american society in a hole and i think our panelists have taken us through those scales. the quick turnarounds that is the culmination of long-term efforts of people on the ground. it is 10:45 which means it is time for us to take a break. stretch our legs. the restrooms are out to the lobby. the drinking fountain is near the entrance to the café. if you would return at 11:00 when the symposium will resume, and think both of ourpanelists. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> you are watching american history tv, 48 hours of american history programming every weekend on c-span3.

>> each week american history tv sits in on a lecture with one of the nation's college professors. you can watch the classes every saturday evening at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern. next virginia commonwealth , university instructor christopher saladino talked about the competition between the u.s and the soviet union to build advanced nuclear weaponry during the cold war. he describes the concept of mutually assured destruction which, he argued, kept the u.s. and the ussr from escalating to open war since both countries possessed enough nuclear weapons to obliterate the other. this class is about 50 minutes. >> let's create up a little bit. we have talked about war, we have talked about this sort of to theater war, the second world war, how military force is organized historically. , the war isaid, ok

organized a certain way, but technology changes that. then we introduce the cold war. we talked about the logic of sort of the start of the cold war. but the real mitigating factor for this is going to be nuclear weapons. today we're going to talk about the rise of nuclear weapons. we started talking about the rise of nuclear weapons on monday when we talked about the original nuclear arms race, between germany and the united states in the 1940's to develop a weapon and we talked about her -- how germany was knocked out of that through circumstances developing their research, and then ultimately germany loses the war. now there is research going on in the pacific theater and the united states is still trying to produce this weapon.

that is where we ended up. today we will talk about that weapon and how that became a nuclear arms race that was sort of part and parcel of the cold war. understanding that this is a naziof competition between germany and whoever else to create a weapon. an effort to create technology and eventually sell it to the u.s. government. this was not a defense contract scam. governmentvery clear program called the manhattan project whose aim was to create nuclear deployable weapon asap. the united states appropriate a lot of money, a lot of time, a lot of effort, a lot of secrecy to make this so. and it took place all over the united states. at iowaplace

university, stanford university, university of michigan. it took place in defense contractor factories. it took place on army bases. all of these things coordinated together. in fact, there was strong managerial leadership in the manhattan project. there were two strong leaders. there was the civilian leader, robert oppenheimer, the scientific leader who headed the scientific -- not just group that was working on it, but how to coordinate their input. then there was the military leader, general leslie groves, the one star general, the fully public manager. smart guy. at the remote issues that had to be dealt with. there were secrecy issues that had to be dealt with that went ofond the outreach of either these individuals. and we know historically the manhattan project was ultimately infiltrated. there were spies. there was intelligence gathering that came out of it. on the other hand, by and large

it was massively secret. the success of the manhattan project is not fully wedded to it secrecy, but certainly part of it. in thehattan project 1940's is trying to develop the science and logistics to create a deployable weapon. and this is supposed to be a super weapon, but no one is exactly sure what it is going to look like. it is just going to exist at this point. there will be testing. that is scary stuff. nevertheless, a few things are very important as to how this will progress. one of these, the death of franklin roosevelt. roosevelt's ideas about the war and world war ii were very clear, sort of direct. the newsevelt was none, president by april making 45, harry truman, he was a very new president. he had only been vice president for a few short months. ,e has not been fully briefed

including key components of the manhattan project. keep in mind, he will go ahead and negotiate the end of the second world war with churchill and stalin and has to know more about what is going on. in fact, when truman comes to power or comes into the office, by this point in 1945, we were getting fairly close to creating a deliverable bomb. an infusion of scientific knowledge from german scientists brought over very soon after the end of the war in europe in 1945 helps us get to that point whereby july of 1945, the united believes they are ready to test. now truman is involved. because we are fighting a war in the pacific theater. we talked about island hopping the other day. where there were less and less islands to hop. we were getting closer and closer and closer to the

