we moved to not knowing just what the messages -- we've gotten good at knowing the politics and the right messages, even better to know who the right messenger is to deliver that message. >> monday night at 9:00 eastern on the communicators on c-span2. >> next, iowa university timothy wolters talks about king george's war which took place in the 1740's in north america between colonial powers. while the war was inconclusive, it did establish regional identities for the colonies. and again american colonies valuable experience for their own revolution in the coming years. this class is about 50 minutes. >> good friday. today, we are going to be discussing two separate conflicts that took place in the war of austrian succession.

we talked about the french indian wars, we also talked about queen ann's war, and we're going to talk about separate conflicts. one is in the french indian war, i kind of added it to the powerpoint here, but we're talking about the war of jenkins' ear in north america between the british colonists of the south and spain, and in the north, once again it is a french and indian war, a war that occurred just before the french indian war. as always, i put up a couple of words appear for spelling. students like to get the right spellings. others will get the spellings off of slides. ht, the start with utrec piece that ended the previous war queen anne's war, and it

in relative peace in europe and in the colonies. but war interrupted in late 70 -- 1739, and this was when britain declared war on spain. the nominal reason was depredations against british commerce. in 1738a listing posted singing, look, the spanish are seizing our ships on the high an insult.his is and there is an increasing clamor and britain to do something about it. also, some of the tension occurring between the british ad spanish is something over slave trading contract, 830-year contract they gave britain the right to furnish slaves to spanish colonies. there were some specific numbers

on that. the bottom line is that there was tension between rich and and spain. there was one incident in particular that later get this conflict its name. you might say that is an odd ear., the war of jenkins' ye where did that come from. the shipsa was one of that had been seized by the spanish, a british merchant ship , and the captain was a man named robert jenkins. of spanishhe process boarding and actually had his ear cut off. jenkins took it upon himself to carry the ear around, he would put in a jar, may be taken to a bar to get free drink, i don't know. but jenkins was symbolic. in 1731.as cut off he was asked to testify about it and talk to the government.

this is a satirical cartoon of him talking to the prime minister. you can see his wig and the colleagues of taken off the wig to show his ear. the prime minister is dismissing him. he would rather talk to a lady than deal with this issue. it shows that there is a tension and written. eventually, britain does declare war in late 1739. this is an american history class, so we will focus on events in the colonies. we are going to start with this fellow here, james oglethorpe. his official title is long to her general and commander-in-chief of all and singular his majesty's promises in carolina and georgia. we might think of him as being the colonial governor of that area. seizing an opportunity, seeing and war between britain spain has broken out, oglethorpe

sees an opportunity in a contested area between what is today florida and georgia, some -- there is a certain area claimed both by the spanish in the british colonists, a disputed area. so oglethorpe says it would be great if we could seize that area with a crown. though he puts together a force of british regulars, colonial militia, and allies in the summer of 1739. they begin marching towards -- where would they begin marching? where is the place they would probably want to take? saint augustine, right? saint augustine. i when already seen someone tried to take sake -- say. christine earlier. so oglethorpe put this together, he captures several small spanish forts, and in late june, he enters saint augustine. here is a picture of the little you get there.

this is a classic new world european-style fortress which has been billed. it started in response to the raid drake had. oglethorpe and his troops are going to need to seize the fort. at the same time, the royal navy, oglethorpe gets some help, and they are going to put up a blockade. the local spanish population was withdrawing to the fort and a seizure is going to happen. that is what takes place. the head of the fort was a fellow named manuel de montiano, and he basically said that we are going to hang out here and hang on to the crown and the king. one of the interesting things about him is that we actually have some really good records of this. interesting of an

slide here. this is the digital library of georgia. we have this reserve. you might say, wait a minute, why is he writing in english? he is not. in fact, his letters were so important in the -- at the time that somebody went and transcribed them all into english. see thisn go in and stuff online. i bring this letter up because 1740,te this on june 24, the day that oglethorpe began ge. seiz he is writing to his superior and says -- "i cannot express to you the confusion of this place. the only defense is its fortress and the rest is open country. the families have taken shelter below the artillery oh which is pitiable to behold." i'm not sure if you talking

