are unhappy about this. the new england colonists like a buffer zone, they do like the fact that acadia has been renamed nova scotia, a means it is in british hands, they're not happy about these privateers, there are merchants in the business of making money. if a ship is captured, that is not good. so the french launch this expedition. the british are unhappy about the effort to recapture nova

acadia, and the french siege of annapolis royal localpported by the indian tribe. allied -- they were not treated well by the british in nova scotia -- so they allied with the french. peace, so theted bottom line is that the effort by the french to recapture is not particular successful. if that, it is not successful at all. fail. scotia/acadia is

threatened by privateers, a politician decides that this is an opportunity for him. william shirley proposes a bold proposal. he takes this to the massachusetts general court, and look.s, we can help our english brothers over in nova scotia, and equally but not more import, we can take louisbourg. what he supposed the massachusetts general court said? [indiscernible] yes that is exactly what they said! they said, are you crazy? but he is persuasive and he gets a number of people in the boston area to support him, and they offered to support this expedition, and he goes back and

he goes back to the general -- and eventually by one vote, they approve the expedition. he is also, at the same time, responding -- corresponding with the british government. he is writing to the general of the west indies station, and he is trying to get people to help them. basically this is sometimes called shirley's war. thathat is important is people in the colonies come together. connecticut,, rhode island, new hampshire, they all contribute troops. the mid-atlantic states, although they do not all commit troops, they support. new york said they would give cannons, they will help you out there. pennsylvania, which was quaker, they would provide food and clothing and equipped for you

guys. so the interesting thing about this is is that they are very focused on a specific colony. nial,is really pan-colo if you will, to recapture louisbourg. the background, there are 2.0 want to make. are twoy -- there points i want to make. -- thely, the guy who last guy i voted for, the guide it was going to come to vote, he broke his leg, and he was not able to vote, but what is more important and what we do know is that shirley had good intelligence. ? right right? he knew that morale in louisbourg was low. at one point, prior to his request there was a mutiny.

it is not an common for governments to be unable to pay their armies. it that happen, it was entirely ok to mutiny. , i amtiny was essentially not doing anything until you pay me. so there was low morale. -- shiry knew this ley knew this. he has to choose a leader for this exposition -- expedition. he is re: talk to peter warren -- he has already talked to peter warren. a council of the captains, and he says he would like to help, but he needs the king to buy into this, and he does not have that yet. shirley is willing

to take the expedition without royal support. he is still looking around and trying to find somebody who can lead the exposition -- expedition. view.s an aerial this gives you an idea of the difficulty of capturing this area. alsoe time, this was filled little towns and batteries, and you have land somewhere, if you come to the lands i, it can be difficult, and if you come from the seaside, you are are going to be shot by the batteries there, so this is a very difficult operation. so you need just the right guy for this. finds the maney pepperrell. i love this portrait. pperrell was a great choice.

he was described as a gentleman sterling but not perfect qualities. but the point about his wealth is also not a significance. because how are you going to fund this expedition? there is only so much money the colony has. and it would need to find money to fund this, including from william pepperrell himself. he contributed 5000 pounds, and that is a lot of money, and he basically gave it to the massachusetts government. in addition to that, he also provided money to pay for bounties. what they you have to do is to pay bounty to get people to join your expedition. so clearly the money that was

contributed by william pepperrell and others was very important. but he did not have any significant military background. this is where i became helpful that the king finally got back said, in -- warren and yes, we will support this expedition. inhough the money helped raising troops for the expedition, there is another factor i want to introduce, and that is the role of the local merchant. they played a large role drumming up the support in attacking as what many saw as england's papist enemies. the participants themselves believed wholeheartedly that they were doing god -- work. -- god's work. example, this is a letter that was written during the time, "i am willing to stay

comes."d's time you ine writes, "i leave the hand of god." are available on google books, there are number of things were published in the 18th century, letters that were published between soldiers writing back home, and they -- a majority of them -- invoke this believe in god, a belief in god's work, that god was on their side. there are a lot of factors that go into this. there are a lot of soldiers that we go and fight in this conflict. was able to put together a large expedition. the first contingent of which arrived on the 11th of may of

