african decent not only received information, but also people would place ads and things like that businesses would flourish because of african-american newspapers contributed to literacy. so african-american newspapers were extremely important. but then there are those detractors of booker t. washington's, in terms of his negative legacy many might argue. of course, at the top of the list is the exposition address that many argue for the atlantic compromise. it was delivered in 1895 at the states and industrial exposition. you've read that speech and so you know that booker t. washington, we said might even play into this racist structure

when he says let us work until we build the south, because he's here making a critique of those who are arguing that part of the reason why reconstruction failed was because of african-american decent did not participate fully the way that they should have. washington doesn't even address that argument. he simply says let us work and we'll help rebuild thew south. when he says that, he plays into perhaps this whole notion of blacks as workers and that's all that they really are. so the atlantic exposition address is at the top of the list list. second we know that booker twa supported plessy vs. ferguson that established separate but equal in american society. in fact, strengthened

segregation. it was past one year after the atlanta exposition address and many blame the passage of plessy vs. ferguson on booker t. washington. he was summoned and asked o to testify before congress about plessy vs. ferguson and he gave his blessing, you might say to a separate but equal arena or policy by the federal government. this it involved education, but then it spilled over into other areas of life that people of african decent. now washington we believe come to his defense, washington believed that whites who were racist who are trying their best not only to limit black participation but to get rid of black people, like the ku clux

clan, they believed they would never accept on equal footing as members of their particular. group and their particular society. so se grags was not an option. they were building up their own communities. he had no problem with separate but equal. the problem is that plessy vs. ferguson turned out to be separate but unequal because of fund ing funding for varls things. public works and other sorts of things were not equal in terms of black andú&nhy white society. so if you lived in the black part of town versus the white part of tun, you didn't get the

same money spent per student. right here in georgia, the money spent on a black child was spent on a white child during the era as a result of plessy vs. ferguson. so washington gets part of the blame for that. he's accused of being a racial accommodationist as wgv7vv he's essentially saying here at the latter part of the 19th and early 20th century that it is okay for american society to not only be segregated in all facets of life, but it's also okay for people of african decent not to challenge that but instead to live within the sphere of segregation.

the white house for dinner with the president. this was very significant because this, in fact, led to the establishment of a federal counsel of negro affairs that later one of them, in fact, became director of. so washington's legacy is great and i still believe that he is the man. that many of you argue he's not. now this is your argument. >> i acknowledge that booker t. washington made extraordinary contributions to the black dmunt. he's the man. he's cool and all. but martin luther king jr. was

more. influential in terms of overall history as a race leader because booker twa said they were just going to kind of sit calmly and accept what this is for now, martin luther worked for change not just for black people. he worked for better standards of living for everyone in america. book booker twa seems very intent on pursuing a personal agenda and elevating his status in politics and being the first at the white house. martin luther king accomplished everything he did without an official office. and he's better. you were saying that booker t. washington was the first and only to be appointed to an office, but that doesn't make him the man overall because if you ask someone in this country whether they are 6 16 or 60 who

the preeminent symbol of racial equality martin luther king is the answer that comes up and that legacy holds more weight than any presidential appointment. >> okay, all right. who agrees with her? what do you have to say? >> you say he's a racial accommodation ist accommodationist, but back in that time it was like the height of the kkk and he's in the deep south. so would it have been smart for him to go against -- i mean, did he have any other choice but to be a racial accommodationist at that time? he wouldn't have gotten anything

accomplished. >> he would most certainly not lived as long a life as he did. he died when he was 59 years old. in 1915 was actually a pretty long time. there's a life expectancy but had he said, well, enough of segregation, we're going to march towards freedom and that sort of thing he would not have lived very long. understand he was in alabama, one of the most racist oppressive states in the south. not only in alabama, but he's in rural alabama. even today tuskegee university is a magnificent institution, but it is not in a real urban center. and during the era in which

booker t. washington came into power as the head of tuskegee institute in 1881, tuskegee was really a very small rural area, very remote. he tells us what tuskegee was like up from slavery. i often thought what was life like? what kind of things did he see go on in alabama? i imagine if he didn't see it he knew black people were being lynched, that houses and churches were probably being burned. there was a lot of violence against people of african descent. so part of his racial accommodationist discourse i'm sure had something to do with not only his own zefl self-preservation, but if people of african descent are going to come through this thing,

segregation and all that and make the impact and become more independent people, you're not going to be able to do it with a gun in your hand. it's just not going to work. now that's part of the same argument that martin luther king made in terms of the nonviolent demonstrations in the south. that not only did king feel it was morally wrong to sink to the level of the oppressor because they are kimlling you, you need to rise to a higher moral standard but also king said another reason i'm against violence is we can't win. you just look at it practically, we can't win, we can't win a a war. in the early 1920s, tulsa,

oklahoma, an area that, in fact the national negro business league helped establish as the black. wall street, there were a lot of black banks and that sort of thing and economic interests. it was known across the country. there was a race riot because a young black man had been accused of wanting to rape a white woman in an elevator in a hotel. the race riot broke out and the u.s. military air force bombed that part of tulsa, oklahoma, from the air. . so i mean there is?%3 -- there was reason to feel. this was after booker twa died, but when martin luther king was looking at this he was aware that happened in tulsa, oklahoma. booker is happening in the community at the hands of white racists. so i think both of them are

saying violence and confrontation is not the answer. king take s it to another level as well. because king sees nonviolence as a moral force that ultimately exposes or if you are intent on not using violence and you face folk who is do and they continue to use violence you don't, and who looks bad. this was king's point, you see? in one sense, maybe booker t. washington did not have much of a choice in the same way he felt he didn't have much of a choice.