about the fort or the landscape nearby, but either way, he says, if you cannot aid us, we will perish. the spanish makes attempts to send some supplies and pop, and those are able to reach the fort . the siege fails. oglethorpe realizes he is not going to be able to succeed in the siege of saint augustine. he is logistically unable to continue. so he returns back to georgia. happen then? what you think will happen? that's right, a counterattack. oglethorpe returns. so manuel de montiano contacted the spanish government and said that they have been attacked and would like to re-attack, and the spanish government gives him significant resources. they give him about 5000 troops. 5000 is a large number of troops in the mid-18th century. so montiano is in charge of

these troops, and they sail up to what is modern day saints simons island in georgia, and they actually outnumber the georgian defenders, which is a combination of colonial militia, british defenders, and indians by about to one. 4.5 and yet, oglethorpe is able to defeat the invasion, there are two battles that take place in july. july of 1742. the more significant of which is the battle of the bloody marsh, so oglethorpe achieves everlasting fame. that is why they have a statue of him. he essentially saved the colonies there from an invasion by the spanish. end ofally, that is the major operations in the war of jenkins' ear in north america. montiano decides to withdraw his forces after the defeat.

oglethorpe wants to attack saint augustine again, but nothing really comes of his plan. at the end of the day, we essentially have one attack by oglethorpe in one direction. and then an attack in the other direction. at the end of the day, nothing really changes. you see it on the slide here. he goes down. then back up and the spanish are defeated at luddy marsh. so as far as american history is concerned, it was inconclusive. it was essentially a draw. the border between georgia and florida remain as it was before, a rough line in the wilderness. both sides have claims into the others' territory. it is that way until 1763 and the treaty of paris, which we will like about next week. that is an important part of conflict in north america. but in europe, things are kind of proceeding.

i want to step back to 1744 p or when britain and spain go to with spain is allied france, so france's kind of supporting spain and the effort. it is largely a maritime war. britain is not anxious to get into a land war with france. but if we go back to 1740, there are some things going on in europe. one of which occurs in the spring of 1740. the new monarch sits on the prussian throne. there is frederick the great. his father passed away and pop -- in may of 1740. that fall, the emperor of the holy roman empire, charles vi, passes away. ii, so this is a great opportunity. he had his roots there and there

was growing power. he saw the crisis in austria as something of an opportunity. daughter, maria teresa, succeeded him. during his lifetime, he tried to get a bunch of stuff lined up. there was the idea that, well, can we have a woman in the throne? in some places, the rules of hierarchy in terms of secession, that is not possible. in other places like in england, it is be but it was contested. so they said it is fine. for theresa is fine throne. others said it is not ok. part of her gender is about power. frederick is using this as somewhat of an excuse to attack the holy empire all at once. essentially, war breaks out between the habsburg monarchy and their allies and the prussians. britain tends to side with the

austrian habsburgs, while france tends to side with prussia. ultimately, this kind of cold war between france and britain ends in march of 1744 when france declares war on britain. 11 days later, britain responds in kind, and then we have a major war in europe by 1744. it is really almost a world war. it is known as the war of austrian succession in european history. once again, there is an opportunity for the colonists. not just for the english colonists but also the french colonists. as you recall in the treaty of , utrecht, this was the opportunity for france to -- france canada, then called new france, to recapture lost territory. what the french

governor of canada does. he organizes an exhibition to recapture the capital of nova scotia, annapolis royal. one of the things that is different between 1713 and 1744 is that the french have held this massive fortress here at louisbourg. we talked about that last class, this big fortress almost 150 , cannons, it took a number of years to build, so not only is it a great place to launch an expedition, it is also a great place to house your privateers. so not only are the french interested in retaking acadia, to make an opportunity some money. a privateer is a pirate two has been officially authorized to the government. and french privateer is a muddy the french government has given a letter of mark saying you are authorized to commit piracy as long as it is against the british. one man's pirate is another man's privateer.