japanese home islands and the action, the fighting, the combat as bad as it ever was in the first place, is getting increasingly worse. we have the introduction of things like, causey's -- kami kazes. but we believe that the campaign in japan will be the costliest military campaign in history. we were afraid of that reality, but we are planning for that reality. we have a base working on japan and by the middle of 1945, truman gets word that that bomb may be ready. in fact in july 1945 he gets a phone call that says essentially the gadget has worked. the bomb was called the gadget. the detonation, the whole project, was called project trinity. the trinity explosion of the gadget or this nuclear weapon is

successful. on july 16, 1945 in alma gordo, new mexico, the united states detonates the bomb. we do not drop it from airplane. we detonate it. it is a scientific event for most people. but we now have a bomb and we have a bomb that can be deployed , and we know what this bomb will do. and what the bomb will do will far surpass what most people's expectations are. we have a nuclear weapon. we have a super weapon. and we are at war with japan and we are worried about losing 1,000,002 1.5 million people in 1.5n -- one million to million people in japan in the next few months. the decision ultimately rests with president truman. famously known as "the buck stops here." decision is in

hindsight farm alleging that it was at the time. not to say the morality of using this kind of weapon on japan would have zero ramifications and zero impact on the decision-maker or the world, but we couldn't really anticipate necessarily what letting this cat out of the bag would do for the entire planet. once we drop a nuclear weapon on somebody, the world knows what it is, and its reaction will be gauged accordingly. but no one knows what it is. when truman is asked to make this decision, essentially nobody knows what it is. no one can say, like we all can, this is what a nuclear weapon is going to do. so, truman has to weigh the factors, and there are those in the military command who say, we can end the war with a bomb, do it tomorrow obviously. while others are so planning for invasion of the home islands of japan. i had a professor in grad school on the planning commission who

said, we were still preparing to this war when we heard bomb was dropped. but we had a lot of experience behind this as well. it was not as though the united totes said, we do not want invade japan, that would be too costly. what we had done to get to that point was pretty costly. to go through gaddafi now and 100 amphibiousnd campaigns to get to where we are now, each one increasingly more bloody on both sides. including civilian casualties. and our experience there is probably sufficient to dictate if we have the opportunity to use a different weapon to try a different path, no matter how what we wererhaps going to do. there were communications with the japanese, telling them perhaps you should surrender. telling them perhaps this is not

the path that you should stay on. the japanese are not willing to surrender. most happenings are not willing to surrender at all. there is a military code that says we fight until we lose, which is until we die. but there are those who suggest maybe now is the time to negotiate. but there is a sticking point and that sticking point is what will happen to the emperor of japan, emperor here alito. there isd states says no negotiation. if you agree to surrender, you surrender. there is no response from the japanese. they are not going to give up the emperor. they are not going to give up territory. they are preparing for an invasion. truman decides to use the new device, the atomic bomb, to end the war. august 6, 1945, one single b-29 bomber which you can go see up in dulles, the smithsonian

air space museum up in dulles. a fairly small looking aircraft call the enola gay. day, it is huge. for today, actually quite small. sort of fun and impressive to look at until you realize what it is. bomber, the enola gay, dropped one single bomb, the , on hiroshima, japan. one single bomb, which and 40 seconds completely annihilates andcity of hiroshima completely changes not only the war, but the war -- the world forever. the pilot of the plane became a bit of a celebrity for dropping the bomb and said the crew was completely unaware. they did not know. it was a bomb run. it went pretty much without a hitch. things went really good.

they said good job. there was no real explicit clarity about what had just happened until they started to look, until they felt the shock wave and saw the mushroom cloud rise for miles after making a banking turn and getting the hell out of there. and they thought to themselves, what have we done? what they did was they annihilate in the city. the completely and totally destroyed hiroshima. you can see in these photographs. we know this. this is generations ago for us, but the impact is still pretty intense if you think about it, days later we drop another bomb on japan and never again will a nuclear weapon be used in anger. and knock on veneer, it never will. since that time, those are the only two detonations. the united states drops two