but on the other hand president sense of racial accommodation was really problematic. they hated that about booker t. washington. and some other african-american leaders couldn't stand it. he hated him so much until he fould follow washington around, wherever washington was going to speak, trotter would find where they were going to be and make arrangements so he could sit right in the front and everything went fine. singing and other kinds of nings until they introduced booker t. washington. the minute they introduced washington and got ready to speak, they started shouting them down. i mean, washington had great opposition from significant people of african descent. although he and dubois never had

a public argument. this was a misnomer, a fallacy. people writing stuff about dubois and washington at each other's throats. one was the chapter you'll be reading in the next few weeks, that's a very balanced critique of washington. and then the second was after washington died dubois wrote a jewel ji and published it in major newspaper. that was the only two public statements that dubois ever made about booker t. washington and washington only mentioned dubois a couple times. once he mentioned him up from slavery where he's in boston and says there's a young man with an

interesting analysis that he read. he goes on didn't say anything about it. so there were two different generations, et cetera. dubois is criticizing washington, but washington is attempting to build institutions. this is really washington's legacy. what distinguishes him from any other black leader including martin luther king, dr. king was a tremendous leader. no question about it. we don't think of the world the same way prior to martin luther king than we do now. he was the first person ever in the history of the world to say war is wrong, for example. no one had ever said that ñ before. eefr jesus said we're going to have rumors of wars. dr. king said war is evil.

it destroys people. it destroys civilization. it destroys the land. it's a corruption of theíeha natural order. and we just don't think about war the same way now that first thought about it before dr. king made that kind of analysis. he changed the perspective about that. and the power of nonviolence. we think of that differently after dr. king. gandhi in india had established the paradigm for nonviolence but it was dr. king who brought it to international awareness. people lived on the times. they lived during the ages and we can't take them out and put them somewhere else and say we don't like washington because of the racial accommodationist,

that wasn't right, may not have been right. we have to look at it within the context of what he was dealing with. i think your question is very appropriate. maybe he did not have the kinds of options that we think he ought to have had to talk about racial accommodationist. i do think, however, that washington honestly did believe that it was better for people of african descent to accept and work within the arena of segregation than to spend their effort challenging it. i know enough about his life and the things he believes that i believe that. washington thought it was better for people of african descent to build up their own communities. if they build up their own communities or establish an economic base, then the walls of segregation might come down.

if they don't come down, who cares because we have our own. that's how washington felt. that's really how he felt. who cares if folks like you or don't like you if you don't sign your check. who cares if they don't let us into their opportunity. our university is on par. who cares if we have nice houses on this side of town. washington's argument is don't worry about all that that's going on on that side of town. build up our side of town. washington was talking about how originally he felt when an individual made a statement in favor of segregation or racism of any type it would anger him, but he reached a certain point where he ignored it because he realized that eventually racial

equality would be a reality and those individuals were standing on the train tracks when the train was coming down the line. i guess my question is do you think washington first saw the inkeys in the number of proafrican-american civil rights organizations from world war i and world war ii and into the movement through his strategy of economic uplift? >> i don't know if he foresaw it, and i don't want to make a profit out of booker t. washington in terms of foreseeing anything but i do know he laid the ground work for the number of organizations that developed later on that the congress of racial equality, urban league and aum of that have direct relations to the legacy and the national negro. business league. especially the urban league.

in fact, theosf linkage is clear. and the urban league claims some heritage with booker t. washington washington. so in that respect, yes, washington did lay groundwork that later on other organizations that came legacy. also marcus gar vee claimed direct lineage. but in terms of the select yule and social activism, he saw himself inheriting a legacy of

booker t. washington. he admired him. he thought he was the greatest man alive. he carried with him everywhere he went a copy ofb slavery. and came to work with booker t. washington. by the time he got here, washington was dead. so he said okay washington is this race thing and folks said the man now is dubois. they were turned off by dubois. you can understand how a person can get turned off. he was a brilliant man but not all that great socially.8z" good hair and all that and in jamaica those people are a

problem. but they started the improvement association. and claimed lineage to booker t. washington. later on the nation of islam..p7ñ that's the movement. it comes straight out of booker twa that we refer to as black nationalism. and the problem to start is ultimately you have to say how are you a nation where's your land? in order to have a nation you have to have land somewhere.

washington felt that he could solve this problem because he went to congress and asked that there be some states set aside. got it clear with the president and congress that there could be some states set aside for black americans to migrate to and establish their own communities their own states. in washington's mind, we're going to have true black nationalism. none of this segregation, you go on the other side of time we're going to have our own states. probably the states that booker t. washington was talking about were undesirable for people of african descent. places like montana and the upper great plains, too cold, too barren and all that. and african-american leaders and other others were not desirous of separating out and going to

states where there would only be black people of african descent or a large majority because they felt like that would make it easy to simply get rid of black folks. inside genocide would be very easy. just get on a plane with some bombs and go there and get rid of black folks. black folks didn't go. but what did happen as a result of booker t. washington that i did not put on the power point is that there was a settlement of all blacktowns that was an offshoot of this nationalist urge. in fact, in 1904 booker twa gave the commencement address at the university of nebraska lincoln in which he advocated the settlement of all blacktowns. by this time he had given up on the notion of all black state,

but he was advocating all blacktowns. as a result of washington's trek through the upper south midwest and great plains area, there were all black towns that were developed and partly as a result of booker t. washington's legacy. so for example, in nebraska there were like five all black towns. kansas, oklahoma oklahoma still has predominantly all black towns that came out of that settlement. montana had two all black towns. i have taught there in the course of my career. texas had all black towns. so washington's legacy, let's have our own. let's have our own thing. yes? >> i have a question about the

national black negro business league. what happened to it? because on saturday i went to a local community here called pleasant hill. a lady there was giving a history lesson about how in the past all these black leaders, doctors, lawyers within that community, but she said nowadays if you look around at the community, you'll see those houses that were nice back in the early 1900s, they are not in mint condition anymore. they are just poor. you said the national negro business league funded those black communities and those black town ss. so what happened to it? >> integration. integration came spend money and predominantly white communities instead of their

own. i was a student coming out of junior high school into high school when integration supposedly happened. in the community in which i lived it didn't happen but i remember the discourse, i remember the discussions about that and the moves in american society and since then a question of integration and ha has happened with african-american communities. so one thing that's happened was the ghetto wising of black communities because those more economically and politically upwardly mobile left black communities and so the black communities were robbed of the resources, the prime resource, which are people. so doctors, lawyers, professors teachers et cetera left the

historic black communities and moved into more integrated areas. a lot of time for very good reasons. they could get better housing, nicer neighbor neighborhoods better schools. so the philosophy behind integration was if we move over there with the white people go to their schools and all that, we will be able to share in those resources. if you're sitting in a classroom black student and a white classroom, but predominantly white classes, the teacher gets up to teach the teacher cannot

teach the white kids without teaching a black one. if books are handed out, that black kid is going to get a new textbook too. whatever resources that are going to be handed out and available, the black people will have access to those resources in integration. that was the theory behind integration. didn't quite work that way necessarily, but that was the theory behind it. it was the end to the means. the fact is that that particular restaurant in the white neighborhoods, they have better cuts of meat, the people being paid a little bit more, the structure is better in the neighborhood and all that.

so we integrate there. we have access to those resources. not so much about black people not comfortable. it's about accessing resources. but in that move to improve the conditions, lack of resources over here, let's go where the resources are. doing that the intelligence, thent most economically viable that has occurred. and i've seen it in my own life u.