that is another way to think of it. if i want to have some ships and i can get them in behind the protection of the fortress, we are in great shape. so the colonists are unhappy about this. down here, the new england colonists, first of all, they like a buffer zone p or they acadia, nowct that renamed nova scotia, is in british hands. at present time, they are not too happy about their commerce being rated by these french privateers. merchants are in the business of making money. if you send a ship out and it is captured and taken back to france, that is not good. so the french launch this expedition. the british are unhappy about the effort to recapture nova scotia/acadia, and also about the privateering. the french siege of annapolis royal was supported by the

local indian tribe. this tribe was allied -- they were not treated well by the british in nova scotia -- so they allied with the french. they were not treated well by the british occupation of nova scotia. so they had kind of an ax to grind. talk veryot really well together. they had their own idea as opposed to the french who were in a more traditional european-style warfare. the bottom line is that the effort by the french to recapture is not particularly successful. not successful at all, so, you know. scotia/acadia is threatened by french privateers. nameditious politician william shirley decides that this is an opportunity for him. he proposes a bold proposal that

he takes to the massachusetts general court. he says, look, we can help our english brothers over in nova scotia and equally, if not more important, we can get rid of this base in which the privateers are talking about. let's go take louisbourg. imagine what the massachusetts general court said? what they said -- are you crazy? right? so they turn him down. getse is persuasive and the merchant class in the boston-new england area to support him. they offer to provide some of their own money to support this expedition, and he goes back to the general -- and eventually, by one vote, they approve the expedition to it at the same time, he is corresponding with the british government and talking to the royal navy. he actually writes the head of the west indies station, trying

to get support. not haves like, i do orders from the crown yet. if i do, i will help you out. sometimes this is even called shirley's war. a lot of people are skeptical of the idea. but what is important is that the majority of the troops are provided by massachusetts, connecticut, rhode island, new and they all contribute troops. even some of the middle atlantic states, although they do not all want to commit troops, but new york, for example, says we will give you cannons and help you out there. ,ennsylvania, which was quaker they said we will provide food and clothing and equipment for you guys. what is interesting about this is we would get earlier conflicts and they are very focused on specific colonies. colonial,ally a pan if you will, effort to to recapture louisbourg.

some interesting background, two points to make. first of all, it was a very close vote. allegedly, and i have never been able to confirm this story, it there wasvote and another guy that was going to vote against the expedition and he was coming to vote and he was in a carriage and broke his leg and cannot make his vote. i do not know that is true. but what we do know is that shirley had good intelligence. right? he knew the morale of the french garrison in louisbourg was low. at one point prior to his request for this, there was a mutiny. it is not uncommon in the 18th century for governments to have trouble paying their armies. it was considered entirely ok if you did not get paid for a certain amount of time. the mutiny was basically like i

am not doing anything until you pay me. so the french garrison had low morale. shirley knew this. this is some of the information he uses to convince the massachusetts general court to go ahead and authorize the expedition. he has to choose a leader for the expedition. he has already talked to peter e got word back. warren convenes a council of the captains, and he says he would like to help, but he needs the king to buy into this, and he does not have that yet. eventually, information comes. that shirley is willing to take the expedition without significant support from the royal navy. but he's still looking around, trying to find somebody who can lead the expedition. just to give you an idea of what

they are trying to do here, this is an arial view. here is part of the fort. this gives you an idea of the difficulty of capturing this area. at the time, this was a little .own and if you come from the land side, it is difficult. if you come from the seaside, there are batteries. so bottom line, this is a difficult, difficult operation to it so you need just the right guy for this. in fact shirley finds the man in , william pepperrell. inove this portrait painted 1746, the year after the background and the is interesting. it was a great achievement. pepperrell was a great choice. he was described as a gentleman of sterling, though not shining qualities, and he will give character and weight to the post that is destined for him.

