ave peace with the utes, you would like to keep things stable of the comanches many other groups he talks about, who would you like to concentrate your attention on? if you want to make peace with everybody except one group, who is the one group -- you want to get rid of your other enemies and stabilize relationships so there is one group of people you can go after. if you only knew five indian nations from your watching of western movies growing up? the apaches, actually. the apaches and navajo are related. the apaches were on the southern plains before the comanches drove them off. they moved into areas south of new mexico into northern new mexico. they are conducting extensive raids on spanish settlements.

he is talking about -- let's make peace with everybody else and go after these guys. let's attack the apaches and end these raids on new mexico and other spanish settlements. what makes it so difficult to defend new mexico and other spanish settlements? what is the strategic difficulty? sam? it is a big place. it is a large colony. it is thinly settled, so it is not densely populated. you have a large area with a lot of outlying ranches and small villages. what is the great danger for a spanish ranch in the 1750's? yeah.

go ahead. >> the apaches could burn your house, do a little dance, and leave before anyone realized what was happening. >> exactly. the spanish cannot keep a military force at every ranch in new mexico. they have all these dispersed settlements. all of these are highly vulnerable. the apaches are mobile. they can attack in outlying settlement and the spanish cannot do much about it. on page 308, he talks about the people of new mexico. because of extreme poverty, they are worthy of compassion. their cattle and sheep are exposed to the attacks of the barbarians. the enemy never comes in large numbers but in small parties to hide their trailing prevent discovery. he goes on to talk about albuquerque later. they wish to have a soldier for every cow and horse they pasture.

i've tried to accustom them to the idea that each one should take care of the defense of his own hacienda. what is the solution? yes. >> you are on your own. >> [laughter] the solution is you have flying parties to guard the access routes to the settlements. that does not always work. the other thing is -- good luck, you know. just imagine hypothetically for some reason you are in mexico city and it comes into your mind i need to immigrate, go someplace else, what about new mexico? it does not seem like it would be that appealing. you see the dangers of new mexico. now i am going to hand back the papers.

>> tonight, on the presidency, hugh howard talks about portraits of george washington painted during his lifetime. the author explores the work of john trumbull, focusing on how these artists captured the spirit of the first president and what modern audiences can learn about washington through these portraits. mr. howard is the author of "the painter's chair." that is tonight at 8:00 p.m. and midnight here on american history tv. >> each week american history tv's american artifacts visits museums and historic places. established by congress in 1820 the united states botanic garden is the oldest botanic garden in north america. we will take the tour of the glass and stone conservancy at the foot of capitol hill and

learn about the collections in this plant museum, originally proposed by president washington in 1796. >> welcome to the united states botanic garden. the u.s. botanic garden is a wonderful place to come and learn about plants. our motto could be plants plants, plants. our official mission is to demonstrate to the public the importance of plants and their value to humankind. today we are going to take some time, and i'm going to show you about the u.s. botanic gardens, and introduce you to the stars of the conservancy. right now we are standing in a room called the garden court. i always like to orient people to the garden court initially when we come in. one of the most important elements are the two you see here in the front prominently displayed. they are incredibly important

for us, because they represent a part of our historical collection. the u.s. botanic garden came into existence in some ways is a permanent institution in 1842 when the united states exploring expedition, also sometimes called the wilkes expedition, returned from a four-year voyage in the pacific ocean at the behest of congress, mainly doing some surveying, but also picking up a whole bunch of natural science artifacts, including living plant specimens. in 1842, with the expedition returned, they had 150 fascinating tropical plant species, many of which had never before been on the american continent. this was deemed very valuable. this collection of plants was immediately recognized as important by congress. funds were appropriated for a temporary greenhouse structure to house them while a permanent

garden could be built. we still have to this day a couple of plants that are direct descendents of those plants. the cycads we just looked at, the one on the left is one of the original plants. subsequent to its introduction to the united states, it has become a relatively important tree species in terms of ornamental tree in the tropical parts of the united states, and specifically in southern florida. as with most things in life it's often quite instructive to change one's perspective. to achieve that here, we have made sure to include a canopy walk in the higher levels of the jungle. it is wonderful to get up amongst the top of the trees and see the wonderful and interesting plants that grow at