nuclear weapons on japan and cities, killing effectively hundreds of thousands. the united states drops the bombs. there are makes the valuations of this response. some say we should have given the japanese more time to respond. others are still absolutely notain the japanese would cave. most say that the japanese were not sure what happened. destroyed.ons were it takes people to go to a rush say, this is what happened and tokyo. report back to whatever the case, it is a relevant today because on august 9, another b-29 bomber, this one called the boxcar, drops another atomic weapon -- a different form of atomic weapon. the fat man is a different kind

of. we will talk about that in a second. i'm not a sake, japan. both hiroshima and not a sake i had some- nagasak not muchvalue, however. keep in mind, and american bombing in japan has been constant. it has been in session. the firebombing of tokyo killed more people than pretty much each of the nuclear weapons did and those were conventional firebombs. but the united states had not kinds of devastation on japanese citizens through the bombing campaign, but with a single device, an entire --anese that he wiped out city wiped out. these weapons we are dropping our atomic bombs. they are fission-based detonation, which we will talk about in a second. exponentially

significantly less than the weapons we use today, yet exponentially more than the biggest bomb we would have been able to trap and world war ii -- drop in world war ii. dropped by000 bomb an american bomber drops 2000 megatons of explosive force. an atomic weapon is going to detonatedilotons of force. what would a kilotons be? one thousands times. you know metric already? yes, 1000 times. 13,000 tons of tnt in a single bomb. a single bomb. maybe it is not purely the force of the destruction of the event, but the force that the threat of a single bomb that only we

possess was most important. it is hard to say. whatever the case, we know that asaki is also destroyed. thousands killed in the short heat, by being vaporized. and many more killed by radiation. people would argue there are still being killed to this day. the japanese get the picture. whichnderstand our threat is we will use these bombs on your cities until you surrender. how many bombs did we have left to drop on japan at that point? the voidable at that moment in time? zero. did not matter. the japanese commit to a full, thenditional surrender on uss missouri with also its of

attendance and a very formal ceremony, the japanese signed unconditional surrender papers in the war is over, but the nuclear world has just begun. and bizarrely or whatever, it becomes the new war in a sense. because within the next few and effectively within the next year the cold war is underway and in that confrontation with the soviet union that will last until 1990, 41st few years, the united states has a nuclear weapon and the soviet union does not. what does this weapon do? well, it blows up. massive amounts of force. but there was a test and there were small test beforehand. there was a clear understanding of what the bomb would do in weory and in practice,

realize its potential in a sense. the bomb is designed to limit massive amounts of last force -- of lastmassive amounts forest. the bomb is designed where heat force.that a fireball, if you will, pushed by force, and it is going to emit a whole lot of radiation by this point in 1945 we know is deadly. we know in our testing, in our lab work in new mexico, we know that massive release of radiation will kill a human being, and some of our people are killed, yes. -- some of our people are killed. yes. [indiscernible] why did we -- why did we use the atomic

bomb on tokyo? atomicdidn't we use the bomb on tokyo? because then who would surrender? wanted to see what the bomb would do to a target that was relatively untouched. this is not uncommon. we want to see what the weapon does in practice. but you make a demonstration in effect. the city can be destroyed. it is a threat to annihilate all of your cities if you do not surrender. yes? what is that? >> [indiscernible] debatable. because there is no third bomb. we can't replay that and say, oh well, they would have. and nagasaki were never the primary targets. they were the target package.

whatever the case, the cold war is now kicking in and we have a weapon that does this and no one else has this. people have argued if we look at some influential propaganda films of the 1950's where we start to not talk so much about radiation and we show funny animations where people just where some extra clothes and the radiation will bounce off of you. that seems hilarious in hindsight, but it is sort of dishonest in that we knew from the 1940's that radiation was sufficient to kill human beings and they were being exposed to massive amounts of radiation. that is how the bomb works. these ultimately are designed to do this. you are going to be killed, destroyed, annihilated, vaporized by massive heat, massive force, massive radiation. you don't get a choice. these are fission devices.

