the president said we are going to pursue nibble who commits hate crimes. in january i spoke to the largest dinner i've ever spoken to. tlfgs a group in detroit called access. arab american cultural community education social services. i think that works out to access. i spoke to about 4,000 people at a dinner at cobo hall in detroit

on this whole issue of what happens in a post-9/11 and the development of the security measures and the no racial profiling rule. it was just a stunning audience. great group. largest group i've ever spoken to at a dinner. 4,000 people there. >> i'm guessing i'd have to imagine that they were so appreciative that you were in the position you were making those decisions. >> there's the aent deaf magsz, arab american antidefamation league. and that night at that access dinner, i got an award from though.

for the stand that i took september 11th. >> well, we're out of time. i actually took more than i sapd i would. this has been an incredible interview. thank you so much for your time. i so appreciate it. >> thanks. >> with live coverage of the u.s. house on c-span and the senate on c-span 2. here, on c-span three, we compliment that cover rang by showing you the latest on public affairs e vebts. blank wlank.

this is a special showing of programs normally seen weekends here on c-span 34. ahead, a look at japanese internment of world war ii and a 19d 44 dochlt ri on the living conditions. and then lectures in history with a course on how the press handle the japanese. and that will be followed by an american arty facts program taking you through the japanese american national museum. and, later former congressman nor man mineta who was in a japanese internmented camp for this family.

a brings you archival films that help tell the story of the 20th century. on february 19th 1942, roosevelt issued executive order 9066 leading to a forced relocation and internment of over 100,000 people of japanese ancestry who lived on the west coast of the u.s. about 62% of the internees were american citizens. a challenge to democracy from 1944 is a 20-minute war relocation authority film which attempts to justify the policy by showing the internment process and living conditions in the camps sometimes admitting there were problems but frequently glossing over the many negative aspects of forced relocation.

to wartime communities. evacuation to warm time community established in out-of-the-way places. it was ordered to reduce a military hazard at a time when invasion was great. 2/3 of the evacuees are american citizens by right of birth. the rest are the japanese born parents and grandparents. they are not under suspicion, they are not prisoners, not internees. they are merely dislocated people.

the place ten different relocation centers in unsettled parts of california, arizona, utah, idaho, wyoming, colorado, and arkansas. the relocation centers are supervised by the war relocation authority which assumed responsibility for the people after they had been evacuated and cared for temporarily by the army. they the relocation center. housing from 7,000 to 18,000 people. divided into compartments. 12 or 14 residence buildings to a block. each block provided with a mess hall, bathhouse, laundry building, and recreation halls. about 300 people to a block. the entire community bounded by a wire fence and guarded by military police. symbols of the military nature of the evacuation. each family upon ail rival at a relocation center was assigned to a single room compartment about 20 by 25 feet.

barren, unattractive a lightbulb, cots, mattresses blankets. those were the things provided by the government. the family's own furniture was in storage on the west coast. scrap lumber perhaps some wall board and a great deal of energy, curtains, pictures, drapes, depending on the family's own ingenuity and taste helped make the place livable. some families built partitions to provide privacy others took what they received and made the best of it. the 300 or so residents of the blocks eat in a mess hall, cafeteria style. rough wooden tables with attached benches. the food is nourishing, but simple. a maximum of 45 cents a day per person is allowed for food. and the actual cost is considerably less than this for an increasing amount of the food is produced at the centers.

a combination of oriental dishes. and of american type dishes to satisfy those born in america. lands that have never been occupied or farmed were chosen for most of the relocation centers. most of the land was covered with desert goat or with timber in the case of the arkansas centers. it had to be cleared before farming could start. then it had to be leveled and irrigation ditches laid out or rebuilt in order that the people could produce a part of their own food. then came the plowing and preparation of the soil and planting. a few of the centers had crops in 1942. in 1943, all of them. about half of the evacuated people were farm folk, skilled producers of vegetables, fruits and other crops. they had made desert lands

productive before and around the relocation centers, they could and did do it again. by the application of hard work and water for irrigation. at the two centers in arkansas they have introduced western type irrigation and succeeded in producing vegetables in the heat of mid summer when ordinary production methods are not successful. tomatoes peppers, cucumbers, corn, melon and many other crops have been growing on land that a year or two years ago was unproductive. food production is aimed at self-support for the relocation centers. it does not go on to the open market. from the field it goes to the center warehouse. it may go to the kitchen or may be shipped to other centers. the arizona centers are most productive in winter. it takes many others to handle

food in the warehouses in transportation, in the kitchens. trucks cars tractors it takes mechanics and machinists. water mains have to be laid and repaired. provides lumber for construction and firewood for heating. $12 a month for beginners. $16 a month for most of the workers and $19 for professional people such as doctors and others on skilled or difficult work. the workers also receive a small cash allowance for clothing. the money received is wages led to an squee buy the things he needs not provided by the government. but most have had to draw on their savings to live as they would like to.