the point about his wealth is not insignificant. because how are you going to fund this expedition? there is only so much money the colony has. private merchants pay a lot of the cost to fund this work, -- to fund this war including from , william pepperrell himself. he contributed 5000 pounds, and that is a lot of money, and he basically gave it to the massachusetts government. he said here you go, use this as you will. in addition to that, he also provided money to pay for bounties. one thing you have to do for an expedition is to pay bounties to get people to join. clearly, the money that was contributed i pepperrell and others was very important. did not really have significant military background. this is where it became helpful that the king finally got back to warren and said, yes, we will support this expedition.

so the royal navy joins this expedition which is scheduled for the spring of 1745. although the money help in raising the troops for the expedition, there is another factor i want to introduce, the role of the local clergy. they played a large role in drumming up support for an attack against what many saw as england's papist enemies. the participants themselves believed wholeheartedly that they were doing god's work. there is a strong religious element to the decision to join this expedition. for example, this is actually a letter that was written during the siege to it when officer wrote back to his wife -- i am willing to stay until god's time comes to deliver the city into our hands. his wife replays, the whole town is much-engaged. of god.you in the hand

if you look at the letters, and these are available on google books. there are enough for things published in the 18th century, these letters were published between soldiers writing back a majority of them belief in god, that we are doing god's work, and that if god wills it, it will happen, the belief that god was on their side. there are a lot of factors that go into this. there are a lot of soldiers that fight in this conflict. well, shirley was able to put together a large expedition. a large number of troops. the first contingent of which arrived on the 11th of may of 1745. the royal navy also contributed ships under peter warren. warrinen did not get

along that well but they worked together just well enough to make the operation a success. the expeditions often times did not draw everybody from the higher echelons of society. there is a famous story about a group of soldiers who had to be disciplined because they went out and plundered a bunch of french rom, and their excuse was, well, it is better than ours. by and large, these are militiamen that are signing up for this expedition, and the combined forces of the colonial forcedion and royal navy bc at the fortress. importantly, unlike the blockade five years earlier, this time the royal navy prevented supplies from reaching louisburg. in a little under seven weeks, the french capitulated. here you have a temporary

drawing and this is the fortress. , you have guns here, guns over here. you get the land, take it from the land, stop the ships from coming in. it is a difficult to ask her that said, a lot of historians would argue that it probably was not as difficult as it was made out to be. we know from the history of louisbourg that there was some history with the construction, and because of the weather, masonry was more likely to crumble. they do not take that into account when they built it. and if you other things. the bottom line is that although it was not her hats -- perhaps as impressive as the colonials made it out to be, it was still impressive. they were able to essentially take what is the most impressive fortress in the new world. they had the help of the royal navy, but the colonial army was instrumental in pop achieving -- in a achieving this colonial

expedition. many have argued that the capture of louisbourg was almost the greatest achievement of colonial troops, and it did have some long-lasting applications. -- long-lasting implications in terms of a thought process for the colonies. it reduced public opinion of the british army. led on a second -- it numerous colonists to conclude that soldiers conducting god's tok were superior or equal british regulars pretty might say, wait a minute, these are the french. the ideas we are a citizen soldier and have god on our side, so this will allow us to be a professional army. is at the areas louisbourg, but you have the success -- but you have to contrast the success at louisburg with two major british beats at the same time. in 1741 the british suffered a massive defeat you what is now known as present-day colombia,

and there had been an american contingent with that and they were not impressed with the performance of the british. more recently, very stark contrast to the successful capture of louisburg, the failure of the british army at fontan or a -- a battle in belgium which takes place in may of 1745. nothe british army does the as impressive, and french army not as much either. so this perception develops that citizen soldiers are equal to professional armies. we will come back to that theme when we talk about the early years of the revolution. here is one more for you. this is a sketch of louisbourg done during the occupation -- we do not know the exact year. you get a real feel for what it would have looked like.