these are what we would call today sort of crude -- we use this word all of the time. it is a "crude nuclear weapon." i would argue all nuclear weapons are crude. somethingare based on that is much more simplistic than the big modern weapons of today and the cold war. not a physicist. keep it to your self here is the explanation from me, my fellow non-physicist friends, this bombom about how works. talk about crude. this is a crude extra nation. these bombs use nuclear fission. in the most simplistic way possible the nuclear fission process is to take a processed fuel. in these cases it would be enriched uranium or plutonium. what you want to do is you want

to trip a nuclear chain reaction , which is going to be done arough heat energy, inside container that we will call a bomb. that will release this nuclear chain reaction and release this massive amount of exponential force. pretty simplistic as i said. i believe it has something to do and e equals mc squared that einstein guy. not the bagel guy. you do this? well, you have to miniaturize a fairly substantial detonation, a massive explosion that is going to create massive heat and direct that heat to a fuel base, -- this isll trip where you get your principles of critical mass and the release of energy. you have to split these adams, right? this is a very simplistic expiration very very difficult to do circa 1945. and a bombbomb

inside of that challenge -- that channels that energy to this fuel to release this reaction and then you get a massive explosion. state of the art in 1945. fission is not state-of-the-art today, although various people still have it. so, to do this requires a lot of science, it requires a lot of development, it requires a lot of money, and it requires a lot of secrecy. things, in 1945, we are pleased with the results. it sounds awful. the war is over. vj day is huge. the war is now completely over. now it is not the time that we have stopped fighting in europe and we have to fight in the pacific theater. the united states has effectively won this war. and that is a big deal as well.

and we now live in a nuclear wold. world. when we talk about the cold war, we talk about the superpowers splitting the world in half and threatening each other with massive amounts of nuclear weapons. there is only one state with nuclear weapons in 1945 and 1946. we have the bomb. become sort ofr crystallized. the cold war becomes the cold war over the next few years. by 1945 it is what we would say "hardened." harry truman is saying in the truman doctrine, we must contain. these important documents. the long telegram. winston churchill saying there is an iron curtain.

all this time while the united states has nuclear weapons and the soviet union does not. and yet the weapons are not used again. good. but we know -- clearly we have discussed -- obviously, they will not stay this way. our greatest fear is when the soviets will get the bomb. but one thing the soviets do is work that much harder to get the bomb, not simply in their own science, their own technology, there are military, but they start to use espionage. and the cold war becomes a war that relies there he heavily on spying, on espionage, and our manhattan project gets penetrated even greater, even further. part of whatomes the soviets used to put their bomb together. the soviets now need the bomb. we have it. they need it. of 1949, we enter into a nuclear world where the two sides, the two primary

belligerents in this new cold .ar have nuclear weapons the soviets detonate an atomic bomb in august of 1949 and now it's on. the race now becomes to produce the most nuclear weapons and the biggest nuclear weapons. and that starts in earnest. but it's more of a technological race early on. it's not quite as much of a let's build thousands of atomic bombs, but let's build bigger atomic bombs. plenty off them. 20 instead of being 10, kilotons, 50, 75 kilotons. massive, massive amounts of force. threatening, posturing. the science does not stop in the background. the scientists believe we can harvest even more ideas and create even more technologically

innovative bombs, and we do. early 1950's, the notion of nuclear fusion is investigated for weapons making purposes. and the united states are the first in that sort of chain to .etonate a thermonuclear weapon a hydrogen-based bomb. the h-bomb. we detonated first. weerestingly enough, what detonate is not a bomb. it's not a missile, not a rocket, not a hand grenade, not a firecracker. .t is too big to be deployed we detonate a device on november 1952. the ivy mike detonation is the first thermonuclear detonation and it is massive. the footage is impressive. but we can't deliver it. it would be like dropping a

house out of an airplane. we do not know how to detonate the bomb. but we can show the world and especially our adversaries the soviets, we got this and you don't. we take a significant lead, technologically speaking, for a very, very short time. the soviets respond with their own device in 1953, and it is a deliverable bomb. in our mind for the first time in the nuclear arms race, the soviets take a bit of a lead. which will be how we see it for the next 40 years. these soviets detonate their own thermonuclear device, massive and the americans become increasingly more nervous. but in 1954, we detonate our own thermonuclearr -- device, a thermal bomb, a