and the merchandise which would be needed in any community. also run barbershops, repair shops and other services for the community. when the school bell rings it's a signal for these students in wyoming to change classes. the school curriculum meets the standard of the state where the center is located. mathematics american history geography, the fundamentals of an american education. this is a class in mathematics. and a rhythm class of fifth grade pupils. in the modern school many subjects are added to reading, writing and arrhythmiaithmeticarithmetic. some are caucasian, some are evacuees. americans of japanese ancestry. the first graders in this class taught by an evacuee teacher are

making colored drawings which will decorate the walls of the classroom. the same kind of beautifully clumsy drawings that can be found in almost any first grade room. in the high school vocational training gets plenty of attention. scientific farming, studied in school and in the field. and older boys are learning trades. they use them first as part of the regular work of the relocation center as welders, mechanics, machinists, frequently learning to do the necessary jobs in the relocation center have led to better jobs outside. health protection is part of the obligation presumed by the government, evacuee doctors and nurses serve in the hospital under the supervisor of caucasians caucasians.

about like that of any other american community in wartime. barely adequate. the evacuees have a form of community self-government which aids in administrative of the community. a community council of evacuees is elected to make rules and regulations. anyone 18 years old or older is eligible to vote in the election which are carried on in the democratic manner. a judicial commission sits in judgment on minor offenses. attorneys among the evacuees represent the prosecution and the defense. a serious crime would be tried in the regular court outside the center. the crime rate among people of japanese ancestry in the united states always has been extremely low. and this has proved to be the case in the centers.

after working hours over weekends, a relocation center is the center of baseball games and softball games by the dozen. the teams are counted by the hundreds. the evacuees have provided practically all of their own equipment. little government money has been spent for strictly recreational purposes. in the fall, touch football is in season. and more quiet forms of recreation. preparations include carrying the benches into the bar rack building. most of the alien japanese are booted. but almost half of the american born children belong to some christian denomination. catholic, methodist presbyterian, except for involving emperor worship, there's no restriction on religion and relocation centers.

boy scouts usually provide the color guard for the american flag that floats over the center are typical of the american organization organization. soldiers coming to the center to visit their families, friends, girl scouts, campfire girls, parent-teacher associations and the red cross. the evacuees belong to these organizations and their former homes and transplanted them to the centers. the boy scout drum and bugle corps is leading a harvest festival parade marking the high point of the successful season of farm production. everyone turns up to view the beauty queen. and the really important things

relocation centers are not normal and probably never can be. loses much of its meaning in the confines of a relocation center. the first people to leave the relocation center were volunteer workers, recruiters to help tend and later to harvest the crop of the western states. almost 1/10 of the evacuees volunteered for this seasonal work in 1942. the result of their labors was a sugar ration for about 10 million people. but work in the beet fields was temporary. most of the people return to the centers. the war relocation authority has

been more concerned with permanent relocation getting the evacuees out of the back waters of the relocation centers into the mainstream of american life. so their labor can help to win the war. so the cost of the cost of the taxpayers may be reduced. so there can be no question of the constitutionality of any part of the action taken by the government to meet the dangers of war. relocation of the evacuees is not being carried on at the sacrifice of national security. only those evacuees whose statements and whose act leave no question of their loyalty to the united states are permitted to leave. all information available from intelligence agencies is considered. those who were not eligible to leave have been moved to one center to live presumably for the duration of the war. the others established as

law-abiding aliens or loyal americans are free to go wherever they like. used to operate his own orchard in california. machine work was a hobby. now it's his job. he's make inging -- he has three brothers all in the army the tractor driver here is roy himoto who used to farm near walnut grove, california. this young machinist has learned his trade since he relocated to chicago and his boss says he learned it well.

he's helping to make kitchen equipment. paints miniature dolls in a midwestern studio. he used to live in california and then lived at the relocation center. in the background, is cecilia meamoto who divides her time between working and attending college. and on the same farm. cultivate potatoes on the farm in the middle west. this is ruth, her father ran a fruit stand in berkeley california and ruth helped him he moved to chicago and has become a skillful operator. this boy liked the printing trade but had no chance to learn

it until after he left the relocation center. he's helping to print some of the nation's supply of magazines. american eggs are shipped all over the world to americans in the armed forces and to our allies. mary higuchi breaks eggs which are to be dried. and john feeds the drying machine. jim used to be a clerk in california. now he's a candy maker in chicago. american flags some of them for the armed forces are turned out by mrs. abe. she hopes one of the flags she makes may some day be carried in triumph down the streets of tokyo. the produce business in watsonville, california, used to be home to these boys. now they're in the produce business in denver. and he used to be a former in fresno california, from the

relocation center, he moved to the middle west to make marshmallows marshmallows. oats in the midwest is a new experience for he who used to grow vegetables in california. an artificial leg doesn't interfere with the way he handles a pitch fork. this young fellow, operating a book binding machine is typical of the evacuees who are adjusting to new communities getting along with their employers, fellow workers and neighbors and finding satisfaction in becoming self-supporting once more. the americanism of the great majority of america's great japanese finds the highest expression in the thousands who are in the united states army. almost half of them are in a japanese/american combat team created by order of the secretary of war early in 1943. some of the volunteers came from hawaii, some from the eastern part of the united states mainland where there was no mass evacuation. hundreds of them volunteered

while they were in relocation centers. volunteered to fight against the militarism and oppression of japan and germany. they know what they're fighting against and they know what they're fighting for. their country and for the american ideals that are part of their upbringing. democracy, freedom, equality of opportunity. regardless of race, creed or ancestry. providing reparations of $20,000 to each surviving detain, formally acknowledged that

executive order and then norman minetta who spent time in an internment camp with his family. >> here are some of our featured programs for this weekend on the c-span networks. saturday morning starting at 10:00 a.m. eastern live on c-span, our nation's governors get together to discuss issues affecting their states. and sunday morning at 11:00, we