>> so the fact that they integrated with the whites, why did that affect the national negro business league from still keeping its promise and doing what it's supposed to do within those black communities? what happened to that organization? >> that organization, in fact, became part of it became part of the urban league. that in fact, is an organization that has spurred black businesses and that sort of thing. and that organization did not end its work in african-american communities. part of the problem in terms of black businesses is that black businesses tend not to have the resources to start up. most businesses in america fail within the first three years. and any time you try to start a business in america, and i know because i used to -- i had a little business at one time, a

mental health center where i was in illinois and i went through the small business administration to try to get it up and running. but you needed money so i went through the training. and one thing they told us was in a room with 20 other people who were trying to start up stuff and z that if you're going to start a business you really these to have three to five years of cash money in terms of operating money. yougg3ç need to have that set aside u. and don't touch it because don't expect your business to even pay your salary. in the first three to five years. most black businesses can't do that. people start up on a shoe string. so if they run into problems then usually six to nine months a lot of businesses end up closing in the black community because they cannot sustain that period where you don't get a

check. that has a lot to do with it as well. >> the philosophy that booker t. washington he was saying that i remember a passage where he said the black community to be seen as important as equal had to work and improve themselves so absolutely indispensable that the rest of the community couldn't survive without them. i'm not equal because i'm human, i work really hard for it then when integration happened some black people probably felt like this is my time to shine, to prove i'm useful so they moved out of those communities so maybe if those if he wasn't such a racial accommodationist earlier, then those structures that were successful could have

maintained and could have stayed because they were already in the mind set that we're equal how we are and we didn't teach that but martin luther king did. >> in saying booker t. washington was the most influential, powerful black american that has not been elected to an office, i don't mean to say that i agree with him. there's a lot about him i don't like, i don't agree. however, washington was in a position after 1900 to say ye or nee to the things they were trying to get started that were being supported by state or federal funds. and i have spoken with people, older african-americans and older wh; /5 who were trying to trying to participate in that racial uplifting movement who

were starting schools or businesses or anything such as that. many of them said that in order to get it started, they knew they had to get washington on board. so they wrote a letter to booker t. washington or talked to someone who knew had access to book booker t. washington and all that. as long as he didn't speak against you, you were okay. and if you had a job got a job that was being funded by the state or federal government and you came out against washington or washington's program, you found yourself unemploy eded. so i don't agree necessarily with washington, because he did become kind of a demagogue after awhile, no question about that. of course, there were some charges against martin luther king that way too. he thought he was the lord, thataçzxx

kind of stuff. any time a person achieves that sort of status, we'll have the detractors, the haters, et cetera. but martin luther king was a tremendous national and international figure, no question about that. life is different for us because of dr. king's leadership and what that movement was able to do. but life is also different because of what booker t. washington was able to do. and in fact, martin luther king credited booker t. washington with some of the successes of the early parts of the civil rights movement because some of the movement was economic justice. later on when dr. king was assassinated, he was planning a poor people's march on washington. and the whole thing was to march

250,000 people to washington, d.c. and bring the united states government to a halt, lay down on runways so planes couldn't take off and that kind of stuff. and the demand was that everyone in america be guaranteed a minimum livable wage. that was what the king movement the civil rights movement ultimately ended at that point of saying we must have economic justice and there should be a guaranteed salary no matter whether you flipping hamburgers or lecturing before c-span. there ought to be a guaranteed minimum salary u for everybody in america. and so when you look at that,

that smacks a little booker t. in there somewhere, doesn't it? a little booker t. in there somewhere, you see? people lived during the era and people build on the successes and the failures of those who have come before them. i still think i won this argument myself. i believe we have a tremendous historical figure here a dynamic period in american history. it really is. so much so that we have in terms of a legacy ofw2 booker t. washington, we have many things in american society, many folk who is look at booker t. washington as a tremendous figure. even the president of the united states, president obama has paid tribute to booker t. washington and also martin luther king.

when i look at these two great leaders, i say,vv there's something about each one of them that contributed significantly to black progress of people of african descent. there are things about both of them also that we could criticize. martin luther king may have stayed with the nonviolent thing too long, some people say. later on in his life he questioned whether or not nonviolence could work in an unethical society because the premise of nonviolence is that sooner or later the folks oppressing you are going to get embarrassed or something feel like, oh, my god, we're really making ourselves look bad. what if the folks oppressing you don't have that kind of humanity? some folk just don't have shame. if you're trying to shame someone who doesn't have any shame, you're in trouble.

and so martin luther king came to that point and question eded that. you read his books and ultimately at one point, martin luther king questioned, can nonviolence work? this is after he went to chicago and the kind of structures in chicago were not the same as they were in the south. so the south, for example, to gather more than two or three black people together at the same time, you disrupted the whole fabric of that society. there were laws against that. any public assembly more than two or something like that, i got to get rid of them. he went to chicago and marched right through sko gee, illinois, and didn't bother anybody because in chicago people o that kind of stuff all the time march, black folk walking down the street together and that

kind of thing. so just by the very presence of 500 black people marching it doesn't necessarily bother anyone in the urban city in the north. so there were things about dr. king and his perspective in the movement that kind of fell short, no question about that. but nonetheless, we experienced a better life because of what he did, we experienced a better life because of what booker t. washington did. if i could talk to booker t. washington now have a conversation with him, i think i would argue with him about a lot of stuff. no question about that. but. i also salute the fact that he was the man. any last question or comment?