warhead. we destroy the bikini atoll. who knows what they would have been called otherwise. now both sides of this new technology and are able to deploy this technology and no one is looking at the science of the bigger bomb. now they're looking at the science of more bombs and how to deliver the bombs, because this bomb is massive. detonate a power of the nuclear device compared with atomic buildings -- no less the entire rest of the world has no nuclear weapons -- is wholly impressive. here comes the bad physicist part two, except this time he is even worse. the physics behind these fusion devices is even more difficult to explain --

it takes massive amounts of time, money, effort, political will. fusion detonations are pretty inange in that they require a new set of enriched materials -- i should say nuclear fuels -- they required a heat source of a fission detonation to trip the chain reaction. in a sense you need to miniaturize anatomic explosion inside a bomb casing -- miniaturize an atomic explosion inside a bomb tatian to trigger a fusion reaction. this takes a lot more time, a lot moremoney, a effort. scientifically it is a lot more scary. the risks are higher. uranium uranium -- the is a lot more expensive. thermonuclear see

status. it is that much more difficult. thus the detonation is a massive structure. it is not an actual bomb. by today, obviously we have miniaturized sufficiently that can hold a thermonuclear device. , but i can stand around it. i am large, but still. now both sides have these sort of cataclysmic weapons, and while they do build bigger aapons -- keep in mind nuclear --mall thermonuclear device be measured in megatons. what is a kiloton? 1000 tons. what is a megaton? [mumbles]

adding zeros to the detonate of force. it is this much more than a kiloton detonation which is this much more than a 2000-pound bomb which is the biggest most people have. they are fighting each other in this cold war by producing more and more and more of these and bigger and bigger and acre of these weapons. fair enough, i guess. the 1950's. now at a certain point we realize that what we really want to make sure is that they don't use their big multiple megaton kiloton weapons on us and what they understand is they don't want us to use our big weapons on them. we are balancing power all over the world. we have about this whole idea of balancing power.

we look outside the world, we see the world split into do. we see soviet power in american power pushing up against each other. when they gain, we have to gain and balance back in when they gain, we have to gain and balance back. and no one is negotiating. they are building more weapons. we are building more weapons. and we realize at a certain point that the key now is to understanding a new meaning of the word "deterrence." 4s deterrence, according to your textbook, according to what we say in class, deterrence is using a threat to prevent the other from doing what they might want to do. i am going to stop you from ever doing that -- i am going to deter you with my threat. and if my threat is credible, you won't do it. that is deterrence. in conventional war, deterrence happens, but it also failed.

the deterrence failure in a conventional world may result in a big war, but it may not result in a big war. you can say i do not want you to cross this order and your troops do it anyway, we may not have a world ending more. we might, but we might not. and we probably won't. weapons,as nuclear deterrence becomes a very absolute proposition. i will threaten you so that you don't use your nuclear weapons. and if my threat fails and you use your nuclear weapons, what happens next? we have no idea, but it doesn't sound very good. in fact, the nature of my threat against you for not using your nuclear weapons is to use by nuclear weapons. it's all i have. i can't say if you use your nuclear weapons i won't sell you grain anymore.

not really effective. if youthreat to you is, dare to use your nuclear weapons, i will use even more of my nuclear weapons. if deterrence fails, i have to use my nuclear weapons, and i know if i use my nuclear weapons, you will use yours and we will annihilate each other. how do we avoid that? by making it so. we do not negotiate away from it. independently and collectively accept this is where we are. that the only way to threaten people do not use the nuclear weapons is to threaten them with ultimate annihilation and destruction, and vice versa. and essentially they shake hands on it. produced the logic of mutually assured destruction, appropriately acronymed mad. --ually assured distraction

destruction promises exactly that. the threat has to be absolute. it can't be, well, if you do this, i may do one of these gongs. it has to be, if you across this line by using a nuclear weapon, i'm going to use a lot of nuclear weapons against you and destroy you, knowing full well that you will destroy me. i willing and i am credible in this threat, which means a lot of threats, a lot of gamesmanship, a lot of what we call brinksmanship. a lot of taking things to the edge of the lines. and being scared to death in the process. i've enough the american public and the soviet public kind of accepted overtime. those of us who are old like me, i remember in kindergarten i had to do a nuclear weapons drill. ok, we would put our books on the table and the teacher would say put your books on the floor, because if a nuclear weapon

