before the french indiana war. these are words i put up for spelling. often times i will mention these and students like to get the right spellings. other spellings will be on the slide. we will part here with the peace that ended the previous war, queen anne's war and war of the spanish succession and it ushered in peace both in europe and the colonies but war again rerupted in late 1739 when britain declared war on spain. the nominal reason for that declaration was de gradation for british commerce. this listing saying spanish

privateers are seizing our ships on the high seas, this is an insult and there is an increasing clamor in britain to do something about it. also some of the tension between british and spanish over something that is basically a slave trading contract. it is a 30 year contract that gave britain the right to furnish slaves to spanish colonies. there was specific numbers on that. there was one incident in particular is that later gave this conflict the name, war of jenkins year it was in fact a result of one of the ships, the rebecca, that had been seized by the spanish, the captain was a man named robert jenkins and he

had his ear cut off. it was severed. everyone handed it was handed back to him. to him it was symbolic. he gets his ear cut off in 1771 but talks to the government, there's a carton of him talking to the prime minister. there's his wig, they are showing his ear, the prime minister dismissing him. he would rather talk to a lady than have to deal with this issue. so it shows there's a tension in britain and eventually britain does declare war in late 1739. now of course as american military history class, we will

focus on events in the colonies. we will start with jameis's official title, i have to read it browse it is so long. we may think of him as being the governor of that area. seeing that war between britain and spain has broken out, he sees an opportunity there's a contested area between what is today florida and georgia. there is a certain area claimed both by the spanish and british colonists and so this man says it will be great if we can seize that area for the crown. so he puts together a force in december 1739. and they begin marching towards, where is the place they would probably want to take, guys?

st. augustine, right. so we've seen drake in the 1580s try to take it. so he puts together this expedition and captures some small spanish forts. and in june in st. augustine is a national park now, you can see this is a classic, new world european style fortress which had been built back in 1686 drake raid. bottom line the troops will need to siege the forts and at the same time put a block aid to e prevent fresh supplies from

coming in and a seize will happen. that's what takes place. the head of the fort there was a fellow named manuel monday t montano. we have really good records of this. this is a good slide. this is in the digital library in georgia. you will say why is he writing in english? he's not but in fact his letters were considered so porj of important that someone translated them into english for us. it is a great resource if you don't speak spanish because you can go see is this stuff online. i want to talk about this letter he wrote on the 24th of june,

1740, the day of the siege commenced. he is writing to his superior and writes i can't express the confusion of this place. here the only defense is its fortress all the rest is open country. the families have left their families -- pitiable, not sure if he means the people are suffering either way there's a problem. he ends by saying if you cannot aid us we must perish. so the spanish government sends in resupplies that reach the fort. the siege fails. he realizes he won't succeed. he is logistically unable to continue it and goes back to

georgia. what do you think is comincomin? yeah counter attack. so he says we would like to reattack and the spanish government provides significant resources to montanyo, they give him 5,000 troops, a large number of troops in the mid 18th century. so they sail out and outnumber the georgia defenders, combination of british soldiers, by about four and half to one. the numbers are roughly 4500 to 1,000. and yet orglethorpe is able to

defeat the invasion. the battle of the bloody marsh, he achieves ever lasting fame, built him 9 foot tall bronze statue because he saved the colonies by the invasion by the spanish and essentially that is the end of major operations here in america. montonio withdrawals. nothing becomes of the counter attack plans. at the end of the day, we essentially have one attack in one direction one in the other direction and at the end of the day nothing really changes. so it is this inset right here. he comes down. goes back up. and the spanish are defeated at bloody marsh.

so the war was inconclusionive. it was a draw. the border remained between florida and georgia, a rough line through the wilderness, it would say that way until 1763, treaty of paris is a topic we will talk about next week. so, that's an important part of the conflict here in north america but in europe things are proceeding at pace. so step back 1744. british and spain go to war. france is supporting spain in this effort. it is largely a marimaritime wa. if we go back to 1740 other things are going on in europe, one of which occurs in the spring, a new monarch is sent to

the throne, frederick the great, his father passed away 1740 and the emporer of the holy roman empire passed away and frederick the second saw this as a great opportunity. he had sewn roots there and saw a growing power and saw this crisis in austria as something of an opportunity. who succeeded him was his daughter, maria theeresa, and during his lifetime he tried to line stuff up, like can we have a woman in the throne in some places the rules of hierarchy in terms of succession, it is not