>> the most powerful or most influential. i'll give you he was the most powerful because of his appointed office, but i still think that martin luther king was the most influential. >> it's hard to make a distinction between powerful and influential when you look at -- it depends on the basis on which you're looking. what i'm saying is that martin luther king, no question about it, had a great amount of influence. passed the civil rights act, desegregation of the south, that sort of thing. no question about it. the whole question of war, calling into question war, which led my generation of saying no we're not going to vietnam i refuse to go. i was ready to go to jail. turns out i didn't have to go to jail because there was a draft at that time. so dr. king was very, very

influential, no question about it. but what i'm looking at in terms of institution building, the legacy that you leave dr. king's legacy is different than booker t. washington's legacy. dr. king leaves a legacy of a society that's operating differently. blacks and whites sitting in the same classroom going to eat together, doing things together, dating each other aum that kind of stuff. it wouldn't have been possible without the civil rights movement, no question about that. but when you look at the kind of legacy of booker erer t. washington who believed that institutions are what transforms reality and the opportunities for people and booker t. washington is the only black leader, social leader that left institutions.

no other one. not even martin luther king left institution. he left an organization. southern christian leadership conference can't get along with each other. dubois sent the nacp, they can't get it together now. they sit around arguing, fussing and fighting and carrying on. if you just look at booker t. washington and what he did for hbcus. still we're over 80% of black folks educating. 7 or 8 out of every 10 doctors and lawyers are still being educated at hbcus, that kind of black leadership and black intelligence coming out of there and a lot of that has to do with booker t. washington's support and i mean financially sending money their way so they could survive and all that. so you have legacies in

different institutional legacy and another in terms of transforming american society for resource and opportunities. we will continue on with this argument throughout the semester, i'm sure and ultimately i will win. thank you so much. >> you have been watching a special presentation. . we have more every saturday at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern. join students in the classroom to hear lectures on campuses across the country on topics ranging from the american revolution to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. lectures in history, every saturday at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern here on "american history tv." we want to tell you about some of the other "american history tv" programs.

join us every sunday at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern for a special look at the presidency. learn from leading historians about presidents and first ladies, their policies and legacies, and hear directly from our chiefq2f] executives through speeches. that's every sunday at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern here on "american history tv" on c-span 3. and we'd like to hear from you. follow us on twitter, connect with us on facebook where you can leave comments too and check out our upcoming programs on our website at c span.org/history. new year's day on the c-span networks, here are some of our featured programs. 10:00 a.m. eastern, the washington ideas forum, energy conservation, business war brown and inventor dean cayman.

the brooklyn historical society holds a krgs on race. then at 8:00 p.m. eastern from the explorers club, astronaut walt cunningham on the first manned space flight. new year's day on c-span 2 just before noon eastern, hector tobar on the 33 men buried in a chilean mine. and 37k p.m. eastern the life of nelson rockefeller. at 8:00 p.m. eastern, former investigativeyp8ñ correspondent, sheryl attkisson on the obama administration administration. new year's day on "american history tv" on c-span 3, at 10:00 a.m. eastern wau knee ta abernathy on her experiences and the role of women in the civil rights movement. 4:00 p.m., professor benjamin carp on the link between alcohol and politics in prerevolutionary new york city. then at 8:00 p.m., patrick oel

fant draws caricatures as they discuss presidents and some of the most memorable qualities. new year's day on the c-span networks. for complete schedules go to c-span.org. next professor jonathan sarna talks about how henry ford supported a newspaper that published anti-jewish articles. it was published describing the international jew as the world's foremost problem. thed9varticles were later published as a series of books. this class is about an hour and 15 minutes. >> all right good afternoon, everybody. so last time we looked broadly

at the rise of hatred during world war i and we looked at immigration restriction, which was in some ways related to that and a little bit about the activities of the kkk and we spent a lot of time on the translation of the forgery, known as the protocols of the elders of zion and then we mentioned some of the anti-immigrant rhetoric connected with prohibition. what i want to do today is really focus on the person who really did more than anybody else to fan the flames of anti-semitism in the 1920s and that was none other than the famous american industrialist henry ford. henry ford is a great hero to many americans. there were lots of people who

wanted henry ford to run for president in 1924 butzz >> i trust many of you know quite a bit about henry ford but he was an exceedingly interesting person. born in a very small community. spring well township, michigan. today we would say he was good at the stem subjects. good at mathematics and careering, which in those days was mechanics, and very bad at reading and writing.

he actually becomes a good friend of thomas edison, who of course was not a great lover of zw1hh the jewish people. he then spent a lot of time as a young person working to create an auto engine. in your generation, people work in their garage to make apple computers. steve jobs built apple computers in his garage and made an absolute fortune. in henry ford's day, you would make an automobile that would be cheap and that would really allow for what would become a transformation of the country. henry ford succeeds and that -- in that. like all sorts of investors, he has also its of false starts, but eventually he creates the

model t, which -- does anybody know what is important about the model t? it was not the very first automobile after all. what was special about the model t? >> it was the first mass-produced automobile. >> yeah, apple was not the first computer by a long shot. but what henry 00:04:46 ? unidentified speaker

ford did, he made the automobile accessible to everyone. ah, the price drops. he sells model t's eventually for $290. much like when computers dropped below a certain price. i remember when only very wealthy people had cell phones. they were a norm is things. you needed a whole suitcase to carry it around. he had it to show off. it was exciting to people. henry ford put the world on wheels. and he was absolutely transformative. he is very important for studies of industrialization. he did not invent mass production, but he really demonstrates what mass production can accomplish. he popularizers mass production. eight hours of work, eight hours of leisure, eight hours of sleep. we don't all get that either, but it is part of a philosophy that becomes associated with

henry ford. he uses his wealth for various social causes, but the amazing thing is, and this is really where we will see his interest in jews, henry ford uses some of his money to restore the good old days. imagine, and industrialist and investor would not be so interested in the good old days, but henry ford absolutely was. for example, he fought hard to revive -- we would not associate henry ford with that, but he thought square dancing was much better for america than the newfangled music and the