continue our live coverage of the national governor's association meeting featured speakers include homeland security secretary jay johnson. part of the 2015, c-span's cities tour. combat veteran to white house fellow, wall street banker to social entrepreneur, to find his life's purpose. and on american history tv on c-span 3, saturday night just after 7:00, the 1963 interview of former nation of islam minister malcolm x discussing race relations and opposition to racial integration. and sunday at 6:30 p.m. eastern, former cia chief of disguise john imendez tells the story of

a kgb spy team that infiltrated the cia through the use of sex in the 1970s. find our complete television schedule at c-span.org. let us know what you think about the programs you're watching. call us at 202-626-3400, e-mail us at comments at c-span.org. or send us a tweet tweet @c-span/comments. join the c-span conversation. like us on facebook, follow us on twitter. >> and now lectures in history. in this lecture, university of southern california professor richard reeves examines the press and its coverage of japanese internment during world war ii. this is about an hour. >> part of what we're going to talk about today is the tendency for the press to all follow the same story line, which we've seen a lot of right now with two

story lines that are taking up most of the news space these days. ebola every paper's saying the same every paper, every television, the internet is all following that story according to a pretty well known narrative because it's also been fictionalized in film. and then, what then knocks off ebola and people dying in africa. bill cosby, so that all -- everybody's writing the same kind of story about bill cosby every day but with different names. and so, today, i want to talk about a story that ran like that what happens when a kind of fever, kind of hysteria, usually based on fear, like

ebola was where the press takes a line. or in this case, where the press was a major player in one of the darkest episodes in american history. the internment of japanese americans during world war ii in concentration camps in those barren parts of the country. the high deserts of the west, and the swamps of arkansas. and if from here in los angeles if you take route 395 north, say you're going to manmouth for skiing, which is why most people head up that way. but about half way up, you come to a sign that says mansinar relocation camp.

and there's a building there with a bit of a visitor center and that kind of thing. there was a day when 19,000 japanese americans from california, oregon and washington were kept in that camp. in none of these people had done anything. they were never charged with anything. put in these camps, held there for four years during world war ii because they looked like the enemy. so i want to go through that. as you're driving up that road toward mammoth i remember many times, someone in the car would

say, isn't that where they put the japanese? it's just a barren desert. there's nothing at all there. it actually once was a lake, but los angeles the water in los angeles comes from that land. they drained the land over those, over the years and left it this waste land with dust, fine dust all over it. and soon it would become home to people because they looked like the enemy. on december 7th as i'm sure you know 1941, the imperial japanese navy bombed pearl harbor. and a day later, the president of the united states asked congress for declaration of war against japan against the

imperial japan, and the words he used were, this is a day that will live in infamy. the sneak attack on pearl harbor, and what we're going to talk about largely is how the press reacted to that and because of the way the press reacted the way the country reacted to it. a lot of this is going to be about words. any time history is always about which words you use. the first is concentration camps. concentration camps was the word word -- were the words used by president roosevelt on february 19th of 1942 when he signed the orders ordering the round-up of the japanese, both aliens and citizens living in the united

states or living not in the united states, living on the west coast. the west coast was declared a war zone there was fear, most of it unfounded that the japanese could attack california could attack oregon, could attack washington. if you were japanese or japanese-american, and you lived in iowa or in new york, none of this had anything to do with you. and as we'll see people in most parts of the country really didn't even know this ever happened. one of the families that was held in one of these camps for four years decided not to come back to california. and they lived for 40 years in indianapolis, indiana. she was a nurse he was an accountant. and in that 40 years not a single person that they talked to had ever heard of the camps of the concentration camps.

i want to add that when i talk about words concentration camps later took on a different meaning. because of the germany extermination camps for jews, for russians, for any political enemies that they had so that a lot of people since tried to avoid the use of that term because though many japanese and japanese americans died in the camps, the conditions were pretty grungy and unhealthy, they were not death camps. they were just to keep them away because though there had never been a single act of sabotage by a japanese or japanese american during world war ii or the run-up to world war ii they were put there because people

were so afraid there would be acts of terrorism bombings people on hills with flashlights signaling to japanese submarines so they could bombard san francisco or whatever. those things didn't happen. but people were afraid of them. and the press was feeding that fear all the time. there are three other words that are involved in this are ise nise and kibe. ise was the japanese word for first generation. the people who came to america largely as farm workers or to build railroads were the first generation ise. they were not allowed to become american citizens. in 1924, the congress passed the asian exclusion act of 1924.

asians could not become naturalized citizens of the united states no matter how long they were here. but according to our constitution their children could become citizens. and their children were called the nise, the second generation. there was another group greatly suspected, mostly unfairly many of whom became great war heroes. and we'll get into that, called the kibe. and the kibe were american citizens that is second generation japanese americans who would be -- who were nise but they were called kibe because they were of a group whose parents sent them back to japan to be educated. so they were born in the united states at a certain age, they went back to japan to go to school, live with relatives and then came back to the united

states and they were called the kibe, which becomes very important because they were really the only young japanese in america who could speak the language. the ise could speak japanese, very few of them spoke english. the nise could speak english they went through regular schools, many of them were in berkeley, ucla, usc, the main colleges in california, but they did not speak japanese. they spoke a little at home, but they were not fluent in the language. that becomes very important later when we need interrogators and interpreters in the pacific when we're fighting the japanese on island after island to okinawa. finally, the word, if you see --

if you see these incidents written about, generally it's called the japanese internment. but that is inaccurate even though it's the common usage. internment means you are an alien whose country is at war with the country you're in and you are interned until that war is over. that's if you're an alien. 75% of the japanese of the american japanese in the concentration camps were not aliens, they were citizens. they were incarcerated, imprisoned, they were not interned. had machine guns looking down on them.