possible but it was contested. that's the short version. they said it is fine. others say it's not okay. really in part it is about her gen gender but also about power. he is using this as an excuse to attack parts of the holy roman empire. so war breaks out between the monarchy and their allies and prussia. ultimately the cold war there ends march 1744 when france declares war on britain. seven days later britain responds in kind and really it is like a world war. it is known as war of austria of

succession in european history. once again the colonists see an opportunity. as you recall the french lost their akadia as part of treaty. what an opportunity to recapture their lost territory. in fact that's exactly what the french governor of canada does. he organizes an expedition to recapture the capital of nova scot scotia. they built a massive fortress here. almost 150 cannons to built, took a number of years to build,

not only is it a great place to launch an expedition but to house privateers. a private ear is a pirate that has been officially authorized by the french governor. they gave a letter saying you are authorized to commit pier raci as long as it is against the british. one man's private is another man's private eer is another wa to think about it. so the colonists are unhappy about this. the new england colonists like a buffer zone. they like that akadia now renamed nova scotia is in brit hands.

not happy about commerce being raided. if you send out a ship that is captured and taken to france that's not good. so the french launched this expedition, the british are unhappy about the efforts to recapture nova scotia, and the will privateering. nick knack indianas. talked about the chicago asaws supporting in . >> the nick knacks were not treated well. unfortunately they and the french didn't talk very well together. the nick knacks had their own ideas how to take the city as opposed to the french wanted more traditional warfare.

the bottom line is that the effort by the french to recapture is not particularly successful. in fact not at all, it fails. well, with nova scotia threatened by french privateers operating out of the islanders, a politician named william shirley decides this is an opportunity for him and proposes a gold proposal and says we can help our english brothers on nova scotia and we can get rid of the base, let's go take louie borg. what do you think they said? yes, are you crazy. right. so he goes rnd and of course

they turn him down and say no we're not going do that but he's persuasive and gets the merchant class to support him. it is their ships being raided. they offered to provide their own money to support this expedition and eventually by one vote they approve this expedition and he is also talking to the british government an and royal navy. also the guy from western station trying to get his support. he is like if i get orders from the crown i will help you out. so he has a great idea but a lot of people skeptical of the idea what is important the new england colonies all come together although majority of troops rhode island, new hampshire, even some m

mid-atlantic states and colony of new york said we got cannons we will provide. and quaker said we'll provide food and clothing. when you look athe earlier conflicts they are focused on a specific colony. this is a real effort to go and recapture louie borg. the back ground shirleyy is able to convince the assembly. first of all it is a very close vote. allegedly. it was a tie vote. the guy who was, the last guy voted for, there was another guy that was going to vote against the expedition and he was coming to vote and he broke his leg in the carriage.

i don't mknow if that story is true or not but good story. but we do know he had good intelligence. we knew morale was low. in fact at one point they had a mutiny. it was considered entirely okay if you didn't get paid for a certain amount of time, the mutiny was like, i'm not doing anything until you pay me. so the french garrison had low morale if you had high morale you may be willing to wait longer for your pay. so shirley knew this so he was able to authorize the expedition. he needs a leader for the expedition. he already talked to peter

warren who he got the word back from him. he's like i'd like to help but i need the king to buy into this and i don't have that yet. so shirley is willing to take this expedition without significant support by the royal navy which probably would not have been a good tact but he's still looking around trying to find somebody who can lead the expedition. just to kind of give you an idea of what they're trying to do here, this is a view, part of it we extend across, it gives an idea of the difficulty of capturing this area. at the time this was filled in with little towns. if you come through the land side you got to get through this fort. from the sea side they will shoot you. this is a difficult, difficult operation. so he needs just the right guy for this.

in fact shirley finds his man in william pepperell. this picture is painted after the expedition, and that is allowy borg in the back ground. pepperell is a great choice. described as a man who promises to give weight -- the point about his wealth is not insignificant. all right. how will you fund this expedition? there's only so much money the colony has. in fact private merchants pay a lot of the cost. including pepperell himself who was a arifto krat and he contributed 5,000 pounds gave it

to them, and also allowed to pay for his own bounties to get people to join the expedition. so clearly the money that was contributed by pepperell and others was important but he didn't have significant military back ground. this is where it became helpful that the king finally got back to warren and said yes you can contribute and support this expedition. so the royal navy joins this expedition scheduled for the spring 1745. there's another factor i want to introduce, that's the role of the local clergy, they played a large role in drumming up support foreign support.