1745. there were also ships under the control of peter warren. and shirley did not get along very well -- they got along well enough to make the operation a success. everyone from the higher echelons of society, and a group ofsoldiers plundered in french rum, and they replied that it was better than theirs. these militia men held up, and they are not usually professional soldiers, and the combined forces of the colonial expedition and the royal navy both the siege and the bar to the fortress. like the blockade of the augustine five years earlier, this prevented supplies from reaching louisbourg.

in a little under seven-week, the french capitulated. and here you have a temporary drawing, this is the fortress, you can see here how difficult -- is the area, this is the fortress, but even here, you land, it -- you have stops the ships from coming in, it is a difficult task. that say, modern historians would argue that it probably was not as difficult as it was made out to be. we know from the history of louisbourg that there was some history with the construction, there was problems because of the weather that the masonry was more likely to crumble, and a few other things. the bottom line is that although it was not that as impressive as the cawley -- colonies meted out to be, it was still pretty impressive.

the mostnsidered impressive fortress of the new world. the colonial army was instrumental in achieving this colonial expedition. many have argued that the capture of louisbourg was almost the greatest achievement of did havetroops, and it some long-lasting applications. it reduced public opinion of the british army. it led numerous colonists to conclude that british soldiers were superior or equal to british regulars. you might say, wait a minute, this is the french. but if you have got in your is that the one thing they could beat the professional , buth army at louisbourg

you have the contrast of success at louisbourg with two major british beats at the same time. the british suffered a massive defeat you what is now known as present-day colombia, and the colonial people were not impressed with the british. recently, and it very stark contrast to the fissile capture of louisbourg -- to the successful capture of louisbourg, there was the capture of the french army in may of 1745. it was still in people's memory. so the british army does not see , so thissive impression develops that citizen soldiers are as equal to the british army. so we are going to come back to that theme as we get to the early years of the revolution.

and here is one more for you. of louisbourgch done after the occupation -- or during the occupation -- we do not know the exact year. you get a real feel for what it would have looked like. ouis xvii of france put a commander in charge of a next expedition -- a massive naval expedition -- to go and find a new four. he gives the commander -- fort. he gives the commander a lot of latitude, and he wants to find something similar to louisbourg.

so the naval minister assembles a force, and it is a massive force. andonsist of 11,000 men 25,000 pounds of shipping, and it was the largest french force to sail to the new world until the revolution. of the double the size spanish ever to take georgia or even the colonial successful attempt at louisbourg. so this is a massive, massive expedition. the naval commander chose and d'anvillelle, was described by one scholar as virtually without naval experience. he had a very high rank, and you

might wonder why the king paid this guy, and he came to this position as a courtier admiral, and if you look at all the other admirals, there are 80 years old. so he was exley fairly young. wasas a middle -- he actually fairly young. he was a middle-aged guy. but he took his job seriously, and started to work with the naval ministry to put together a plan. but from the beginning of the expedition, it was a set with problems. they were supposed to leave an early spring, and they left in late spring, about a three-month delay. onause they did not get out time, the winds had shifted, so they were very close -- slow to get there. -- why is thisem a problem?

when you are on a ship for a longer time, you are more prone to getting diseases, so a lot of people got scurvy. of stormygot a lot weather, including a hurricane, as they entered the new world. there was not a lot of good stuff going on. mannedre slow to get provisions, they relate to leave, they were sick, -- they were late to leave, they were sick, they hit a hurricane, so they got there around november or december. so they were late getting there, so they began to ask, do we go back home? wonder, did, people the ship sink? and what it it shows up in poor -- and one day it shows up in port. d'anville diesc surely after arriving.

