day on the c-span networks. holiday festivities start at 10:00 a.m. eastern with the lighting of the national christmas tree, folded with the white house decoration with first lady michelle obama. just after 12:30 p.m. celebrity activists talk about their causes. then at 8:00, samuel alito and former florida governor jeb bush on the bill of rights and the founding father. venture into the art of good writing, and at 12:30 so the femme nit side of a super superhero. pamela paul and others talk about their reading habits, and on c-span3 at 8:00 a.m. eastern the fall of the berlin wall with c-span foodage with george bush and bob dole. and how they represented the

styles of the times in which they lived, and then at 10:00, former nbc news anchor tom brokaw on his more than 50 years of reporting on world events. that's this christmas day. for our complete schedule. go to cspan.org. baltimore's ft. mchenry is celebrated at the birthplace of the star-spangled banner. but the fort played an important war in the civil war, world war i, and beyond. next, america history tv explores the history after the star-spangled banner. >> i'm chief of interpretation

here of the birthplace of "the star-spangled banner." one of the questions we good are the can knolls that were used to fight off the bring. of course, the answer is no. these guns were manufactured during the american civil war, a little bit more than 50 years after the war of 1812. is shows the great layers of ft. mchenry's history. the history begins with the words of francis scott key, but it's made contributions right up to the own present time, in the great way that the americans bond with the national anthem, bond with the american flag. let's explore how it's evolved. we'll see how different

garrisons and people who were heat at this fort saw the same stars and stripes, but derived very different means. we're going to go inside the fort where we'll uncover the hidden history of ft. mchenry. ft. mchenry has a layered history. you can see that behind me. for example, during the bombardment all the these buildings were single story. the second stories and porches were added around 1830. ft. mchenry was garrisoned by union forces, however baltimore had loyalties on both sides. many for the north, but also many for the south. the first bloodshed in the american civil war was actually in the streets of baltimore, first as pennsylvania troops were moves through the city on

the 18th of april, and then even worse on the 19th of april as massachusetts troops were marching through the city, a large pro-conphet rat mob descended on them. whether the smoke cleared, four soldiers were killed and problemly ninth baltimore -- that was the first deaths of the american civil war. it was a lot of fear erupted. would baltimore be pro-southern? would it take the entire state of maryland out of the union? not long thereafter union forces under benjamin butler occupied federal hill, a large hill near the inner harbour of baltimore, aimed their cannons at the city, and the big cannons were swiveled onto the city itself. if there was another pro-confederate riot, ft.

mchenry could -- the second step, though, anyone accused of aiding or supporting the southern cause could be arrested. many would be brought to this very room which i'm not stoning. president lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus. that plenty people could be brought here and detained here for no specific crime, not even given a trial in front of their poors or a judge. many saw this as an abused roof rights. some in ballot horrid said lincoln has said himself up as king and ft. mchenry is the baltimore bastille, an allusion to the king of france a couple generations earlier. within man brought here was john merriman. he was an officer and pro-confederate horse unit called the baltimore county horse guards. even though the unit had been

disbanded, they had a reputation of being pro-southern. john merriman was arrested under the pretext of training pro-confed rats on his property, so this cavalry -- merriman was brought here and held in one of at least rooms, perhaps for a period of time this very room word gout out and the chief justice at the supreme court tan, actually condemned the decision. he did it as a more local judge in chambers, but he issued a stern condemnation on president lincoln san he did not have the power to suspend the writ, but not only did he not himself have the power, about but he delegated that power to other union officers in the areas in clear violation of the

constitution of the united states. no long thereafter, a federal marshal taking his orders came to ft. mchenry to demand the release of this john merriman. he was turned around at the fort's dates by union soldiers under the orders of the commander officer cease he took hi orders from the president, so really here at ft. mchenry in the early days of the civil ware was a constitutional crisis, the time where at least one representative of the judicial and executive branches came at loggerheads with one another. these were swift decisive measures that the administration tube to secure baltimore. by securing baltimore for the union cause, it helped keep the state of maryland from seceding from the union. that resulted in maryland staying loyal to the union cause as well. so ft. mchenry was important

during the american civil wars leer i'd like to take you into a cell where very few visitors go where linking violated the constitution again and ironically to help a confederate soldier. so the cells we're about to walk past, this is solitary confinement. suspected spies were kept here. in a way you could also look at this as the death row area of ft. mchenry. there were three known executions here during the american civil war years, but i want to talk about an execution that almost happened to the man who actually stayed in this specific cell. midway through the american civil war, an officer for the

confederates, henry hall brogdon was arrested and put here in this cell and accused of being a confederate spy, of course that had the death penalty attached to it. he fully expected to be executed by big hung after a few weeks or perhaps a couple months. you can imagine the mental anguish he went through in this cell, in addition for the physical anguish. he said he was never giving anything to right. his bathroom was a bucket in the corner and the only thing to sleep on was a straw mattress. this is actually dryer. he said green slime came down these walls and his skin turned white from seldom seeing the sun. this shows that lincoln violated the constitution, but i think it