they believe they had were doing god's work. there's a strong religious element to the decision to join this expedition. for example this is a letter that was wrote during the siege itself. one saying i'm willing to stay until god's time comes. and his wife refplying say i leave you in the hand of god. if you look at the letters on google books, a number of things were published in the mid 18th century, these letters published between soldiers writing back home. a majoritiy of them invoke this belief in god. we're doing god's work. if god will will it, it will happen. there's a lot of factors that go

into why these shoulders decide to go and fight in this conflict. shirley was able to put together a fairly large expedition of 4,000 troops. first contention arrived may 11, 1745. royal navy also contributed ships. it's interesting because pepperell and warren didn't work together well but just well enough to make the operation a success. the expeditions often times didn't necessarily draw people from higher etch lon from society. there was way group of soldier who's plunderred a bunch of french rum and said it's better than ours. but by in large these are not professional soldiers, they are

militiaman signing up. they besieged and bomb barded the fortress and unlike five years earlier, this time the royal navy prevented resupplies from reaching allowy burg and the ench from capitulated in a little over seven weeks. here you have a drawing of the f fortress. right. even up here. so you got guns here and over here. you have to take it from the land, stop the ships from getting in, it's a difficult task. that said probably not as difficult as it was made out to be. we now know that there was issues with construction, there was problem because of the weather mason was more likely to

crumble and a few other things. although it wasn't as impressive as the colonials made it out to be it was a impressive military achievement, able to have the most impressive fortress in the world. with help of the royal navy but colonial army. it ha long lasting implication in terms of a thought process for the colonist. it reduced the colonist opinions. it led numerous colonists to conclude that citizen soldiers were superior to earthy

sovereigns so if we're a citizen soldier with god on our side we will be allowed to defeat professional armies. so they beat the army at allowy borg but you have the contrast of success at allowiburg with two major defeats. 12 . >> in 1741, british suffered a massive defeat in present day columbia. they were not impressed with the performance of the british. and more recently in very stark contact to the successful capture of louieburg is battle in present day belgium which takes place in may 1745. so the british army doesn't seem

as impressive and the french army not as much either so this perception develops that citizen soldiers are the equal and professional army. we will talk about that later. here's a sketch during the occupation. you can get a real feel for what it looked like. now. louie the 15th, king of france agreed to a massive expedition in nova scotia either to retake louie borg or put in a letter to the charger of the expedition an equalivelent.

quebec city. perhaps. he gives him a lot of latitude clearly in response to the colonial -- british capture, i should say, of louieberg. 11,000 men. 25,000 tons of shipping. the largest french force until the revolution. this is double the size of either the spanish effort to take georgia or even the colonial successful attempt on louieberg. this is a massive expedition. he chose the duke of anville. here's his full name if you want it.

anville was described by one scholar virtually without naval experience. he had a high rank. he was lieutenant general of the army. so he had a high rank and you might say why would they pick this guy, he had achieved his rank and fame through his political connections in the court, but when you look athe the french navy all of their at me -- admirals were 80 years old. he was fairly young being middle aged instead of an old guy. he took his job very seriously. and he started to work with the marines, but from the beginning the expedition was beset with problems. there were problems with provisioning. they were supposed to leave in early spring, left in late spring. had transit endured poor winds,

the wingds shifted. they were very slow in getting there. we heard of skurvey and other diseases that go through your ship. fresh water is hard to get. and they also experienced stormy weather. including a hurricane. there was not a lot of. >> stunot a lot of good stuff gg on. diseases and storms, they have hurricanes before they get there, they don't arrive until late december, weather not so good, and then are late getting there and there's a discussion, do we just go back home. what do we do? they weren't even sure where some of the ships were. did the ships sink?

and it shows up in port one day because they all got scattered by the storms. so things weren't looking good but got worse. anville died shortly there after. historians think he was killed by a stroke but we're not sure the stroke killed him because after he had the stroke and had the classic symptoms of a stroke, weakness and mumbled words but his doctors were trying to fix him and he kept getting bled and eventually he suckums and dies and okay fine there's a second in command so a guy who never thought he would have to take command is overwhelmed with his responsibility and three days later he resigns and apparently

we don't know the full story but apparently attempted suicide in a feverish deleer yum. he was in his room, heard a yell, tried to get in, broke the door open and there he was with his sword through his belly through his back and they pulled the sword out and he recovered. which is amazing. so we look at the third guy, at first is like louieburg is too much let's take quebec but decide no probably not a good idea. and he's quite velicose.