lascivious dancers that -- dances that were overtaking america in the early 20th-century. he doesn't believe in pasteurized milk. don't try that at home. but he thinks the old ways of getting milk were much better, and so on and so forth. he restores farmhouses. he loves the mcguffey readers. anyone know what the mcguffey reader is? you ever hear of -- not if you went to school in the 19th century. [laughter] mcguffey produced a set of graduated readers. they were meant to introduce reading to young people and the

goal was graduated. so every grade had different levels of reading.epe and the reading was thought to be at a high level and there were illustrations and so on.@;úgy many, many people who study in the 19th century, especially at rural schools use mcguffey's readers. there are still places that try and teach the mcguffey reading system. they believe this is really the best way to teach reading and to teach elevated literature. the truth of the matter is, some -- maybe i will bring it in at some point. some early mcguffey readers would contain rather anti-jewish material. there is a dispute as to whether in for himself studied those

early readers and if that influenced him. some of the bible reading, new testament readings that cast jew s in a bad light. one of the mcguffey readers had material from "the merchant of venice" which cast jews in a bad light. regardless whether or not that was a central influence on ford, it tells us something. he wanted to bring back these great old-fashioned textbooks of the good old days. that to his mind was what america needed. henry ford in 1916 is going to promote peace. some people think he was pro-german. he certainly was a pacifist. and one of the things he pays for is what known as a ship with a jewish woman named rosita oe

shumer, and the ship is supposed to sail around and promote east during world war i. many people ridicule bp's ship and -- the peace ship and ridiculed the pacifism it was promoting. some would argue later one of jg!ññ the problems with her was going to move from her to generalize about all jews. certainly ford was unhappy about the bad publicity he received connected with the peace ship and all that went with it. the reason ford was worried about the bad publicity was actually pr, public relations, was absolutely essential to the

success of henry ford and he was one of the very early people to understand how important public relations was. and some of his public relations activities are very famous. so, for example in 1914, he distributes and gets a norm is praise that he is going to distribute profits to workers, people who worked at ford motor company.

they got the sum of five dollars a day. the public life of henry ford, meaning the public relations aspect of his life was quite significant. he wanted newspapers to report favorably on him. he wanted really to be viewed in a very positive way.

that was very important to the company. there is a very good book, "the public life of henry ford," where you can see how significant it is to ford. and that may help to explain why ford eventually decides that he is going to have his own newspaper. and he purchases "the dearborn independent." where is dearborn?

about -- >> about 35 minutes outside detroit? >> yes. there was an installation at dearborn, followed by "the dearborn 8 independent." what is the great advantage of owning your own newspaper? >> how you control how the newspaper is talking about you? >> if you want to control euro and message, it's helpful to own euro newspaper -- your own newspaper. yes, it is called "the dearborn independent," but it is not just for people in dearborn. what is his great advantage? yeah. >> he has cars. >> he has cars and if you want to sell cars, you need, then and now -- >> [indiscernible] dealerships?3d >> and they are beholden to you

because if they do not do what you say, you will not let them have cars and they will not make any money. but all of those car dealerships now have to carry and distribute "the dearborn independent." so it is going to be a much more important newspaper then had it just remained a very local newspaper in dearborn. and he buys this paper, sets it up, gets it going in 1919. it is called "the dearborn independent," but honestly it is not independent at all. it is a free country. call it what you like. but actually it was totally dependent on the ford motor company. and not surprisingly, the views of "the dearborn independent" and the views of the report are remarkably similar. that should not surprise anyone. that would be true of any newspaper that reflected the views of its owners. but the paper is very much in v-"b÷

favor of pacifism. it likes prohibition. meaning that it is in favor of limiting alcohol, which forgot was wicked. -- ford thought was wicked. it supports all sorts of traditions. one of the most interesting articles, and the title of the article tells you a lot about the outlook of henry ford. an editorial entitled "the old ways were good." the irony, the astonishing irony. yeah. >> he made the car and he is talking about the old ways. >> this is exactly right. there is no one who did more to bring new ways to america, to transform america than henry ford did. the automobile was one of the most transformative inventions in the 20th century. the fact that people would travel significant distances easily was enormously important.

very rapidly horses disappeared from the streets of the city and automobiles replaced them and we needed to have highways and the like. nothing transforms america in those days more -- >> [indiscernible] the ford motor automobile to modernize america, or was that an accident? >> oh, he's certainly continue to support the automobile. it's an interesting question. what you're really asking is, was he aware of this irony? that is only something we think. my senses, he is not aware of it. he is a country person. he remembers small towns. he likes small towns.

it did not occur to him that nobody had done more to change america from the old ways to the new ways than himself. one of the lessons is, one can be a great agent of change and be totally oblivious to the changes that one has in fact brought about. but if one looks, there is a whole group in this period that are anti-modernists. we think of this era as the spread of modernity.3hg2 but ford illustrates both y anti-modernism and -- in the 20th century, the city is going to become very significant . the truth is, and is will be important as we turn to jews, th

e jews are very much associated with american cities. they are urban. but henry ford, he is really enamored of old, rural america. for him, along with thomas jefferson before him, all of america's virtues were connected with rural america. he very much was appalled at the cities where so many of his automobiles would be sold. what's interesting to look at is the anti-semitism is going to bring together a lot of the themes that ford champions. that is to say jews are symbols of identity, are symbols of urbanization. jews, to his mind, were opponents of prohibition, and

that was not always correct. a lot of immigrants did like prohibition. in fact there is a book on jews and the liquor trade called " jews and booze." very good title. ford had some dim awareness of this. but he certainly knew that jews

were opposed to prohibition. and one can see how jews reflected to him the antithesis of many things he believed in. many of the things he most believed then. i said earlier that writing and reading are not things that henry ford excelled in. what does that suggest about "the dearborn independent?" what does it suggest? >> that he had somebody else writing for him. >> exactly. do not for a minute believe henry ford did all of the writing or oversee the writing. it does not mean he did not know about it. it does mean he employed other

people to do it. yeah? >> [indiscernible] >> i suppose you could call it 00:22:32 ghostwriting, meaning very often these were people who wrote things in ford from name, but he did not himself write them. later, ford would claim that sometimes he did not know what was in "the dearborn independent." that is quite unlikely to most people. some articles were signed by other people. but in any case, most of the

articles that are those we are going to focus on in "the dearborn independent" were written by a man named william j. cameron. cameron is part of a very interesting little group called ú!7! the anglo israelites. anyone by chance know anything about the anglo israelites?