rounded up 2,000 japanese and japanese americans in the west coast states. they were all on lists which had been compiled by the fbi, by the military by the census bureau, and, in fact they looked like looked like the membership of the rotary club. it was anyone with influence. lawyers, priests, journalists, any leader of a club anyone who donated to a japanese charity back home for them. those were the 2,000 people rounded up s, mostly by the fbi, most of them before sunset on december 7th. all of them by sunset on

december 8th. they were not put in camps. they were taken directly to prisons in levin worth, santa fe, around the country. and their families, many of them, did not know where they were for a year or two because the government would not reveal even that they had picked up these people although their families were left behind trying to find out where dad was. dad was in a levinworth prison although he was never charged with anything other than being born in japan. the last thing i'll say about words is we didn't want to call them camps. we didn't want people to know what they were like. there was a lot of propaganda that went out that made them sound like they were resorts, resort communities. or as they were officially call

ed pioneer communities. before they went there, though. the ones around, after the 2,000 are rounded up, then beginning in march, executive order 9066, which was what president roosevelt signed to put these people into camps and into jail, was signed on february 19th, 1942 on march 1st, we began rounding the army, began rounding up all the japanese. and by all the japanese, i mean anyone as the government said with one drop of japanese blood. they went so far as to scour the hospitals. and if people -- if an old japanese man, say was in a hospital and could not be moved, they would assign four soldiers to guard him around the clock. people in their 90s who couldn't move. they scoured the orphanages to find any orphans who had any

japanese blood in them. and they, too, were rounded up and sent to 19 assembly centers. where do you put an assembly center when you're going to round up 10,000 people in l.a.? what they used for the assembly centers were racetracks fairgrounds, animal exposition centers, places where big rodeo rings and whatnot. and they kept them in stables. families, each family would get a stable with a dirt floor, a whitewashed wall and obviously smelling like horses had lived there. and urinated there. and everything else there for 50 years, which they had. the japanese did not resist. there was no resistance at the

beginning because they were so anxious to prove that they were patriotic americans. and they were glad to do what the government told them to do. and the government told them to live in stables behind barbed wire with towers and machine guns pointing down at them. they were good humored enough that they, the joke at santa anita which was the largest of the assembly centers, the second was a racetrack up in san francisco and everyone at santa anita would say they had the stable of the great horse sea biscuit. who had been housed there. the japanese were left to organize themselves. college students, all the college students at the university of california, every other college on the west coast

were organized schools for the kids. they organized, there were 108 baseball leagues the japanese were baseball crazy. the kids. there were 108 leagues at santa anita alone. and they would play ball all day. also, teenagers kind of liked it. because in very tightly knit patriarchal families which the japanese community was suddenly people were eating in mess halls. and they didn't have to eat with their parents anymore. the boys and girls could meet together young boys, teenagers in the stands and whatnot. and one of the things we accomplished, it's an accomplishment was to break apart the japanese family structure in four years. the first six months usually

in an assembly center and then on to the camps. this is what the camps looked like. they were tar paper barracks that were thrown up quickly. they had no plumbing, no heating, and they had an electric light every 20 feet, although the people, families were put in cells inside these buildings, which were only 8 feet across. if there was a larger family, it would be 12 feet. there were two types of people. doctors, pharmacists, lawyers. and then there were rural and ocean japanese who were less well educated worked farmland

which they often owned themselves. the japanese were not allowed to buy land. they couldn't be citizens. they couldn't buy land. but they could buy land in their children's names. so they owned and produced 40% of the agricultural product of california. at the time they were taken in. and there was no small coincidence that that land almost all was stolen from them and taken by other farmers. white farmers who refuse to give it back after the war. and there really was no legal recourse because the japanese after all, are in concentration camps and can't pay their taxes. and after they don't pay their land taxes or other taxes after a year, the state took over the land and turned it over to other farmers, turned over their boats to other fishermen, terminal

island down in san pedro was a japanese colony before world war ii. all their boats were taken. the houses were knocked down. and the boat, the good boats were given to the coast guard, which used them to patrol the panama canal and the lesser boats were given to greek and italian fishermen farther north. if, again, the number was 120,000. we were at war with two other countries. germany and italy, and some germans and italians were arrested. particularly germans of the german-american bund which was a semimilitary group allied with hitler. but giving away whether the program was racial or not if they had done the same thing to the germans and japanese that

they did, we did, if we did the same thing the germans and the italians that we did to the japanese, we would've had to put 50 million people into camps because there were huge numbers, much larger numbers of germans and italians living here. they could become citizens because they were white. it was race that denied the japanese and chinese and koreans citizenship. like gerrymandering in politics the lines had to be drawn pretty carefully. they had meetings in washington that went as high as the secretary of war to help design in san francisco a particular district, which would be called a war zone.