shows the great compassion that president lincoln had even for those who did not like him. when the writ of execution came across his desk. he had the man tried under an expost facto law. it's extremely clear in the constitution, says it in the constitution, quote, there should be no expost facto law. so in other words, you can't arrest a person and then accuse them of a crime that wasn't stated as being a crime or on the books at the time that the man was arrested. well, that is exactly what lincoln had with henry hall brogdon. lincoln didn't want this man to die, he created an expost facto lawened was basically tried to enter union lines without sufficient permission and without a pass, which carried a substantially less penalty. this man was later transferred

up to a union fort outside of new york city. he stayed there for a few months, and then he was eventually released. so, yes, lincoln violated the constitution, but by the same token, he did that to save this man's life. ironically this man here probably didn't know what lincoln did for him. it's very unlikely he would have remotely liked other supported president lincoln, yet reflecting his passion, he pulled these strings so that later he would not suffer the death penalty. i wanted to take you up here, share a couple more civil war stories with you, and then

also kind of talk about how different americans saw the stars and stripes here at ft. mchenry and in baltimore during those critical year. this sign here really shows an interesting story of the american civil war in the first year. in july 1861, some of the more prominent wealthy ladies from baltimore city were invited by the union commander to come here to ft. mchenry, major general john dix. after that tea party broke up, he led them up to this point where there was a large cannon aimed squarely at the city of baltimore and had them check the site lines, where they p said that it was aim at the neighborhood where he left. he said if there was another riot incited by your husband, you tell them that your houses

will be the first to go, recognizing the power, i suppose, that women had at the time to influence their menfolk, but also a different way of conveying the message here in no uncertain terms. certainly this is baltimore women sympathizer, all who were here at some point would have seen the american flag waving over the fort. for them it would have meant something radically different than it did to francis scott key. most that's most caustically expressed than none other than the grandson the franz scott key. frank key howard was an ed tore of a new called "the exchange. he said that while he thought that the south should not have seceded from the union, he believed that it was totally legal for them to do it.

his thoughts railroad considered to be pro-confederate, his newspaper was shut down. he was arrested and locked up here ironically on the very anniversary day that his grandfather would see the star-spangled banner. he would say words to the effect whereas my grandfather saw the stars and stripes waving over the fort as a symbol of freedom. to me it stands for yoonkee tyranny and despotism such as the -- and those who were arrested on political suspicion of form perceive the flag -- the stars as stripes as condoning violations of the constitution, and so really for them they saw the flag as an abuse of presidential power, a symbol of a tirr ran cal northern government. very different symbol.

however many white union soldiers from ohio, pennsylvania, other such states, would have seen the start and stripes as a simible of unity, that all the stars in that blew can ton, symbolizing the hope that the nation would be reunited. for them it was a powerful symbol of yujt. in the city of baltimore were a number of after kaj-american union soldiers, union regiments. they called them the colored troops back then. they would have seen the starts and stripes after the emancipation proclamation. later in november, 1864, when maryland as a state yow lawed slavery, the stars and stripes stand as a symbol of freedom, a flag of liberation in the south. so i think it's interested that at one time at ft. mchenry you had three groups of americans.

one group sees the starts and stripes as a symbol of tyranny after a federal/ks;÷government. another sees it as a symbol of hope for unity, and yet eat sees every american regardless of skin color. three groups of americans. one star-spangled banner. three different meanings. that meaning is going to change yet again a few generations later, as thousands of immigrants pour into this city. for that, let's look over and look at the cranes here. where these cranes now stand, at one time was the loek oust point immigration terminal. there was a strong relationship between the city of baltimore and germany. the north german lloyd steamship company offer out of bremen and bremerhoffen brought thousands of immigrants into this nation, not only from germany but from other countries like italy, poland, and other

places in europe. some of these ethnic communities are still here in baltimore today. like greek town and polish town. here in baltimore. for those immigrants, they never saw the statue of liberty. that's in new york. they never went through ellis island. but their symbol of a new start in a new station was seeing the stars and stripes waving over this fort at that time. 1902, the locus point immigration terminal was second only to ellis island as far as the number of immigrants. standing on the ramparts, one can almost hear a german father telling his daughter, that's the flag of our new country and your descendants will be americans. we are going to see that the flood tide of immigrants dwindles to a trickle at fort mchenry in 1914, when world war i breaks out in europe. fort mchenry is being used as a city park at that time.