the anglo israelites -- and remember when we talked about 1930's america -- the anglo israelites believed that anglos were the real heirs of the jews, and people who call themselves jews were usurpers. in other words, this is a way to say that the master race are the anglos.vt ñ the jews who now exist, they are not jews at all. there is a long tradition in the 20th century of people who argue the temporary -- contemporary jews are not really the jews of the bible. they converted to judaism. the important thing was that cameron -- he took it as an article of religious faith he was the true jew and the jews in america were usurpers and he

believed, as anglo israelites did, the anglo israelites believed they were to do people really vying to be the chosen people. the anglo-saxons and the jews, and it was essential for the good of civilization for which group to win? >> the anglo-saxons. >> yeah, that the anglo-saxon should win. you see, this was not the only anti-semi -- it is not that we are imposing that word on them. some of the people who work on the "the dearborn independent"

clearly named themselves as anti-semitic. they would not mind being known as anti-semites. earnestly bold, another ford associate, does not like jews and so on. we reach here the 1920's. just in terms of the economics of the auto industry, the 20's are not a really good decade for henry ford. and the reason was he was facing very significant competition. and some have argued that indeed he began searching for enemies. excuse me. sometimes when times are bad, you search for enemies. people to blame for their troubles. whether or not that is the reason, it is worth remembering, in that it will also shape the way jews -- we respond. and this goes back to the

protocols of zion -- russian royalist, meaning those who supported the tsar, actually brought to ford and cameron some of these people surrounding ford , the protocols of the elders of zion, and they had persuaded ford the ultimate goal of the tsar -- the fall of the tsar was the responsibility of the? >> the jews. >> in any case, whatever the 00:28:21 ? unidentified speaker psychological or economic reason, ford begins to call the international 00:28:29

? unidentified speaker jew a problem in 1920. think about that. you have a newspaper that is being distributed, somewhere between a quarter and half a million copies being distributed everywhere. and suddenly it has an expose on "the international jew." and when the articles are in publication, there are eventually going to be 91 of them. 91 weeks. but periodically, there were reprints of the series. our newspapers things that people keep?ttweñr

>> no. >> he wanted to make sure that they will be preserved. so after he produced the newspapers, every 00:29:50 ? unidentified speakerbqa few months, every 20 articles, he would gather together the newspapers, and he would produce these little books.

i only own two of them. there were four of them that were produced. that brought together these articles. i was very lucky, because a copy that i managed to procure had a note that reads "to the library -- this copy of the international jew: the world's foremost problem is for your reading table. please accept it with our compliments. the dearborn publishing company.3&> he was sending them to libraries for free and encouraging people to read them. they weren't being requested, necessarily. >> he was a very wealthy man. he believed in this cause. i'll pass these around. please take care of these. they are irreplaceable. he believed they should get

maximum publicity, and the way, what he did, he knew about public relations. he knew how to get it done.f?1 he sent free copies to every library in america and the use

were very, very cheaply produced books. why do you think he prepared -- produced them cheaply? but the fact that they were very cheap meant what? >> he wanted everyone to have access to them.>la> >> yes. this is not a book for the elite. everyone could afford to get the four volume book of henry ford. and in fact, every ford sales book had these books. this will help you understand g

why jews refuse to buy ford products in those days. the publications and three automobiles were closely linked. i gave you some materials, photocopied from these books.

the table of contents. take a look at them. and tell me -- you know, what we learned. even from the very title. what do we make of this title? some of you have it -- i would say it's this way. what you make of the title? >> "the international jew: the world's problem." jews are everywhere and everywhere they are causing havoc? >> absolutely right. the very title. and stated as a declarative. this does have certain elements of influence from the protocols of the elders of zion. but not only is it the international jew, but in 1920, what is the international jew, according to the cover of the book? >> the world's foremost problem. >> the world's foremost problem. not the flu epidemic. not warfare. not warfare. not the arms race. not economic problems. the world's foremost problem, he declared, and he did not put a question mark there. was the international jew. now take a look. i have given you, i think, on the next page, i have the preface. is there anything you learn? >> [indiscernible] the jews have control over the news that america reads? >> again, one of the great ironies. here is a man working very hard to control coverage of himself and has bought a newspaper and distributed it in the hundreds

of thousands, and nevertheless, he believes the autocratic direction of the very news that the american people read is all due to the jews. good. what else? yeah? >> in the preface, he is talking about the jewish question. indeed, the terms of the question is going to be much stuck in this era. if you go to very old libraries, you will find that the jewish question was a subject matter. it's not a jewish question. it's a non-jewish question. henry ford did a great deal to elevate the idea that there was a jewish question all over the world and in america.

and that was really not so much a question as a problem. and that needed to be on the agenda of the american people. what else can we see in this? >> what exactly is the jewish question? >> what do you think he thought was the jewish question?

88"úñ 00:36:58 ? unidentified speaker and think back to the protocols of the elders of zion. does anybody have a sense, what he thought the problem was? take a look here. a very important sentence in his preface. the international jew and his family, the conscious enemies -- conscious -- enemies of anglo-saxon civilization. the jewish problem as he saw it was really the rising number of jews -- why does the number keep rising? yes. no.;.f the 1920's, before immigration restrictions.