history is fascinated with what killed him. most people think it was probably a stroke, but we are not sure the stroke kill him, he had classic symptoms of a stroke, he mumbled, or mumbled doctorsd stuff, but his were trying to fix them. so how did they fix him in the 18th century? they bled him. he kept getting bled. so eventually he's a comment he died, so now there is -- so eventually he succumbed and he died. and then there was another person put a command. he is overwhelmed with his responsibility. and three days after he takes over, he resigned. know they, we do not full story, and he tried to commit suicide in a feverish delirium. so the story goes that he was in his room, and they heard a yell, and they try to get in the room

and it was locked. they broke the door open, and there he was with his sword going to his belly and sticking out his back. he was mumbling about something. it was a miracle recovery. they actually pulled the sword out he recovered. it fell to the third guy. so he looked at quebec, he said it is not going to happen, so they discussed possibly going back, but he knew that was probably not a good idea. bellicose, in the demise of his predecessor, there was some question as to what role he played. he force the guy out of the position? most people believe the other one was probably just overwhelmed. but he realized there was not any hope of taking louisbourg, so another effort was taken to

recapture annapolis royal. this effort, too, ended in failure. this was a complete and total fill your. a book, there is anatomy of a naval disaster." and it really is. these talked about majestic, poor leadership, logistics,eather, -- weather,ership, bad all of these factors came into play. but the colonists focused on one factor in particular. and i'm going to ask you is class. what do you think of these four whether,eadership, and other things, what

do you think in an 18th-century mind would be the reason why they did not make it? >> weather? >> and who controls the weather? god. there were rumors spreading throughout england that the armada was coming for boston. they could have attacked the eastern seaboard, but that was not their primary focus, their land was -- there bogus was on acadia. their focus was on acadia. later we will talk about that further with the revolution, but there was the fear that the french were coming an attack a city on the east coast. , i guess if you

are religious -- providentially, this storm comes right before the french arrive. and there is this great poll by henry wadsworth longfellow the talks about it. it is called "the ballad of the french fleet." vernete is a painting by kind of incident. let me read this poem really quickly. 1746.s dated october of in the 19th writing century, but we will get back to the and a second. 'anville, admiral d

would go against her helpless boston town. the coming of the fleet and the danger hovering near. south sayinge old humbly, let us pray. providence -- o providence, i make this prayer. even as i pray, it came with mighty power, and it shook the walls. suddenlyning unsheathed, and i cried, "stand still and see the salvation of the lord!" overtook, and down

the reeling dax crashed -- decks crash the overwhelming seas. sankwere carried away and like lead and brine. so wadsworth writes in the 19 century, but we are talking about the 18th century, but i think it accurately captures the view of the new englanders during this situation. it shows the religious aspect to conflict that we were talking about. there are a few minor actions, at one point, there is an effort to take this little part of nova scotia here. this is another failed attempt. basically, after this

there is theion, privateering going on, and by the way, the british are also using privateering to fight the french. but the bottom line is that a kind of guys down in this area. one reason for that is that the french have essentially lost the northeast by the end of 1747. in may and then again in october, there were two very thats naval battles were disastrous for the french, these were the first and second of finisterre. of italy, the convoys were able

to stop -- obviously, the convoys were able to stop the french. the war ended in a stalemate. france still had the advantage in europe, and they had the advantage and the lan side, but the royal navy in britain had achieved the upper hand. so with this kind of stalemate in place, the two sides began negotiations. or it teresa was allowed to regain the throne -- maria theresa was allowed to regain the throne. essentially although the war had been fought, it was a draw essentially, and both sides came back. in a new war breaks out another decade known as the seven years' war. the war as with the treaty of aix-la-chapelle, and that assigned in october of 1748.