this level, and also see a different perspective grade looked down on the trunks, look straight ahead at the leaves and the flowers and seeds. it provides a fantastic and interesting environment. i want to thank you for taking time to visit with us at the u.s. botanic garden. the u.s. botanic garden is a wonderful resource. we are open 365 days a year. we are always free from 10:00 to 5:00 every day. if you come to washington, d.c. it's a wonderful place to step on in. there's always something in bloom. hopefully there is something you have not seen before. >> author and professor edith

gelles explores the marriage between john and abigail adams. the professor spoke at a celebration of john and abigail adams' 250th wedding anniversary. this 45 minute event was cohosted by the massachusetts historical society and the abigail adams historical society. >> and i am thrilled and honored to present our keynote speaker edith gelles, she is a stanford university historian and the scholar at clayman institute for gender research. she is the author of numerous articles, reviews, and books among them are "portia: the world of abigail adams," which won the award from the american historical association, also " abigail adams writing life," and also "abigail and john: portrait of a marriage."

edith has appeared widely in the media talking about the adamses. among her appearances has been "c-span's" first ladies series. i would like you to welcome edith gelles. [applause] >> according to adams family lore, when abigail adams married

-- abigail smith married john adams on october 25, 1764, the reverend smith, abigail's father, preached a sermon from the text of matthew. "for john came, neither drinking wine or eating bread." charles francis adams records the story in his memoir, and explains the choice of text as a response to the congregation. he suggests that a portion of the parishioners thought that the son of a small farmer in the middle class of braintree was scarcely good enough to match the minister's daughter. the reverend smith's cryptic message may have included his more personal reflections, which charles francis preferred to disregard.

for many reasons, the reverend smith and his wife elizabeth may have disapproved of the marriage of their daughter. abigail was not yet 20 years old when she married. young for the middle of the 18th century, where on average women married at the age of 22. further, she appears to not have had previous suitors to john adams, whom she met which he was 16. adams was a full 10 years her senior, and may have been an advantage, if he had not been a lawyer. but abigail's roots went deep into the colonial elite. was the solid bedrock of massachusetts society. the smith family for more recently arrived represented the other respectable strain of new england society.

the merchant class. adams's father was a farmer and a shoemaker. it is clear that abigail smith acted on her own will when it came to marriage. she chose to marry john adams because she loved him and because she believed they were compatible. during their more than three years of courtship, she had measured his character, tested his own intuition, as he had in return, and in the end, abigail believed that she could live her lifetime in partnership from which there was no escape. the adams's marriage has become historic. it calls forth an image of an ideal marriage, one founded on love, loyalty, friendship, and

courage, and in many respects, it was. but the adams's marriage is his work for other reasons. it appears modern. in fact, it possesses many of the attributes of a modern marriage. it was a love match that endured. it produced at least one famous son and established a dynasty of great citizens. it overcame adversity and tact. it was a match of intellectual equals, lending legitimacy to the claim of women's more egalitarian status. above all, the adams -- marriage was idealized because abigail is visible. probably the most visible first lady until the mid-20th century, because her correspondences have survived. no other correspondence of this magnitude by a woman of her era

exists, which makes her our best chronicler from a woman's point of view. this is what makes the adams's marriage appear more modern than it was. the deal, as we read it into the letters, survives as a testimony to an ideal correspondence, if not an ideal marriage. in fact, scholarship and history and anthropology makes it clear that all human institutions are functions of the culture in which they exist. marriage, as much as anything else. 18th century new england was no exception to this rule, and the prevailing culture of the world into which john and abigail married was that of their puritan forbearers.

while puritanism had transformed and modified over time into a more liberalized and secular social beliefs and practices, it conventions were maintained. and these protocols became the foundation upon which all marriage in mid-18th century new england was premised. it's salient characteristic in terms of marriage was patriarchy -- its salient characteristic in terms of marriage was patriarchy. when abigail chose to marry john, it was the most spectacular act of will available to her for the remainder of her years. never again would she make a decision of that magnitude to control the direction of her life.