now, louis xvii of france put a commander in charge of a next expedition -- a massive naval expedition -- to go and find a new fort. he gives the commander takession and says if you louisburg, great, or some other equally of light. they mention small québec oracle webex city -- or québec city. it is in response to the colonial or british capture of louisburg. the naval minister assembles a force, a massive force. it consists of 11,000 men and 25,000 pounds of shipping to the largest fresco -- largest french

force to sail to the new world until the revolution. this is double the size of the spanish ever to take georgia or even the colonial successful attempt at louisbourg. so this is a massive, massive expedition. the naval commander chose the duc d'anville, and d'anville was described by one scholar as virtually without naval experience. he had a very high rank, and you was looted initle journal of the army-navy. you might say, why would they pick this guy? he was what some referred to as a courtier admiral, and if you look at the french navy during

this time, all of their admirals are around 80 years old. so he was actually fairly young being a middle-aged guy in an oldand -- instead of guy. he took his job seriously. he started to work with the thel ministry, the ministry marines put together. but from the beginning, the eset withn was b problems. they were supposed to leave in early spring but left in late spring. in transit, the winds had shifted so they were very slow to get there. why does that matter? the longer you are on eight of at sea during the 18th century, the more disease occurs in we have all heard of scurvy and other diseases. freshwater is hard to get. they also encountered stormy weather, including a hurricane that scour the area before its

arrival. there was not a lot of good stuff going on during those early years. they were slow to get provisions. they were late to leave. they hit storms and a hurricane before they got there it so they latelly arrived around september. there is a discussion, do we just go back home? what do we do? they were not even sure where some of their ships were. occasionally, they were like, did the ships sink? port onehows up in day. they were all scattered by the storm. things were not looking good, but they got worse. d'anville dies surely after -- shortly after arriving. historians have been fascinated with what killed him. most think it was probably a stroke. but we're not sure the stroke killed him. but after he had a stroke and showed classic symptoms of a

stroke, like mumbling words and stuff, his doctors were trying to fix them. of course, how did they fixed people in the 18th century? they bled him. he kept getting bled. eventually he dies. ok, fine, there is a second in command, right? a guy who never thought he would have to take command is suddenly in charge of the expedition. he is overwhelmed with his response ability. three days after he takes over, he resigns. then, apparently, we do not really know the full story, but he apparently tried to commit suicide in a feverish delirium. so the story goes that he was in his room, and they heard a yell, and they try to get in the room and it was locked. they broke the door open, and there he was with his sword through his belly and sticking out his back. he was mumbling about something. something about the invasion or something. it was a miracle recovery. they actually pulled the sword

out and he recovered which is amazing. so then it fell to the third guy. he looks at the situation feared at first, he is like, louisburg is too much, so let's take québec. then he looked around some more and was like, yeah, it probably will not happen. they discussed possibly going back. probably not a good idea. bellicose.ite in the demise of his predecessor, there were some questions as to what role he played. did he force the guy out of the position? most leave he was just overwhelmed. andooks at the disorganized depleted forces and realized there was not any hope of taking louisburg or québec parents so there is another effort to capture annapolis royal. this effort, too, ended in failure. so the expedition was a complete and total failure. in fact, the title of the book,

a very good source for the expedition sums it up in five "anatomyremely well -- of a naval disaster." and it really is. i have talked about these inadequate logistics, poor leadership, inc. -- an adequate weather, these are all things that led to the failure of this expedition. but the new england colonists tended to focus on one thing in particular. i'm going to ask you a question to it what do you think, of these four things, the weather, and the seas, which do you think the new englanders tend to focus on? and why? oft yourself in the mindset that time. >> the weather. >> why do you say that?