the last active garrison left in 1912. it was a much famous for its bathing beach as it was as the home of the star-spangled banner. but that changes in 1917 when the united states goes to war. and shortly thereafter, a fleet of trucks and a legion of workmen come and they begin building over 100 hospital buildings on the ground. like spokes on a wheel around this fort. general hospital number two, one of the largest army hospitals in our nation, is built here at the home of the star-spangled banner. let's take a look at that hospital. in a special exhibit. general hospital number two, one of the largest army hospitals in the united states during world war i. many historians say that the first world war was the true first modern war. poisonous gas, tanks, airplanes, bombings, submarines, machine guns. all perfected. even though the united states does not get involved until

1917, over 100,000 americans are killed during the first world war. and many more wounded. this general hospital number two specialized in two things. one, the very early plastic surgery was done here. in conjunction with top surgeons from johns hopkins and the university of maryland. if you look at these jawbones. these are the types of facial reconstructions that were done, the reconstructive surgery. men who had their jaw bones shattered, destroyed by exploding shells and machine gun bullets had new jaw bones fabricated an carefully implanted into them. again, a lot of early plastic surgery. a great deal of medical history was made here during world war i. addition to that, some of the first programs to train the disabled veteran were promoted here. we know through this woman --

emily reine williams, one of the lead nurses stationed at fort mchenry during the first world war. and that's another important theme here, the role of women at the time. you know a lot of times women are ignored when it comes to military history. in this time where women were seeking to gain the right to vote, women really proved themselves as nurses during the first world war. and over 300 female nurses were stationed here at fort mchenry. like i said, some of the first programs to help the disabled american veterans were promoted here. one program, they taught chemistry, so a man who was wheelchair-bound because he lost a leg was taught chemistry or taught calligraphy. one man who could no longer hear was taught to use a lino type machine. a noisy typesetting machine. a lot of men were trained. there were well over 100 different skills you could learn. it was really a cutting-edge hospital for its period. so over 100 buildings here as

part of general hospital number two. you can see how many buildings there were. some of these are hospital wards. there was a train shed where they could bring in visiting families or wounded from other ports by train. a chapel, officers row, other hospital wards. some of these other buildings were also training centers to help those disabled american veterans be reintegrated into society. you can see the red cross headquarters that was here at one time. this was also during the golden age of baseball. the inside of the fort was converted to a baseball diamond. where the one-armed team sometimes had to play against the one-legged team. even though their bodies were broken, their spirits were not. you look at those veterans. really, the american flag waving over this fort was a powerful symbol of hope and healing for those folks during the first world war. that hospital was abandoned in 1923.

and most of it was all torn down in 1927. the buildings and the grounds were left derelict for a number of years until the national park service acquired it in the 1930s. when that happened, as part of a national parks project, and also part of it, for some of the programs during the great depression to put people back to work, the works projects administration came to fort mchenry and built sidewalks, repaired brick walls. and so, i do not think there was any coincidence that during a time of stress and hard times during the great depression, 1931, the star-spangled banner becomes the official national anthem for the united states. and fort mchenry becomes preserved. this becomes a unit of the national parks service. but there is a clause in the deal that says if the military needs to use the grounds, they can always do so. that is exactly what happened during world war ii when the united states coast guard used

about 13 acres of land as a coast guard training base. about 28,000 coast guard men and women trained here during the second world war. specializing in shipboard security and firefighting. i had the pleasure of interviewing a lot of these world war ii vets. i would ask them what they remember most about their experiences. almost all of them to a person, they say, i remember seeing the star-spangled banner waving over the fort. and how we had to change into our class-a uniforms every morning for morning information when the colors were hoisted and every evening when the colors were taken down. it shows you the impact of the stars and stripes on the world war ii generation. in a way, the stars and stripes in world war ii stood as a symbol of democracy triumphant. you see that here in a way through the image on "life" magazine from world war ii, that imagery of the flag and the

events that happened here during the war of 1812 inspired another generation of americans many, many years later. so in a way, the visitors are still writing the chapters of fort mchenry's history. visiting fort mchenry is actually part of the history of the site. how different generations of americans come here to be inspired by the stories of the star-spangled banner, the american flag. if you look down here, you can see in the late 1940s, early 1950s, visitors coming here to the fort to learn about where key saw the flag, was inspired to write the national anthem. here, people coming here right after world war ii, you know, you can see all the cars and everything. in the 1960s and early '70s during the vietnam era a lot of military ceremonies were held here. these are called the tattoo ceremonies and they live on to this day where we invite guest units of the modern military, united states marine corps, army and navy to come here and

perform on certain evenings in summer months. we still have change of command ceremonies for the military here. politicians and statesmen come here to walk the grounds for special programs. fort mchenry continues to inspire. just to wrap up this tour, i will show you a few places i think are kind of neat, some places that visitors don't always get to. so let's take a look at some behind-the-scenes stuff. taking you to places where no one gets to go. this actually speaks to when the fort was built, one of the oldest features of the fort that also plays into the war of 1812. you come down here, this actually goes to an underground passage. not a secret passage because everyone would have known about it at the time. but this actually goes, descends to a tunnel that goes outside of the fort's walls. and outside of the fort's walls, there was a ditch, or a dry