so, you still had hundreds of thousands of jews coming into the country, and from his perspective, and indeed from the perspective of many who viewed america in racial terms, the anglo-saxons were under attack, and in this case, from his perspective, this was a real war

between anglo-saxons who he defined as good and jews, and jews are really to blame for everything he views as bad. that is why i wanted you to take a look at the table of contents here. i have given you two. the first table of contents from volume one is the international jew, because it is talking in part about what goes on outside of the country. the jewish world problem. it is very much, as you can see, take a look at chapter 10 -- what is chapter 10 of volume one? >> [indiscernible] >> 00:39:31 ? unidentified speaker

anybody have a sense why he doesn't -- even the wikipedia says he reprints the protocols, but what he is doing is not actually reprinting the protocols. in some ways he is publicizing. they are translations. they are large understand. they are vague. they are generalized. -- they are hard to understand. what he does is take the protocols, but actually apply them to day-to-day situations people did know about, and he would say, this is an example of what the protocols are talking about so that many chapters will begin with the protocols, or have a liner two from the protocols, and then go further. take a look. what else do you see, just looking at the contents of f2dkj volume one, which as i said, is the international volume, and

then we will move to volume two, which is jewish activities in the united states. but what kinds of things is he talking about, if you read no further -- we will read further. not probably today. but if you read further than the table of contents, what kinds of things would you learn? yeah? >> like you said, it kind of looks like the jews have their hands in everything. >> give me an example. >> all the things going on in washington, the world press magazine, the recent world war. i think it becomes kind of clear, the pattern and the title. it kind of goes back to, like, the old -- like the old idea that jews around the world are somehow connected and part of this really large conspiracy. the international jews, the evil, all over jews distributing this plan that has been concocted. >> i think that is exactly right. a sense of conspiracy.

a sense of world jury. does a definite world jewish program that exists -- his answer, it will not surprise you, is yes. others argue that jews are responsible for world war i. everything bad is blamed on the jews, even though there was no jewish country, and none of the leaders -- france for was not jewish. on and on. you begin to argue the jew stood behind all of these people jew,s

-- the jews stood behind all of these people, and argument very much taken from the protocols of zion. then we see the idea connected to the red scare of the time. what are they really worried about? what do they fear? yes? >> the communists are going to overthrow america. >> good. exactly. the fear of bolshevism, as he puts it. the communists are taking over in 00:43:38ñ&9q ? unidentified speaker russia. were there jewish communists?

no question about it. lenin, we now know, although it was hidden by the communists, he had jewish roots. that did not mean all jews were communists. a certain number of communists are jews does not mean all jews are communists. nevertheless, for the reader of "the dearborn independent," here was another problem they could blame on jews. then we moved to the second, which is entitled "jewish activity in the united states." and -- and then again, take a look at the table of contents, and we will go back and look at what we might learn in a second. but let's take a look at the table of contents. just what do you learn from the table of contents? yes? >> one thing i noticed, they think the jews have a lot more power than they probably did at

this time -- >> give me an example. >> [indiscernible] >> by the way it is in the protocols of the elders of zion -- the real fear that jews are hiding or secretly in control of many aspects of american and indeed world life. but they are experts in doing what? take a look at the very first item. what are they experts in? >> [indiscernible] >> what's that? conspiracy. this is true of all conspiracy theories. if there is a conspiracy theory that blames the jews. you can say, gee, i do it is concealed.

can anybody negate that argument? jews are visible. it's jews. if i don't see it, well, it is concealed. and this is quite typical of conspiratorial claims of all kinds. the same was true of people who thought that the masons in the 19th century controlled everything or the catholics controlled it. but there is always the part that is visible, and then the sense of, how can you possibly see it? they are concealing it. the fact that you do not see it

is itself part of the conspiracy, and that is very much the case here. what kind of a world -- and this is of course what worries them so much. they come to america to be part of america. they did not want to continue to exist in a european sent where they -- a european sense where they are a separate people, kept apart. what kind of a world is henry ford thinking up here? >> he says that jewish rights clash with american rights. jews are not conforming to american culture.

they will not melt. >> either it is a battle of jews versus non-jews, or as michelle says, he believes they want to change america. and that means he's got an answer for why america has shifted. all of these innovations and indeed -- take a look in the middle here. what is another innovation he doesn't like? movies. they are obscene. they are portraying wicked values. by the way, [indiscernible] who is to blame for that? the jews.$+"&

you have read this before. hollywood. there were jews in the film industry, but he suddenly is able to blame jews for yet another element he doesn't like, and what makes this so very frightening -- much more frightening in some ways than the protocols of the elders of zion, because the protocols of vague. what's going on here? >> he is offering specifics. >> he is offering specifics. and people can read the specifics and say, oh. the generalization must be right. that is always a danger when you generalize from an example. just because so-and-so is a jew certainly does not mean that all jews are like so-and-so. but very much the argument that

he puts through here, and as we go down here, we can see that he is worried about what is being taught in schools. and that brings us back to mcguffey. the public schools are no longer teaching old values that they should preach and used to preach and did preach when he studied, back when he was growing up. instead because of jews, that the school curricula is being changed.h"@÷

and again, very much talking about the jewish question. notice, if you look just that the preface here -- he does something quite interesting. that again is quite common in conspiratorial writing. take a look at the second paragraph especially. what's going on there? yeah? >> i'm sorry. it looks like jewish people have tried to refute the articles, but he is defending his articles, saying they have not

shown fax to refute them. >> he is casting suspicion on them because they refute it he says that makes them or suspicious. >> they can't win. this is a tactic used in debate. i do not know if any of you have studied debate. what is this going to do in terms of debating tactics here? in this paragraph? the articles less for printed unanswered. a favorite evasion of jewish editors is to say that the statements about the jewish people can be said about any race.

but these statements have not been made about any other race, nor could there be. what is going on? what is the tactic? so, what you are trying to do is really disarm opponents in advance i saying, oh, -- by saying, oh, they are going to say a, b, c, and d, and when they say it, they say, that is what we said you would say. you make it impossible to respond.

and what he talks about unansw ered, and of course there are many answers, but how does he define those answers? they are not answers. they are what? they are evasions, denunciations, misrepresentations. so, you ought to be aware this is very common in propaganda. it is a game where people will try hard to prevent responses by, in a sense, telling you in

advance what the opposition will say, in the hopes that they will then be disarmed from saying so. and that is very much what is going on here. it is, of course, very interesting that jews are defined here as a separate race. this is an era where jews were often seen as a race apart, much like the hunt arians, the polls, the scotch irish, and so on -- the hungarians. i think some of the responses skewed the language of race, but others were prepared to accept the language of race. >> if any jews read the international jew and were not observing and thought that other jews were really like >> i'm not sure the issue was religious. indeed, what is the essence of race? >> that is everyone. it does not matter -- >> it is in your genes. it does not matter whether you are religious or irreligious. but the question is a very important one, which is how do you respond to this? and actually the american jewish community had a very difficult j

time with that. what would we do? if we called a meeting and a very famous person started issuing anti-somatic articles -- anti-semitic articles, a whole theory. what would be some of the possibilities in terms of responding? what would be some of the arguments question mark we talked about this at the very beginning of the course. ways of responding to anti-semitism. even if you don't remember, what kind of things my one do? >> [indiscernible] the jews went straight to the government.