and everybody that could be removed from a war zone and gerrymandering because there was one family they wanted kept outside the lines. and that was the family of joe dimaggio the baseball player who had just hit in 56 straight games was the most valuable player in the american league. and the government knew what would happen if dimaggio's parents ended up in a concentration camp. the newspapers would've done a cosby and more about that. when the war was over and one of the reasons some of this is still fresh. like men who are in combat rarely talk about what they did during the war.

particularly to their families. they are ashamed or frightened or appalled by what they actually did in the war. and they were not about to tell their mother their wife their children what it was like. it was exactly the same for the japanese the ise did not tell their children what they had done during the war. it was not spoken about among people -- in the 1960s that prompted the japanese to begin telling what happened to them. and that, what it was was the civil rights movement the -- by young black college students and the antiwar movement by young americans of all races and older americans, too.

it brought up the questions that had been hidden about race about war and the nise and the third generation the grandchildren of the ise began to ask their parents what did you do during the war, daddy? and the stories began to come out and the japanese began to organize, people wrote memoirs of what happened in the camps academic books began to be written about the legality and constitutionality of what had been done to these people for no other reason than the fact that they looked different from most americans. but it became an open subject then in the late 1960s and

1970s. when it was actually happening back in the '40s an assistant secretary of war named john mccloy, a very famous man in his time said in a memo they knew this was unconstitutional we can cover the legal situation and in spite of the constitution. why the constitution's just a scrap of paper to me. the governor of wyoming who tried to keep camps out of his state, a man named nell smith shouted at one of the federal people who wanted to -- was organizing the camps if you bring japanese into my state, i promise you they'll be hanging from every tree. the governor of idaho the same reason, his name was chase clark said the japs live like rats, breed like rats and act like

rats. the commander of the army in the west, an old fool and a bigot named john dewitt carried the day with the slogan, a jap is a jap there's no way to determine their loyalty. but it was not only -- the american army wasn't in great shape between the wars. the leftovers weren't the brightest bulbs in the store. and they -- and dewitt was a good example of that. and a lot of them there was much, much more open bigotry anti-semitism, antiorientalism, anticatholicism in the united states now than then. and these things were openly talked about. there were organizations which mimic the ku klux klan to have these people locked up and

greed, being as american as apple pie to get their land get their boats. and many of the people who were villains in this later became heroes. in this country. the attorney general of california then was named earl warren. he became governor warren and he became chief justice of the supreme court. he was the one who pushed the line before congress. he rode the backs of the japanese to the governorship. but his line was that the fact that there had been no sabotage was proof they were organizing massive sabotage and it would only happen when they got the word from tokyo. and that was what one political cartoonist took called waiting for the signal from home.

and japanese lined up all over the west coast, picking up tnt to use to blow up . >> he was the editorial cartoonist of new york. but this was add kwet. quote. he brought into the fact that there was a japanese fifth column ichlt.e. secret spy, everywhere in the country waiting to kill good americans like the rest of us. obviously, roosevelt, who was a racist and an antisemimite was

in on it, too. he also believed in genetics. netices. he wanted eded to stop the germans from making war. and he believed that it was the shape of japanese heads. that pruf proved the slope -- they were called slopes sometimes, it was the word like the "n" word, that if they could figure ways to reshape their brains, his theory was -- and the president of stanford was one of the people who talked him into is this, was that they were 2,000 -- in brain, cranial development, they were 2,000 years behind white people. and if we captured them to try to change the shapes of their skulls.

roger baldwin who was famous as the founder of the american civil libberties union, would not allow a young civil liberty's attorney's to represent the japanese because he was a close friend of roosevelt. and all of the roosevelt policy was designed to keep as much of this secret as possible until after the 1944 election. he won re-election for a fourth term. so it is not a new story. and immaterial has never been a new story. some of these themes racist, greed, injustice denial, are part of the history of the country. and then there comes the soul-searching the apology and the most american of coping mechanisms. let's move on. we're moving on.

that is to say nothing of the indians, the native americans, who were forced out of their land and their land was taken by patriots. there was also a great deal of censorship in world war ii. there was a lot of censorship -- they only allowed pictures to come out of these camps. when the government approved of

them. it takes a lot of manpower to do that when 120,000 people are writing letters. and the censorship went so far as to the fact that until d-day, 1944 june of 1944, news media were not allowed to show pictures of dead americans. for the first four years of the war, three years, no dead americans were shown in american newspapers or magazines. that ended with d-day when the press threatened -- when thousands of people died thousands of americans, young

americans, died. and the papers,rather than have the papers get to the newspapers get to the supreme court the government -- the government allowed some photos to be taken. you know, this is -- so the fact that this happened to other e other people there were germans that it happened in world war i. and there were fewer of them. they weren't killed, but they were discriminated against. the irish, irish need not apply. and other catholics were kept out of employment. the italians, the jews, the chinese, the japanese latinos, the south asians, african americans.

there's such an undertoe in american history that -- we call ourselves a nation of imgrants. but what we are is a nation made by imgrants. they were often hated because they were not like us until they were us. all of those groups became -- came to look down on later imgrants. but they were all discriminated against in their time. until they became part of the majority. and we saw -- the role of the press now -- the press knew something was coming. everybody knew something was coming. the tensions had gotten so great

between america and japan. largely over the growth of japan and their needs for things like oil and steel when they are a country that really doesn't have the kind of natural resources to say -- that say we do. and we were sanctioning the japanese because of their aggression in china. the same as we are now sanctioning the russians because of ukraine and have sanctioned cuba. for no particularly good reason anymore. for more than 40 years. november 1941, this is three weeks before pearl harbor, los angeles times front page headline was japanese put under f.b.i. inquiry. so the press knew it was coming.