moat. think of like a castle moat without water in it. well you have your infantry soldiers out there, guys with muskets. what if they're getting overrun? what if the british landed say like a d-day kind of invasion in overwhelming numbers? those americans could retreat to the inner fort. this would be the narrow passageway that they would retreat into. they would come through this passageway and come up here single file really, really quick. it's so narrow that if the british were on their tail, we could bayonet them as they came out this door and then secure it pretty quick. but this was known as the covered way. and it's a passage from inside the fort to the outside. in addition to the sally fort which is that big tunnel-like entranceway, the main entrance to the fort.

we are going to go into one of the underground bomb proofs that date to the era of the war of 1812. there is a cool story about this underground bunker. so, when the bombs were bursting in air, there really was no underground bombproof. every soldier, every defender was totally exposed to the shrapnel of the british bombs. however, when the british sailed away, all the damage of the fort was quickly repaired. that's why you don't see any damage around fort mchenry today. there was a fear that the british would come back. so the fort was strengthened. one of the biggest issues to the fort was this very boomproof right here. this was built weeks after the battle. if the british did come back with those bomb ships the defenders could bunker down and go into these underground

boomproofs. fort mchenry remained an active military post for almost 100 years after the battle of baltimore. so that in the 1930s, when the army decided to improve fort mchenry, they expanded the bombproof into this chamber back here. this is one of my favorite rooms. even though there was no battle here, because it is original. this room was built in the 1830s as a large bombproof so you could put almost a whole garrison into these. you could see it could accommodate more men. they had large air ducts, so the men could breathe down here. or you'd have numerous air ducts in case there was severe shelling and some of them became occluded or caved in, the men could still survive down here. again, these date to about -- this room dates to the 1830s, and it really just shows how the army saw fort mchenry as a

viable, active military fort. for a generation or more after the star spangled banner had been written. so, what you see through some of the underground chambers and through the history of the fort is that fort mchenry really has layered history. people ask what is original? the answer is, it is all original. some of it dates to the bombardment in 1814. or earlier. some of it to the civil war, some of it to a few weeks ago. but the core of the fort is original and it really represents a time line of american history. a time line of star spangled banner. the unique places, the architectural features. it all really speaks to the power of place that really makes that history vibrant, relevant, and come alive. a lot of people say, well, in your title it says fort mchenry national monument and historic shrine. there are a number of national

monuments as part of the national park service. national monuments are designated monuments based on their historical and cultural merit. among other things. but fort mchenry is the only place that has the dual distinction of being a national monument and a historic shrine. that historic shrine part was added in the early 1940s, because, after all, this is the only birthplace of the national anthem. we only have one national anthem. and this is the birthplace of it. so national monument for its history. historic shrine as the birthplace of the national anthem. makes fort mchenry very unique. one of the crown jewels of the national park service. and as a danger, it's a special honor to be the caretakers of this treasure of the american people. >> you can watch this or other american artifacts programs at any time by visiting our website. c-span.org/history.

>> you've been watching c-span's american history tv. we want to hear from you. follow us on twitter >br twitter @cspanhistory. connect with us on facebook at fab.com/c-spanhistory. or you can leave comments, too. or check out our upcoming programs at our website, krb span.org/history. >> and we'd like to tell you about some of our other american history tv programs. join us every sunday at 4:00 p.m. eastern for reel america. featuring archival films by government, industry and educational institutions. join us as these films take you on a journey through the 20th century. again, that's reel america, every sunday at 4:00 p.m. eastern, here on american history tv. on c-span3. here's a look at some of the programs you'll find christmas day on the c-span networks. holiday festivities start at

10:00 a.m. eastern on c-span with the lighting of the national christmas tree followed by the white house christmas decorations with first lady michelle obama. and the lighting of the capitol christmas tree. and just after 12:30 p.m., celebrity activists talk about their causes. then at 8:00, supreme court justice samuel alito and former florida governor jeb bush on the bill of rights, and the founding fathers. on c-span2, at 10:00 a.m. eastern, venture into the art of good writing with steve pinker. and at 12:30 see the feminist side of a superhero, as jill lepore searches the secret history of wonder woman. at 7:00 p.m., author pamela paul and others talk about their reading habits. and on american history tv on c-span3 at 8:00 a.m. eastern, the fall of the berlin wall with c-span footage of president george bush, and bob dole. with speeches from presidents john kennedy, and ronald reagan. at noon, fashion experts on first ladies' fashion choices, and how they represented the styles of the times in which