there's some say he was overwhelmed. he looked at the depleted forces and decided to capture royal this too ended in failure. so to some it was a complete and total failure. in fact the title of the book sums it up extremely well. "anatomy of a naval disaster" and it really is. there are ultimately many reasons for the failure. inadequate logistics. poor leadership. nasty path opathogens. all things that led to the failure of this expedition. but the new england colonists tended to focus on one thing in particular.

what do you think of these four things. logistics, leadership, weather, and disease, which do you think the new englanders tended to focus on what do you think and why. put yourself in the mind of a 1740-something new englander. >> weather. >> weather why do you say that? who controls the weather. god. you're exactly right. there's multiple reasons but the new englanders tend to focus on the weather. they attribute their salvation to the hand of god. they all knew the amata was coming and it turns out they could have attacked the eastern sea board but their focus what to land in akadia. it was a possibility and they thought it would happen.

there's a real fear that the french are coming and will attack boston or some other city on the east coast of the colo coloni colonies. so magically the storm comes right before they arrive. there's a famous poem i'm going to read that talks about it. it's called "ballot of the french fleet" here's a temporary painting by a frenchman who was very, very familiar with this event. sewerly i like to think he has the failed louieburg expedition in his mind. this is october 1746 by longfellow.

a fleet with flags araid sail from the port abreast the signal southwest -- to ravage our helpless boston town -- danger hovering near -- mouth to mouth, i stood in the old south saying humbly, let us pray. oh, lord if in our providence tempest should arrive -- thine the glory be. this was the prayer i made for my soul was all inflamed and the answer came shaking the mighty walls and tolling the bell in the tower. the lightning unsheathed its flaming sward and i cried stand

still and see the salvation of the lord. sea was white with hail nld an ever more fierce and loud blew the fleeted hail. -- [ reading ]. >> all right. now you might say why are you reading 19th century poem we're talking about 18th century, i do it because it is something that really shows the religious aspect to this conflict that we're talking about. now after 1746 there's a few minor actions.

at one point there's an effort to take this little part of nova scotia here. this is another failed attempt. and so basically after the anville expedition, there's not a lot of major action in king george's war. british are also using privateers against the french. bottom line is it dies down. one reason is because the french lost the war by the end of 1747. in may and again in october there's two very famous naval battles disastrous for the french off the north western tip of spain. the first and second battles of cape finisterre.

they are efforts by the french to get convoys across to help new france and in both cases french navy forces are destroyed and able to stop the convoys from crossing the atlantic. so with this, essentially by 1747 and into 1748 war extended. france still had the advantage in europe. of course at sea the royal navy and britain had achieved the upper hand. with this stale mate in place, the two sides, negotiations, maria teresa was allowed to maintain the throne. and although the war was fought over deep tensions it was a draw

and both sides went back. we will see a new war known as the seven year's war will break out within a decade. that is october 1748 and we have seen this before. right? and what happens when we go back to status quo, what happens. >> essentially they go back. and return to the way it was before and so what does that mean? it goes back to the french. so if you're a british kcolonis, what do you think of that? we just went back to this thing that you spent all this on. it makes perfect sebs, right? britain did not win the war. the french dominated on the continent. and you know, they had maritime advantages. from the colonial perspective,

this is our great military achievement and you took it away from us. we have this great achievement and you took it away with the stroke after pen. that the perception. and so, economists robbed of the fruits of their greatest victory and there's a second part to that. and the frefrm head back to the place where they can put their privateers and raid and they are just as vulnerable as they were in 1744, 1745. so colonists are not happy and it makes sense from the british perspective. and not pleasing to the colonists. so what are the takeaways that we might have from discussing king george's war under this period? i think there's three things we can kind of take away from this particular conflict. the british colonists have once again banded together in times

of crisis. we talk about coming together, gives you a sense of style and so there's definitely a shared sense of community that comes out of this. and you can kind of imagine, right? it is maybe the modern monologue of going to a modern football game. you're all one, all cheering no your team, right? the idea the crisis comes, all together and then there is this panic, right? that the coast will be raided. then a storm dispurses and there is rejoicing together. and so there's this creation, not that it wasn't already a sense of community but it enhances that, that, that feeling amongst the people. and creates a sense of community. distinct of being british subjects. it does take valuable military experience, right? as we know because we've seen the few tour, there's more coming up, the american