there existed no easy exit clause from her decision once the vows were taken. she had little control over the kind of work she performed or her reproductive life. marriage with its obligations became her destiny in that world. the rules that followed from the existing patriarchy also had clear male and female spheres, and these spheres were not equally, but were hierarchically organized. in her statement requesting john to remember the ladies, she closed her remarks by writing "regardeth then as being placed under your protection and make use of that power only for our happiness." the lens through which abigail

viewed her world revealed a divinely prescribed patriarchy in which it was her destiny to live in the domestic sphere under the terms of john adams's work and his choice of place manner, and style. abigail accepted that world. she wrote "i believe nature has assigned each sex its particular duties and sphere of actions and to act well your part." at the same time, abigail was neither slave nor servant, and she knew that as well. she had leverage within the marriage bond, both with her character and john's. because the patriarchy existed in new england, it was flexible. the physical magnetism that charged their early relationship remained and mellowed into

tender familiarity and a deep, loving commitment. and rather than contracting under the weight of domestic drudgery, the scope of her knowledge developed over her lifetime so that she became wise and erodite. their companionship overflowed from life into letters once they were parted. in addition to patriarchy, hierarchy, and separate spheres, two additional aspects in a puritanism marked the adams's marriage. they were the concepts of contractualism and duty. all of puritanism was contractual, and marriage had no easy exit clause.

finally, there is the theme of duty, which of all qualities, we can discern as primary to the adams's sense of themselves within the human community. duty refers to the principles of sacrifice and governing rules of human behavior. in the best sense, then, the adamses with their puritan background represent what historic and -- what historians call a companionate marriage. enduring friendship and respect. it is that reason why there are marriage was idealized. at its best, it represents the

ideal accommodation of woman to man in western culture. we know this because they wrote all of this to each other, and one can read quite intimate letters that provide amazing insights into their private lives. as they lived apart for a large portion of their married years letters became their way of maintaining their relationship and sustaining their bond. when they married in 1764, both adamses expected their lives to repeat the lives of their parents, family, and friends. and for a decade, this was more or less the case. after their marriage, they moved to their braintree home that john had inherited from his father. their first child arrived within the year, and she was followed at approximate two-year

intervals by john quincy susanna, who died after a year charles, and thomas, and a last child was stillborn in 1777. all the while, john practiced law and traveled the circuit when courts were in session, and therefore was frequently away from home. abigail remained at home with children and servants. she visited or was visited by her parents, sisters, and friends, but often she was lonely. after eight years she wrote to him, "alas, how many snowbanks divide me and thee? my warmest wishes will not melt one of them." they moved twice to boston returning to braintree in 1770 after john -- braintree in 1770 after john apparently had a breakdown.

this was the pattern for their first decade of marriage. john built his law practice and his reputation, and he wrote "i had more business at the bar than any lawyer in boston." abigail gave birth and ran her household. all of this occurred within the context of the closely knit extended family, and among many friends, and it was during this time also that abigail met her indomitable friend and mentor, the great historian and patriot, . during the same decade of marriage, however, public events were taking place and taking an increasingly dangerous course. the quarrel with great britain was growing that would lead to breach and war. the contest was begun over taxes and went to rebellion of the tea

party and included the intolerable acts. in 1764, john was elected to the congress of philadelphia, and for that occasion abigail sewed him a new vest. he rode off with thomas cushing for an undetermined amount of time and they did not know what the duration would be or what would be his role in congress. it is important to acknowledge at this point he was not famous, and he went off to philadelphia, and he wondered how he would measure up to the other delegates, and it was very quickly that he discovered that he could speak, and that he could project, and that he was one of the big shakers and movers of the first continental congress. and in the end, congress lasted for more than two months, and john had discovered his power

among the delegates. he returned home in november to practice law, but the momentum to hostilities was relentless and he was elected once again to the continental congress in philadelphia. by this time, lexington and concorde had begun -- had occurred and the revolutionary war and it had begun. except for a few visits home in in 1776, 1777, and 1779, and between men the abigail -- the adamses were separated for a decade. at no point during this long period was abigail or john able

to predict the duration of their separation. what may we conclude about the adamses during this decade? abigail became the manager of the farm and director of family finances, which she did for the rest of her marriage. after two years of wrestling with labor and labor shortages and other responsibilities, she rented out the farm to tenants. with her uncle as advisor at first, she purchased property and interested in securities. -- invested in securities. she also began a business, merchandising items that john had sent to her. she managed her children's lives, including their education, which is very difficult. schools had closed down, she tried to tutor them, and she had reached the limit of her own abilities to teach them, the end of her knowledge, and she had

hired various tutors. she also decided to take the smallpox inoculation in 1776. she said she would not have done it for herself but she wanted to do it for her children. she educated herself, reading in john's library. she famously read the great ancient history which he was helping john quincy with his history lessons. but the great correspondence between them had begun. the war ended and john did not return from france. so she finally traveled to europe in 1784 with her daughter to join him.