, we do not when you to get hit in the head with a book. good point. we would walk to the shelter. we would peel along the way. we had one teacher who would say, walk in a straight line and no talking. i would like my nuclear holocaust drill to be very orderly. they said, even at temperatures of 3000 degrees fahrenheit, no matter what happens to your little body, this will stay, so they will know where you were. they tied it around your neck with a string. really, a piece of string. we accepted this. it became policy and it became sort of acculturated. nobody liked it i don't think. but this was the case from the

1950's into the 1980's. we still have a mutually assured destruction policy implied with the russians today. nobody is going to launch anything because we know what the follow-up is. but this requires a lot of stuff to make this work. this ist just say sufficient. in order for mad to work, we have to make sure we say if you bomb us and try to destroy our stuff, we will be able to return fire. what we call sometimes the second strike capability. so if you do try to preempt and you use your weapons to destroy us and are successful in some way, shape, or form, we have plenty left over to destroy you again. to make this work, we have to bomber the a-bomb -- the effectively. we start working on delivery systems. and a lot of them. we start working on newer, bigger, better bombers.

right? we develop the b-52 bomber, a big giant aircraft that we know mostly for shoveling the space shuttle, but it is designed to drop a nuclear weapon. we know it drops conventional weapons. anyuse we have not dropped nuclear bombs on people again. good. we, with missile systems. a ballistic missile. these were not brand-new. the germans developed them and use them successfully and world war ii. the v2 market, launched from and england. the icbm, the intercontinental ballistic missile. united states relies on what we call the triad, a three prong, guaranteed no matter what you do to us, we will be able to

numbers ofsing nuclear weapons on the soviet union and affiliated targets, no matter what. we put bombers in the air all the time. for 30 years, there were always american nuclear bombers in the air, a equipped and ready to drop if necessary. so, if you destroyed the land underneath them, they could go to their targets. themselves ands the plains, we have intercontinental ballistic missiles. hard missiles. silo-based. right? we are the zimmer -- these amazing inverted tube's into the .round we put a team of air force personnel into that too with a sophisticated computer system and very, very sort of explicit feel safe warning systems. so, no one can go, hey, guys i just launched a weapon.

inside the two was a big missile and inside that missile, a megaton warhead. they were all over the place. areas in dug in rural south dakota and the american desert area and the american southwest. all over the place. hard missiles. icbm's. big rockets. one goes up in the air, falls away. push it to the target. another stage falls away. there is traveling, and was a bomb and it dropped into the atmosphere, found its target through the guidance system and would detonate, if need be. besides the bombs and missiles, we figured out how to launch these same missiles from submarines, and the third leg of are still usedey

today. submarine launched ballistic missiles. a pretty scary thing. to tridents missiles, the missiles we have on ourselves today, a submarine can hold a payload of 10, 12, 24 ballistic styles -- missiles. a summary can state deep and silent, be out of range, be on available for attack by the enemy. withu blew up my icbm's some lucky attack, they could set up and each one law but does in one megaton missiles of the soviet union and affiliated targets. 40 nuclear or missiles would hit their targets, which is utter annihilation. you can't not stop us. you can't prevent us from destroying you. and we can't prevent you. they have a similar triad. they have much more emphasis on