>> ok, so some people might have argued, let's try to shut down this newspaper. let's start -- let's try to prevent hate speech. that's what this is. from being distributed. it actually in some ways is a very contemporary question all over the world. how should one deal with hate speech? what would some countries feel about hate speech? >> [indiscernible] >> good. and variousñh;g forms of hate speech are illegal. in egypt, any criticism of the government now recently was considered hate

speech and band -- banned. what about in america? what is the problem? >> the first amendment. >> so, the notion of free press and free speech has made it difficult to ban hate

speech. how did louis brandeis think one should respond to hate speech? does anybody know? in his response that -- his response that you responded with more speech. there was a significant dispute in jewish circles. if you had been there, what are some things you might have said? what might one do in the face of hate speech? >> kind of cowardly, but i think this happened a lot. [indiscernible] >> let's ignore him. silence. and indeed, jacob schiff who was probably the leading american jew of that time, wealthy, proud, he was at the end of his life. but jacob schiff was very nervous about taking on an industrialist the camry ford who was -- like henry ford who a lot of people thought was a hero and should be president. his sense was maybe let's not do anything. let's ignore it.í if we give it publicity, it will only make it worse, said he. and that was a very powerful 7ñ voice not to respond. do you think everybody agreed with that?

why not? what is the problem with not responding? yes. >> probably just sit there and take it. and also, if you don't refute it, that is kind of like saying that is true. >> exactly. not to respond is to suggest i can't respond, so naturally there were people that were unhappy. you can certainly see in newspapers and elsewhere various kinds of responses. although they don't quite mention henry ford by name, but the american jewish yearbook devotes a whole issue of the yearbook to responding to

charges that began with henry ford. everything from the idea that jews are dishonest because on the day of atonement, the first service of young cook or -- yom kippur, they say our vows are not vows. and this was taken to be, well, they admit it. so the yearbook writes a long article about the service and what it is really about and so on.u2n: you have jewish responses to communism. what is the problem which the yearbook admits? how many americans do you think read the american jewish yearbook?

not so many. yes, it was in many libraries. but that really was, i think, written for the jews you were talking about who did not know how to answer, who really were uncertain. real uncertain. but, many jews said you know, henry ford's allies are not people -- were simply misinformed. and once we give them the truth they'll change their ways. this was an organized group opposed to jews. and so what other options do people have? >> did like a lot of people boycott? >> oh, so then you have, you know, let's make this real.ñqblñ that this is hatred against the group. let's respond. there is a danger there. what is henry ford saying about

the jews? they control. they're a group. they're this and that. and if you stage a boycott it almost sounds like you're playing sbroo his hands, on the other hand. there were plenty of people who say i'm not going to give any of my money to this man. indeed, there was some jewish dealers of henry ford even ford dealers who were jewish and gave up some of the fords. there were many jews who would not purchase fords.

>> there were lots of reasons why people were buying other cars. it was the car maker who began often in choices of colors and report famously in the beginning. >> e. >> how many of them were specifically trying to hurt ford in the pocketbook? that's a little hard to know. there are some indications that some of the people around ford did believe that as we move on

in time, that the aent sell mettic campaign was actually a drag on the company a diversion fromg.r selling cars needlessly antagonize consumers and that's why they wanted to see it ended. i don't know if any of you are taking courses in business but most business schools don't suggest that you antagonize part of your customer base insult them, say you're a danger to america. that's not the best way of selling goods to people. you try to make them feel good and welcomed and important and so on. that tends to be a more successful way of selling goods.

i don't think anybody can put a number on what it meant.wdv it's like someone changed america, everybody is worth millions and millions of dollars. henry ford has come out against the jews how do you think the jewish community felt? so if jews are involved with anything, it instead of win-win

it's a lose-lose. they're helping to keep up these ideas. if they are involved they're alive but they're not making a living. apparently, they have control over everything. >> the jewish community, in the '230s, was deeply nervous.l they were unhappy and nervous. they were. it's not hard to imagine here. what made it so 2ki6 cult and so hard to respond to was that so

many 069 attacks followed the system that, yes, the pieces of evidence may actually be right about a particular jew but the generalization from the particular to the general was really where the mistake was. never theless, a lot of the people were prepared to generalize from the individual being described to the general. now, there were people who really felt that you know, one had to fight henry ford.

as we will see in lower courts, that will eventually happen. one of the people fights about susan. that's going to have a big impact. there were others, some of them are not easy to document. . william fox is hollywood. he would make films about accidents with a model t and scare everybody away from the model t. and whether it's 5:00 which you willy so or not, i can't tell you. . you know others simply would attack ford i ford ig know rant

may be a good inventer, but he really doesn't know what he's talking about in these areas. the chicago tribune in 1922 called him an ignorant idealist. and ford sued for a million. it's a lot of money -- it's still a lot of money but it was much more money in those days for defamation. they actually put him on the stand and the lawyer asked him a lot of questions. and it turned out he was kind of ignorant to lots of things. and ford was eventually awarded six cents damages.

obviously, people who didn't like ford were very happy at that tactic. and it also, i think, explained ford after that experience and ford never wanted to appear on the stand again.p/" it's easy to be made by the other side. but, look, rather foolish. rather hard if you're not practiced. but, anyway they had a very easy time. of course, he's not a man of broad sbe lekt. there is no particular reason why a genius industrialist who is also genius at creating mass-produced cars, you know, is necessarily an expert on old world affairs.

that's a complete fallacy. anymore than just as somebody's an expert at old world affairs who would imagine that he necessarily be a good inventor. i have no idea if henry kissenger can get a nail or not get a nail. and nobody would expect that he'd be able to do that. it was a built strange. now, one of the most unusual was when henry ford in the midst of these articles sent a gift as he regularly did to detroit's