who controls the weather? god. that is right. so the people of new england tend to focus on the weather. distributed their salvation, the hand of god. there were rumors and they knew the armada was coming for boston. in the instructions, they could have attacked the eastern seaboard, but their primary focus was to land in acadia. the new englanders thought they were coming to her later, we will see this in the spanish-american war when it breaks out. fearct, there is a real that the french are coming and are going to attack boston are some other city on the east coast of the colonies. arecally, or i guess if you religious, providentially, this rightcomes and disburses before they arrived. there is a pretty famous poem

about this by longfellow called "the ballad of the french fleet." and here is a painting by vernet , a frenchman who was fairly familiar with this event, and i would like to think he has the failed louisburg expedition in his mind. let me read this poem really quickly. longfellow. by he is writing in the 19th century and we will come back to that in a second. a fleet with flags are raised and the admiral ship displayed at the signal here southwest. admiral d'anville would go with this, against her helpless boston town. rumors in the street and the houses in fear of the coming of the fleet and the danger hovering near. with tidings of dismay, i stood in the old south saying humbly, let us pray.

o lord, in thy providence, i tempest may arrive, sink it in the sea who should be satisfied. this was the prayer i made. even as i prayed, and answering tempest came with mighty power, shaking the windows and walls. the lightning suddenly sword --oes flaming unsheathed, and i cried, "stand still and see the salvation of the lord!" the fleet had overtook, and down the reeling dax crashed -- decks crash the overwhelming seas. down the reeling dax crashed the overwhelming seas. like a vessel broke, they were carried away a smoke or saying like lead and brine.

thine horse through the sea. you might say, why are you reading a 19th century poet while talking about the 18th century, but i think it accurately captures the view of the new englanders' sentiments during this time. it shows the religious aspect to the conflict that we were talking about. after 1746, there are a few minor actions, at one point, there is an effort to take this little part of nova scotia here. this is another failed attempt. so basically, after this d'anville expedition, there is the privateering going on, and by the way, the british are also using privateering to fight the french.

so it is not one direction. but the bottom line is that a kind of guys down in this area. one reason for that is that the french have essentially lost the war at sea by the end of 1747. in may and then again in october, there were two very famous naval battles that were disastrous for the french, these were off the northwestern tip of spain, known as the first and second battles of cape finisterre. in both cases, there are efforts by the french to get convoys to help new france. in both cases, the british destroyed the french navy forces protecting the convoys. then they are obviously able to stop the convoys from being able to cross the atlantic. with this, essentially by 1747 and then 1748, the war was in a stalemate. france still had the advantage

in europe. the advantage on the land side. royal navy and britain had achieved the upper hand. so with this kind of stalemate in place, the two sides began negotiations. maria theresa was allowed to maintain the throne. essentially, although the war had been fought and made tensions, it was a draw essentially and both sides kind of went back to it we will see in nor -- a new war break out in an other decade which is known in europe as the seven years war. with the treaty of aix-la-chapelle, and that was signed in october of 1748. we have seen this before. this ends the status of antebellum. what happens to the positions that were captured and occupied? right. essentially goes back. antebellum returns.

what does that mean for louisburg? right, it goes back to the french. so if you are a british colonist, what you think of that? what do you think of that? we just gave back this thing you spent blood and treasure on. not happy. britain had won the war, french had dominated on the continent, and they had maritime advantages, but from the british perspective, it makes a lot of sense paired from the colonial perspective, this was our great military achievement and you take it away from us with the stroke of a pen. that is the perception. so they were robbed of the fruits of their greatest victory. there is a second part to that. now the french have back the slaves were they can put the privateers and raid the roots of another war breaks out, they will be just as vulnerable as

they were in 1744 p or so the colonists are not happy about the return of louisbourg. in the grand geopolitical perspective, you have to take a little perspective, it makes sense from the british perspective but not pleasing for the colonists. in discussing king george's war, what are things we can talk about? there are three things that we can take away from this particular conflict. the british colonists have once again banded together in times of crisis, as we talked about before, coming together in solidarity. there is a shared sense of community. you can kind of imagine, right, maybe a modern analogue of going to a big football game. at the end of the game, you are all one, all cheering for the team. there is this crisis and the come together. there is also this panic that

