and we are not the only countries with the weapons by this point. now we have to deal with other , and, -- with other states we have all that to do with the fact that we know we can destroy each other multiple times over. and both states looking ahead going, i guess, i guess we can talk about slowing this down a little bit. which is where we will begin on monday. last class before the exam. you should already be studying .or it study guides are on blackboard. please, please start this weekend. --o by the way, remember they have posted when the review sessions are. first one is sunday. have a nice weekend. >> join us each saturday evening

at 8 p.m. and midnight eastern for classroom lectures from across the country on different topics and eras of american history. letters in history are also available as a podcast. visit our website at www.c-span.org/history/podcasts or download them from itunes. ago it force of american soldiers invaded panama in operation just cause. general man when noriega who led ruled the country from 1983 until 1989 was removed from power, arrested, and brought to the united states for trial. next, seven minutes of video from the c-span archives. first the announcement of the operation by white house spokesperson marlon fitzwater. then president george h.w. bush speaking from the oval office then video of the invasion.

the president has directed united states forces to execute at 1:00 a.m. this morning a preplanned mission to panama to american lives, restore the democratic process, observed the integrity of the panama canal treaty, and upper hand noriega. the situation under general noriega has reached a crisis. have been elections thwarted. american lives of been endangered. the integrity of the pomo -- the panama canal treaty is under risk. general noriega is under indictment for drug-related charges and the president has peacefully toort resolve the situation through negotiations under the auspices of the organization of american states and latin american leaders. general noriega has rejected all of these efforts. last friday, noriega the a state of war with the united states. of the next day, the pdf shot down an unarmed american

servicemen, one did another, seized another service man and sexually threatened his wife. under these circumstances the president decided he must act to violence.rther our troops will use only the force necessary to achieve the objectives and will be withdrawn as quickly as possible. at approximately midnight tonight, the democratically wereed leaders of panama sworn in and assumed the rightful positions. they welcome and support our actions and have stated their intention to institute democratic government immediately. the united states has recognize that government and will restore normal relations and will cooperate to rebuild a free and prosperous panama. >> at the direct of the secretary of the treasury and

the secretary of state to lift withconomic sanctions regard to the democratically elected government of panama and in cooperation with that government to take steps to affect an orderly unblocking of panamanian assets in the united states. i am fully committed to implement the panama canal treaty and turn over the canal the year 2000. the actions we have taken and the cooperation of the new democratic government in panama will permit us to honor these commitments. as soon as the new government recommends a qualified candidate , panamanian, to administrate the canal as called for in the trees, i will submit this nominee to the senate for expedited consideration. i am committed to strengthening our relationship with the democratic nations in this hemisphere. i will continue to seek

solutions to the problems of this region through dialogue and multilateral diplomacy. i took this action only after reaching the conclusion that every other avenue was closed and the lives of american citizens were in grave danger. i hope that the people of panama will put this dark chapter of dictatorship behind them and move forward together as citizens of a democratic panama with a government they themselves have elected. the united states is eager to work with the panamanian people in partnership and friendship and rebuild their economy. the panamanian people want democracy, peace, and they chance for a better life of dignity and freedom. the people of the united states seek only to support them in pursuit of these noble goals. thank you very much.

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[applause] -- [indiscernible] >> join us tomorrow for american artifacts when we featured the octagon house and treaty of ghent. 200 years ago, the treaty was signed in belgium, a neutral

nation, in the war of 1812. we visit the house in washington where president madison signed the treaty on february 1818. is there he took refuge the previous august after the british burned the nearby white house. that is sunday on "american artifacts" on american history tv. on wednesday, president obama announced major changes to american policy towards cuba including restoration of full diplomatic relations and easing of banking and travel restrictions. marsha schoultz presents what he deems are the failures of 10 administrations. the book is titled "that infernal little cuban republic: the united states and the cuban revolution." ins program was recorded 2009.