we have seen this before. this ends the status of antebellum. what happens? right. essentially goes back. antebellum returns. back to thees french. so if you are a british colonist, what you think of that? what you think of that? we does it back all of this treasure. yeah, you are not happy. war, frenchwon the had dominated on the continent, but the british had the narrative time advantage. we had this great achievement and you took it away from us with the stroke of a pen. so that is the perception from the french. colonistsrated many

-- in curated many colonists -- furiated many colonists. so the colonists are not happy about the return of louisbourg. in the grand geopolitical perspective, you have to take a little perspective, it makes sense from the french perspective, but it is not pleasing for the colonists. in discussing king george's war, what are things we can talk about? there are three things that we can take away from this particular conflict. the british colonist have once again banded together in times of crisis as we talked about before, and they came together in a feeling of solidarity. shared sense of community.

maybe it would be like going to a big football game. by the end of the game, you are all one, you are all cheering for the team. this idea that this crisis comes in the eu are altogether, and there was also panic, the coast and you are altogether, and there was also panic, the coast is going to be rated. it increased a sense of community. that is one thing. that itnd thing is provides valuable military experience. as we know, because we have seen the future, there are some wars coming up, the french indian war, the american revolution, so whohere are colonists fought in queen anne's war, that they are not able to fight. placee next war takes just 10 years later, so there is

definitely some valuable military experience that is gained because of this. and lastly, i inc., and we cut we covered and this, that providence was on their side. allow for thed defeat of a regular army. this is something that a lot of people take away. so with that, i will go ahead and open for questions, and i actually have a chronology here, sir?ny-- yes [indiscernible] thehe question is, louisbourg four, was there --ther time it was taken fort, was there another time it was taken?

yes, the british took it again, and the fact that they took it take it againhey in 1748. there is a definite knowledge, and it ties into the idea of military gain. and fort done once, vigils had done it, so we will be looking -- provincials had done it, so we will be looking at that next week. yes sir? [indiscernible] great question. it seems like the royal navy is kind of helpful. two par answer to that. answer tot that. navies are really expensive. really expensive. they are expensive to build and expensive to maintain. one of the problem that the french has is that they don't

have money, and this is the king of france. motivationy is no for them to invest all this money in the navy, and after all, they are british citizens. why would you build a continental navy if you have the royal navy and you are british. -- we will in the 70 see in the seven years' war that the british citizens and partners will come together, in a way, you are looking ahead, which is great. there is really no reason why a navy would be built by the colonists during -- colonist. colonists saying that -- [indiscernible] -- the american revolution?

>> great question. is this all about the formation of american unity? i want to say yes but it want to say no. it is easy to see the colonies as american, but it was really about a regional identity. before you can have a national identity you need a regional identity. one of the interesting things is ,hat there is this disconnect we have the war down south and then other than mentioning the royal navy, i did not mention the war up north, king george's war. that is not accidental. the carolinas were not -- ns were not going to send up troops. ist you have in each war that they come a little bit closer together, and all of the new england colonies provide

troops. and the york and has a mania did not supply troops but supplies. so there is a regional identity more so that we see in other wars. is it all good to go or is it more of a slight skirmish to tegret the fort -- w regrab the fort? like, we have capture the fort, and they actually start lobbing shells into the city. you can see in this image. library at thee university of michigan.

this was done between the occupation. but once the war is over, here are the keys to the fort. in a way, another reason to be upset, hey, wait a minute, we dispense three years rebuilding a far and we gave it back to all new and improved! that was further angering the colonists. another quick one. i don't want to jump too much ahead, but was there another -- [indiscernible] treaty of paris, that is not very good for the french war with the spanish. all right, thank you everybody for coming, i appreciate it, and let's get those hawkeyes this weekend.

>> join as each saturday evening at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern from classroom lectures in history. lectures in history are also available in podcast. visit our website at /history, orrg download them on itunes. cobbs up next, elizabeth hoffman discuss the u.s. and world leadership. umpire?ca and she argues that america has played the role of an umpire since 1776. this is about an hour. , andank you so much, kay thank you so