and, through the press the public knew it was coming. and the -- this is the kind of thing that would happen. something is a big business in big buttons that said i am an american. or said i am chinese. the chinese were allies, we were allies of the chinese in world war ii. and of course, most americans could not tell the difference between someone who was chinese and someone who was japanese. this is -- "life" magazine ran sections, most biggest media in the country then, on how you can tell the difference between

japanese and chinese. a popular cartoonist did a riff at the time and did this for "life" magazine. also how to spot a jap. and it's pretty funny stuff. you were supposed to check the distance between the toes of people of color on the theory that since the japanese used what we now call flip-flops, that there would be more space between their toes. it was always said here that you may find jams among any group. make your man walk.

the chinese strides, the japanese shuffles. make him remove his socks and shoes, if anybody and then you do the toe routine. michelle, in her pher on this subject, said it was ridiculous. why? i know i can't tell. >> i mean were they just going to start persecuting all asians who shuffle? what would happen to an old chinese man with arthritis and overbite.

what this cartoon did from a journalist socially credible and deeply entrusted as life magazine was, especially at a time of such po larty was deeply irresponsible, in my opinion. which we can all appreciate from contemporary standpoint. when people flinch at the use of the term jam. and one thing i do appreciate about it, though is acknowledgment, at least, in a public forum that most people could not tell the difference between certain types of asians, which, you know, i think a lot of us still agree would happen today. >> well, would it happen today? would it happen today? would this happen again? taking a large number of americans, citizens because of their race their religion, their national origin.

>> i mean it's not the same thing, but it's sort of happening with the ferguson and, like, you know, racial policy in the united states right now. so it's not the same thing at all. but it's only still an issue today. in terms of race. >> what if there's another 9/11. what would happen? >> i don't know. but we do a very good job of ill filling the other episodes like that. very, very traumatic for the country as a whole. >> does anybody else have any thoughts on that? the case of national security.

they had to verify whether it's a real passport. because, as you know there were people who boarded mh-37 0e with stolen passports. they were italians, but that didn't seem to matter. things like that kind of inform or impressions of how minorities are tolerated, generally. when i was researching for this in talking to a japanese woman, one of the things she braught up was it was not black people by her account who integrated little rock high school in the '50s. when president eisenhower sent in the army.

she said it was the japanese who integrated. because some of the japanese who had been in the camps in arkansas stayed in little rock area and became students at little rock high school. and were the only group of students who went into the school when the black kids went in. no whites went in but the japanese americans did. and the japanese american citizens league also was the first organization in the united states to circulate petitions after 9/11 saying that muslims, in general were not to blame for this and should not be arrested orb concentrated. so that they knew what it was

like -- my own opinion is we would do it again. and the most likely target would be muslims. so 50 latinos. a lot of people in this country want to put latinos on the texas border in concentration camps. so thicks like this probably never go away. and we have to live with that. now, there are 120,000 japanese americans, maybe 125,00 considering the ones outside the west coast on the continental united states. there are 150,000 japanese americans on hawaii. but nothing never done. the only thing that ever

happened to hawaiians, it just so happened that the japanese on the mainland was that they were thrown out of the army. but that was done and then secretly reversed for reasons i'll go into. but why weren't the hawaiians who, afterall, were much closer to japan, were much more likely to be invaded, had already been bombed and there were great stories about how they had sabotaged things, all of them untrue. why weren't the japanese on hawaii? because they were 40 prnt of the population and the hawaiian economy would have collapsed. if they put them in camps or put them -- the idea they would have put them on a separate island but, without them, the economy of hawaii would have collapsed.

obviously, the japanese americans got picked on here. because they were relatively small group and the fear the hysteria, the meanness the greed all landed on them. i'm going to skip a lot of what i was going to say to talk about how this ended. why did this end, just as i'm passing through here, this is a columnist, well-known named henry mcelmore who was both in the l.a. times and the san francisco chronical. strictly speaking as an american, i think americans are nuts. the only japanese apprehended have been the ones the f.b.i.

actually had something on. that was not true. the rest of them, are free as birds. i know this is the meting pot of the world and all men are created equal an there must be no such thing as race or creed hatred, but do these things go when a country is fighting for its life? i'm for immediate removal of every japanese on the west coast to a point deep in the interior. i don't mean in a nice part rgs either. personally, i hate the japanese. and that goes for all of them. let'm be pinched, hurt, hungry and dead up against it. so this fellow is pretty famous fellow in his time. carried along that way. but the one that counted was when waulter litman i want to read a couple of the headlines, hey, from the papers, in early 1942. the los angeles times.

crime and poverty go hand-in-hand with asiatic labor. brown men are made citizens illegally. japanese are menace to american women. japanese -- this is from the copy of the l.a. times. japanese males are taught by their elders to look upon american girls with a view to sex relations. the proposed assimilation of the two races is unthinkable. it's morally indefensible and biologically impossible. in san francisco jam boat flashes message ashore.