it was an immense challenge for her. she was rightly fearful of ocean travel, and she was also concerned about her lacking manners and cultures to move in the same circles as john was now accustomed to moving, she wrote "near as american as i am, i do not know how i will fit in." each had hugely different experiences that changed who they were in many ways. john became worldly. moving into the high ranks of european society and fanatic states -- and diplomatic states. abigail remained a diplomatic new england matron. however, she was not how she was in 1774, but because of her experience as a single mother in wartime, she had matured strengthened, and became erodite. so she went to europe, and they got together again, and this is the most remarkable thing about

their marriage, that marriage came together again when they met after really a decade of separation. with all of the passion, interest, caring, sympathy, and the and generosity of their early marriage. separation had altered who they were, but not altered their relationship. so the adamses now became public figures. after 10 months in france, they moved to england for two years. and then they returned to america and the constitution had been adopted. john had been mentioned for various offices in government, even fleetingly mentioned as president, but that went to george washington. john accepted the vice presidency. abigail would have preferred retirement.

she would have preferred it because she wanted it, because it was her style, her personal style, to live in a much more local and personal community. but her health was not good, and one of the remarkable things about her life was the declining health and the illness that they all lived in, all of the time. but she wanted also to be with her family and live among her children and her grandchildren. but john could not resist the call of duty. and probably ambition. he had expected a role and he settled on the vice presidency. abigail, as always, overcame her reservations and went along. she lived, after all, in a

patriarchy, where men's decisions became women's destinies. she understood him completely and she believed the nation needed him specifically. she had long rationalized his leaving the family as destiny. the war and the new nation would not survive without john's active participation. it was her way of thinking, with her it was an article of faith that grew out of her religious convictions. it was his duty to serve, and thus it became her duty to sacrifice. john served two terms as vice president, abigail was with him in new york city, which was the first capital, and then in philadelphia, for three years, and then returned home for the following five years of his vice presidency.

he served one term as president, she was there as often as health and her home care commitments permitted. and then the presidency ended in 1801, and the retired. -- they retired. we often hear that retirement and old age is not for the fainthearted, and that is certainly the case with the adamses. what would his life be like without politics, and he returned to the ground and to farming. she returned to her domestic household and friends. there were always people living with them. family members, tom and his family lived there for a while john quincy and his family came and went, the widow of charles francis lived with them, and charles their third son, their

second son, lived there for long periods of time, they always had grandchildren with them, and they had visitors. they were celebrities, after all, and people liked to drop in to say hello to the ex-president and the first lady. they also had financial problems. the collapse in 1803 wiped out their securities in england that they had purchased in england through john quincy, so they were not like the other founders. they had immense family difficulties. charles died in 1801, 1800 there was the mastectomy and death of abigail adams smith, their daughter. abigail herself nearly died several times. there was the absence of john quincy, they longed for him, he was in st. petersburg, and then family members began to die.

they stayed together for those last 18 years, and when people would request that abigail would go and visit, she would say, no, i won't leave john. there were no long separations again for the last 18 years of their marriage, until abigail died at the age of 76. so what can we say about the marriage? in the end, they had each other. it was a remarkable marriage. what made it work? theirs was a love match that grew into deep commitment over their lifetimes. i love speculating about what made marriage work. i was asked this question earlier, which was the better marriage? we all have our ideas and our opinions about it, and here are mine.

it was a love match that endured, and they stayed in love. was it as a jim suggested to me earlier, because they were separated? did the separation make the heart grow fonder? there was compatibility, of legacy, of common culture that they came from, of religion, of intellect, they were both immensely religious, but abigail especially, abigail's letters throughout quotes from the bible, and she particularly would become more religious in times of an emergency, and she almost back to the original calvinist belief that a disease happened because we had done something sinful or an epidemic or a smallpox epidemic had been caused by something sinful. they shared values.

they knew the difference between right and wrong's, and they shared a belief system about right and wrong and how to do right. humor is a method of relating that de-escalates potential hotspots. at critical times, both of them used humor. remember the ladies. a new tribe has arisen to protest. so in the end, the adamses provide us with more than insights about their personal lives and more than a window into an era.