revolution. and there aren't too many colonists around who fought in queen ann's war by the 1750s or 60s, and if they are, they aren't able to fight. but 1740s, take place ten years later. there is definitely valuable military experience. and lastly, i think that another thing, and we've beat this drum a bit here, is that it did convince many people that in fact, providence was on their side. right? that citizen soldiers coming together to do god's work would allow for the defeat of a regular army. right? this is something that a lot of people -- a lot of people take away. so with that, i will go ahead and open up for questions. and i actually have a take away for you guys here. this is a chronology here. so any -- yes, sir?

>>. [ inaudible ] >> the question is, the louisburg for the, is there another time it was taken and the answer is yes. so in the next war we come back and the british have to take it again. and you know, the fact that they took it in 1745 helps them a lot. when they take it again in 1758. so there's a definite knowledge and that kind of ties into that theme about how the military experience has gains. it is done once and surely we can do it again, british kind of thing. and we will look at that next week. and actually you're reading about it in anderson's book. yes, sir? >>. [ inaudible ] >> the question is, hey, seems like the royal navy is kind of helpful, all right? wouldn't the colonists want to start building up their own navy? and the short answer is yes. in fact, the very first navy we

have the continental navy, right? so they do recognize when the revolution comes. on the other hand, navys are really expensive. were you the expensive? expensive to build, expensive to maintain. one of the problems that we have is trouble in provisions. they don't have money and this is the king of france, right? so there's really no motivation for them to invest all of this money in navy because the british navy there and after all they are british citizens. why wouldn't you build continental navy if you've got the royal navy and you know, you're british and in fact we will see you in seven years war and there is an increase in this feeling of britishness. and colonial see themselves in the british empire. so in a way you look ahead which is great. but there's really no -- there's really no reason why a navy would be built by colonists of this period. yes, sir? >> so you say that the

colonists, that they give back and would that be an active scene and kind of started in the americanizing and kind of the -- [ inaudible ] >> great question. so the question is, you know, is this whole thing a little bit about the formation of american identity and i think ultimately yes. and i want to say no because it is easy now to look back and see colonies. is this american. but it was a regional identity. before you can have a national identity, and the biggest thing about this war is formation of regional identity because they came together in the time. one of the interesting things is lengths tour. there is a disconnect, right? we have the war down south and then, other than mentioning the royal navy, i don't think i mentioned again the war, king george's war. and that's not accidental. and they didn't -- the carolinians and deal with katie and louisburg.

and massachusetts is sending down people to help out the attack on st. augustine. so what you have is the for mag of the stronger and carolinas and georgia comes closer together and in the new england colonies and all of the new england colonies provide troops and again, what is significant is you get to the mid-atlantic pennsylvania and new york. they didn't provide troops but they provide supplies and so there's the creation after regional identity. i think more strongly in this war than any of the other previous ones. yes, sir? >> so when the -- when they return to the french, what did they hear? mainly the french come back. british leave and follow you know, and is it more of a slight skirmish to regrab the fort? >> no skirmish. the british come in and they think it is theirs. they have been pounding walls down, right? and it isn't the greatest and so they are like, okay, now we captured the fort and so they start and they are, lobbing, you

know, shells into the city. they start rebuilding everything. you can see it in this image. this is an image from the library at university of michigan. and a contemporary sketch. we don't even know the exact date. it is done and you can tell because it is in english and done between occupations. once the o war is over, yeah, here is the keys. here is the keyes to the fort. aep so, in a way, another reason to be upset, hey, wait a minute, we just spent three years rebuilding your fort. after the siege. and now we give it back to you all new and improved. not something to further aggravate colonists to that point. >> the piece that ends the next year, seven years' war, treaty of paris. not the french and spafrnish

war. thank you everybody for coming. i appreciate it. let's get those hawkeyes this weekend. with live coverage of the house and senate on c-span 2, here on c-span 3 we show you the most relevant hearings and publish affairs event on on weekend c-span 3 is the home to american history tv with programs that tell our nation's story including six unique series. the 350th anniversary visiting battle fields and key events. american artifacts touring museums and to discover what artifacts reveal about america's past. the bookshelves with the west known american history writers. presidency look at policy and legacies of commanders in chief. lectures in history, delving into america's past. real america