enemy planes cited over california coast. jams on japanese tomato plants point to airfields. this was william randall hearst. like dr. seuss. come see the myriads of little jams. he's fully raising fruits and flowers and vegetables on california sunshine and sing hopefully and wistfully. some day i come with japanese army and take all this. yesz, thank you. densely the flee to peaceful little japanese fishing boats flying up and down the california coach catching fish and taking photographs. none of these things were true. but they built up the hysteria that people all observe the country worried about what was going to happen to relatives, other people, in this part of the world.

edward r.murrow his name was edward r. murrow of cbs news gave a speech in washington saying i think it's probable that if seattle ever does get bombed, you'll be able to look up and see some university of washington sweaters on the boys doing the bombing. there was a mother in washington wrote to her daughter named anne and said anne, don't you think you and johnny who was her husband, and the girls there were two little girls should leave the west coast while you can?

he had been a speech writer, he was head of the foreign policy asoelgsuation. and he came out to california to see for himself. he had lunch with earl warren who gave him his theory. i believe we're just being lulled into a sense of security. our day of reckoning is bound to come. it's a whole theory of organization in secret. walter litman came back to

february, wrote those same things in a column. and, as the greatest liberalist in the country said to the smartest journalist in the country, that's partly what gave rose vemt the cover to sign order 90066. what he said was the new york herald and 250 other papers, the spa civilic coast is in imminent danger of combined attack from within and without.

that was litman's line. it became through the press roosevelt's line: they -- so what finally happened was that a military zone was set up on the woes e west coast. the three west coast states plus parts of a az. everyone in that was rounded up on the gunpoint though they didn't rezigs, and were put first in the assembly centers, the stables. and then and then in the concentration camps. the newspapers at exactly that time reported page after page on the battle of los angeles.

the battle of los angeles was fought on the night of february 24th with army and antiaircraft guns blasting hundreds of rounds in the sky for hours. five people were killed in it. as the roads out of the city were clogged with people fleeing for their lives. the l.a. times headlined l.a. raided jam planes pe ril santa monocan, elsugundo and long beach. they did not bring down the enemy. guns missed. the enemy was a navy wealther balloon. that was the battle of los angeles. so i'll bring this to an end for now. talking about how it ended.

and what the american people did. even the yietsds the oldest population, then 140 million people, was running out of men. to fight the war. so at the beginning of 1943, they allowed japanese americans who had been in the army to rejoin and let others either enlist or be drafted but they were put in a segregated unit, like blacks called negros then, or colored people, did not serve together, no matter what you see in the movie did not serve together with whites nor the japanese. the japanese were formed into the 442nd -- 442nd regimental combat team, which fought in

itly, france and germany and became the most decorated military unit in american history. 11 me dals of honor were given and thn later became a united states senator and served for 40 years. the publicity surrounding the 442nd began to change the minds of the country about the japanese americans and their so-called aent american attitudes. the public did not know that at the same time 6,000 japanese americans who were flown in

japanese, only one in 100 american japanese or japanese americans americans could pass any kind of fluency test in japan. and the test was third grade japanese. the kibae were recruited in military service. the japanese blooeched that their codes were unbreakable. they interrogated prisoners and stole their maps.

the chief intelligence officerest maited at the end of the war, that the mis never known to the american public, the public didn't know they had existed, had shortened the war by two years and saved american lives. so, finally i'll end up, obviously i could go only forever. but -- i -- the press kept at it. in 1944, the l.a. times did a poll, do you favor a constitutional amendment after the war for deportation of all japanese from this country?

and forbe bidding further immigration. yes, 10,598, no, 72. so that i'll end up here. here we go. there was a very famous incident, a town called hood river valley. which is in mt. oregon. it's between m.t. washington and the cascade river. it was 40 pnts japanese. they're very famous for growing apples and cherries before the war. after the war, the american legion post first blacked out

the names of all the japanese. 11 from the town japanese americans who had been killed in combat blacked out their names and said that they would take care of anyone who tried to come back. there was a lot going on. the hood river became famous. but it wasn't only there. a lieutenant colonel named james hanley was from a small town manned in north dakota. and he was a commander. the battalion commander was in the 442nd were white men, although japanese, like innoate took over, when -- if the white commanders were killed. he was a commander.

he happened to read a short commentary in his hometown newspaper. there was some good jap americans, but it doesn't say where they were editored. charles pierce, who was a friend of hanleys. hanley wrote him back and said yes, charlie,i know where there's some good japanese americans. there were 5,000 in this unit. they are american soldiers and i know where they're buried. i wish i could show some of them to you, charlie. i remember one japanese american. he was walking ahead of me in a forest in france. a german shell took off the right side of his face. i wish the boys of the lost baa toll ealon. the 442nd became very famous for rescuing battalion from a texas division that was lost behind enemy lines.