the coast will be rated. there is this creation -- not that there was not already a sense of community, but it enhances that feeling amongst the people. there is an increased sense of community. is one thing. a second thing is it does provide some valuable military experience. as we know, because we have seen the future, there are some wars coming up, the french indian war and then the american revolution, so there are not too many colonists around who fought in the queen anne's war, that -- and if they are, they are not able to fight. but the next war takes place just 10 years later, so there is definitely some valuable military experience that is gained because of this. , in fact,think

providence was on their side. soldiers coming together to do god's work was something that would allow for the defeat of a regular army, something that a lot of people take away. with that, i will go ahead and open it up for questions. takeawayy have a slide, just a chronology here. any questions? >> the louisburg fort, that was taken twice and given back twice? >> the question is, the was therefort, another time it was taken? the answer is yes. the next war, the british have to take it again. and the fact that they take it in 1745 help them a lot when 1758.ake it again in there is a definite knowledge,

and it ties into the theme of the military knowledge gained. it was done once in the provincials did it, so surely we can do it again. we will look at that next week. we are actually reading about it. >> [inaudible] >> great question. seems like the royal navy is kind of helpful. wouldn't the colonists want to start building up their own navy? the short answer is yes. the very first navy is a continental navy. thehey do recognize revolution comes. on the other hand, navies are really expensive. really expensive. they are expensive to build and expensive to maintain. one of the problems that the french has is they do not have money and this is the king of , france. so there is really no motivation for them to invest all this money in the navy. after all they are british , citizens. why would you build a

continental navy if you have the royal navy and you are british. -- if you have got the role navy and you are british? we will see in the seven years' war that there is an increase in this feeling of britishness. in a way, you're kind of looking ahead, which is great, but there reason why a navy would be built by the colonists during this time. another question. that the colonists did not like the fact that he went back to louisburg. [inaudible] doesn't lead further on to the american revolution? >> great question. is this about the formation of the american identity? i think, ultimately, yes. but i also want to say no. it is easy now to go back and see the colonies as american,

but it was really a regional identity. before you can have a national identity you need a regional identity. they came together in time. one of the interesting things is that there is kind of this disconnect. we have the war down south and then other than mentioning the royal navy, i did not mention the war up north, king george's war. that is not accidental. they did not really -- the carolinans were not going to send up troops to help with acadia and louisburg. vice versa. you did not hear about massachusetts helping out with saint augustine. you have the carolinas and georgia coming a little bit closer together. and the new england colonies provide troops. then you get to the mid-atlantic, pennsylvania and new york, and they do not provide troops but they did provide supplies and can is -- cannons. so there is a regional identity

more so that we see in other wars. >> do the french comeback back in the british leave when they go back to louisburg? is it more of a skirmish to get the fort? >> the british come in and think it will be theirs. they have been pounding the walls down. the masonry was not the greatest , so it was crumbling. so they were like, ok, now we captured the fort. so they actually start lobbing shells into the city. they start rebuilding everything. you can see in this image. this is from the library at the university of michigan. it is a contemporary sketch. it was done and it is in english. it was done between the occupation. but once the war is over, here are the keys to the fort. in a way, another reason to be upset, hey, wait a minute, we just spent three years

rebuilding the fort and now we are giving it back to you all new and improved. that was further angering the colonists. another quick one. >> this might be jumping ahead, but was there another -- [inaudible] that ends thet next war is the treaty of paris. that is not very good for the french or the spanish. all right, thank you for coming. i appreciate it. [captioning performed by national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captioning performed by national captioning institute, >> you are watching american history tv all weekend, every .eekend, on c-span3 to join the conversation, like us on facebook.