they are more than their letters, more than their portraits, more than their artifacts. they're very famous marriage offers us a moral compass -- their there he famous marriage offers us a moral compass. they obeyed a set of values that were biblical, that were tempered by history and philosophy, that said some things are right and some things are wrong. the understood that the highest human calling was that of duty. the idea that individual virtue entailed service and sacrifice for the larger community. they were citizens who sacrifice personal happiness for a lifetime for the greater good.

on october 23, 1814, abigail summed up her assessment of marriage to her beloved granddaughter caroline, and she wrote "yesterday completed a half-century since i entered into the married state, then it -- then just your age. i have a great cause for thankfulness that i have lived so long and enjoyed such a large portion of happiness that has been my lot. the great source of unhappiness that i have known in that period has arisen from the long and cruel separation which was called on in a time of war and with a young family around me to submit to, that you and the rest of why posterity may enjoy -- my posterity may enjoy the fullest -- felicity that has befallen to

me, is my sincere wish and prayer of your affectionate grandmother." when she was dying, john wrote to a friend "i wish i could lie down and die beside her." he lived for eight more years, stunningly dying on july 4 1826, the 50th anniversary of the declaration of independence. their marriage had lasted 54 years. in most respects, it was an ideal marriage. thank you. [applause] >> thank you, if anyone has questions for edith, we have our mics in action.

>> i have the first question, it is specifically [indiscernible] about john's opinion of his own mother, and how that colored his relationship with abigail? we don't know much about that. >> there are references here and there in his diary and so forth, and so people read into these very few references, what the relationship had been about. if you are a historian you can read into that little evidence and that is what has happened. i'm sure he had a fine relationship with his mother. everyone tends to blame mothers for whatever goes wrong with kids whatsoever. [laughter] and that is an easy route to travel in our post-freudian age.

so in deed, i think his relationship with his mother was just fine, and she lived a very long life, to his presidency and he wrote letters at her death about how much he would miss his mother, that she had been a very kind and warm and generous mother. so that's what. [applause] >> [indiscernible] >> that was her son john quincy who had many, many languages. john adams -- no, he was great at english. [laughter] he was really fluid. -- fluent. reading john adams is a real pleasure. i think of all the founders, i think he was the greatest of the

-- and i think, of course we don't have recordings, but his spoken language -- when he is responsible for the acceptance of the declaration of independence, he spoke, and they say between 2-4 hours, i don't know, it's just extemporaneous -- he had good english. he learned french when he went to france, and he probably played around with dutch when he was in holland, but i don't think he was a very great linguist. she had a little bit of french but she -- and she studied it when she went to france, she read moliere, she read the plays, she went to the theater in an attempt to learn french, but i don't think either of them became as fluid as their son did. >> i had a question about happiness. how did abigail make that transition from braintree to europe and to london?

did she enjoy herself over there? >> she was very nervous about it. she was extremely anxious about going to europe, and she was concerned about what she wore, she was concerned about the manners, and what kind of a figure she would strike, she was a quick study. she learned quickly. and she adapted very well. and she was soon entertaining and being entertained, and did she enjoy it? i suppose so, the way one enjoys travel, it is work, and it is different, it is not at home. she certainly made a lot of observations, she studied, she went to museums, she went to various places and took little side trips and so forth, and always recorded for her sisters back at home and for members of the family. i think she was interested in it, i think she loved being at home, and probably like many of

us, are very happy to travel and go and see different places, and like being at home. does that answer your question? >> i was wondering, there was a letter and i know you are working closely with the letters now, and i cannot remember the date of it, that was abigail to her youngest son thomas, in which she says she is commiserating with him at some level because he is afraid he is going to be an old bachelor, he has not married yet. and in commiserating she says, you know i married too young. now, waste she really meaning that she married too young, or was it just trying to make him feel better?

>> she possibly was reflecting. that is a good one, jim. you know, she was concerned about all of her children's marriages, and she did lots of meddling, and she did lots of meddling, and it is to her credit that she meddled, because she was trying to protect them and she was looking for ways to ensure that they would have good lives. she knew very well that who you married was her destiny, and how your life would unfold, and happiness in life very much depended on what marriage would be like. nevertheless, she was always