ballistic missiles. we took the lead in subs. they took the lead in mobile launchers. thing we know, increasingly we have more and more warheads. right? we have an arms race. we need more. balance of power, realism, got a do it -- got to do it. but now we need this to guarantee the second strike capability. we have to be able to say, ok. no matter what they do, we will be able to hit them again, and there is a belief that the more they have, the more significant that hit will be and we need more. outit will still only take x percentage of our arsenal, leaving us with massive amounts of arsenal to hit back, as well as they. as we increase the numbers, we believe we are just ratcheting up the level of second strike

capabilities, but in hindsight, many analysts say we achieved third, fourth, ninth, 12 strike capability. long after we are gone, bombs will be dropped. i guess they are all gone. much more missiles. because that is what our orders are. that is what the package says. that makes for an even scarier scenario and more incentive not to do it, but also more gamesmanship, more brinkmanship, more need for failsafes, more need for communication with the guys you do not want to talk to. we got to put a red line in there, a hot phone. what is this? you can talk directly to the soviet guy and say, stop the bombs. it was a mistake. it was a flop of these. we stop -- we start to make fun of it. a little movie called "dr. strangelove." you will laugh hysterically at it probably, and i will go, whe w. funny, it's almost true.

and bigger bombs. the soviets detonate a bomb that is 50 -- 50 -- megatons. which is like an earthquake. these soviets want to work on what is called a doomsday device. we say, that is terrible. a-bomb so big, there is no telling what it will do. so to wait. we do not have them anymore, not that we ever really did, but they were ideas for sure. in order to make this all work, we have to demonstrate to them two key things and they have to demonstrate it to us. for deterrence to work there are two key factors. the first one is my threat must be capable. means ithreat simply possess the power to do this.

i can't say if you try to mug me i will hit you in the shins with a baseball bat if i don't have a baseball bat. respondo say i will with all of this nuclear arsenal, i have got to have this arsenal and i have got to demonstrate it read i have got to show you every was in a while. what you think of that mushroom cloud? that could happen to you. we let each other know, while trying to maintain secrecy. it is a tight balance. and i have got to be credible. i actually show i do mean it. that i will not assume a nuclear hit or to get and say, ok, i surrender. so, we have to push. we have to show up and say, we will use the weapons, even though you say you well and vice versa. makes it not funny. this makes it not pleasant. this makes it far more scary. but both sides must do this, because the other knows dam well well they will not back

down. and it works. weirdly enough. develop delivery systems. better technology with a aircraft, better technology with missiles, better technology with lasers, countermeasures. miniaturization. and then we get to these things called mirv's. mirv technology suddenly makes this whole thing slightly exponential. multiple a independently targeted retroactive vehicle. i will try that again after this. mmm. aspartame makes things clearer for me. is,ybody knows what a mirv right?

let's look at it/ t. that's the bus. that's on top of the rocket. stage one, stage two, stage three. and what is that? each one has these groovy little machines there, a a one megaton nuclear warhead. are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 warheads on the top of that particular missile. that is an american missile. allows you to put from three to as many as 12 warheads missileip of a single in the nosecone. and to drive the bus over a target and send them out in a spread or independently targeted detonations where they fly over areas and drop one or two and continue to fly and drop one or two do. shoot downattempt to

the missile much less effective and making any attempt to wipe pretty ability ineffective. imagine 1 -- one -- u.s. attack summering servicing with 18 missiles, each one tipped with 17 kiloton warheads. endgame. all i need is a sub and i got a dozen. all i need is a couple i cbm's and i got thousands. we deploy mirv's. the soviets are nervous. but we do not win anything because the soviets deployed mirv's. the soviets take it from 10 to 12 per missile. now it is the 1970's. what are we going to do? we can destroy each other 10, 12, 15 times.

and we are not the only countries with the weapons by this point. now we have to deal with other , and, -- with other states we have all that to do with the fact that we know we can destroy each other multiple times over. and both states looking ahead going, i guess, i guess we can talk about slowing this down a little bit. which is where we will begin on monday. last class before the exam. you should already be studying .or it study guides are on blackboard. please, please start this weekend. --o by the way, remember they have posted when the review sessions are. first one is sunday. have a nice weekend.