so that hanley continued. the marvel is charlie, that these boys fight it all. they're good soldiers in spite of the racial prejudice shown by your paragraph by your newspaper. i know it makes a good joke, but it's the kind of joke that prejudice thrives upon. our system is supposed to make good americans out of anyone. it certainly has in the case of these boys. you and a few others make one wonder what we're fighting for. i hope it isn't racial prejudice. in orange county was a family named masuda. and they were imprisoned in hill

river aez az. and then there were four sons, two of them were killed in germany. and when their sister and mother returned to westmiister, within a few weeks, midnight raiders came to her door and told her to get out. she was frightened and she did. one of her brothers had been posthumously awarded distinguished service medal the second highest decoration for bravery in the united states army. when a general named joseph stillwell, vinegar joe stillwell, who was something of a legend, heard about that, he went to westminister and presented the medal to mare

masuda the sister of sergeant kazua, masudo. he couldn't give it to the mother because she was an alien. and even with everything that happened, or yennals were not allowed to become citizens until 1952. and this is what joe stillwell said on the steps of westminister hall. the knee say brought an awful big hunk of america with their blood. i say we soldiered ought to perform a pick ax club to the japanese americans who fought the war with us. any time we see a bar fly commando cooking on these kids or diskrim name e nating against them or their families we ought to bang them over the head with a pick ax. i'm willing to be a charter member. we can't allow a single injustice to be done to the knee

say without defeeting the purposes for which we fought. so that's the story of -- part of the story of japanese americans in world war ii and the press in world war ii. and, as i said, i, for one at least, don't doubt that it could happen again. and if it does, it will be the press now more diverse press, but more far-reaching that does it. so that's it for today. thank you. >> this is american history tv, prime time. blank blaeng

. >> he removed a single nail and discovered a trunk and books and portraits stuffed up under the eves and this was this treasure.

of dolly madison's things. we've had this story available to the public some displaying different items from time-to-time. but trying to include her life story from her birth to her death in 1849. some of the items that we currently have on display, a carved ivory calling card case that has a card enclosed with dolly's signature as well as that of her niece, anna. and a pair of silk slippers that tie across the arch of her foot.

watch all 06 our events.

. >> the japanese were enticed to go to hawaii.

the sugar plantation people came to japan to recruit workers. they said, gee if you work three years in the sugar plantations of hawaii, it's equivalent to working 10 years in the factories of japan. so close to a thousand people, way back in 1885, went on a three-year labor contract to sugar plantations of hawaii. but when they got there, they found out differently. they had foremans or lunas that had quips. they used the leter whips on the workers. so a slave-like condition. so many of them got out of their three-year labor contract, escaped to the coffee plantations or the pineapple plantations. some went back to the cities, others were enticed to go to the mainland. many of you heard of benjamin franklin. however, he wanted to keep america white. way back in 1751 franklin says he didn't want the blacks or the

asians here in america. and in the 1850s, america wanted to build a transcontinental railway from new york to california. but they couldn't get enough workers. so what did america do? they went to china to recruit the chinese to come and build a railroad. after railroads were built, they didn't want the chinese here. so they had antichinese movement as early as 1879. every dog has its day. red gentleman to yellow gentleman. this was 1879 three years later, chinese were excluded in 1882. this is an actual remnant of world war ii.

this is one-third of an original barracks in wyoming. that was a camp i was incarcerated in. so we'll go on the inside and see the structure. the smallest camp was about 67,000. the largest camp around 19,000. i was incarcerated in wyoming about 60 miles from the east gate of yellow stone national park. i was 11. came out at 14 queers old. so basically, three years and three months. i'll show you some illustration. this is by estelle peck. she was married to a japanese person. so she came into the camp. she wrote the book "loan heart palpin".

and this is an ill trags. here is a pot belly stove. we fed coal into it. by the way, we used all military terminology. so we lived in barracks. and then we ate at the mess hall. so we were fed three meals a day. this is what really broke up our family unity: as a family, we sometime ate breakfast togt. but by lunchtime and dinner time, we were regulated by the dinner gong. any time we heard the gong, we we believe the to the mess hall and then went out to play and then out to school. we didn't have a chance to discuss family matters at the dinner table because we didn't eat together. and then, the la treens.

a woman in heart mountain complained, so they put partitions, but, still, no doors. so in camp, they said gee, they have to use strategy just to use the bathroom. they have to go to the end stall, it's the least amount of strafic. no, it e it backfired. everyone went to peek to see if someone was in the end stall. but on the men's side, we didn't have any partition. we had to sit next to strangers and do our personal business. this was probably the worst thing of camp life. and then we had the shower room. the shower room was about 8 feet by 10 feet. on one wall, we had four shower heads. on another wall, about four shower heads. no privacy. you see seven people taking a shower there. and the woman didn't have showers athearted moub tan. they had bathtubs. so, still, you could see the seven woman taking a bath. so no privacy.

here is a pile of coal. that was one of my jobs. make sure we have enough coal to keep us warm. as you noesed any time we had any wind, we always had dis. so any time we had any wind, we always had a dust storm. there was seven of us about the size of a two-car garage, 20 feet by 24 feet. and we only had one light bulb. we had one pot belly stove to

keep us warm. but no water. what did we need water for? well, to bathe, to cleanse ourgss, to cook, to drink. but we had no water here. so we had to go to the public laundry room or the public la treens or go to the mess hall to get a drink of water or go to the la treens to do our business. so initially, there was another unit beyond here for family of four or five. and then it duplicated. so a total of six units in about six families, about 25 people lived in one barracks which was 20 feet wide and 120 foot long. initially, we didn't have any insulation. so very cold. we had happened to get one of the coldest winter in wyoming history, minus 28 degrees. so we suffered the first winter but by the second winter, we had insulation called celetex. the celetex is a small piece up

to the left up there, about a half-inch thick insulation that we had throughout. and most camps did not have a ceiling. but we did have a ceiling. so it cut down on heat as well as sound. so some people said gee as kids, we're fortunate that our parents wouldn't dare raise their voice because it would be heard throughout the 120 foot of the barracks. one week's notice right there. on the exclusion order there was 108. right here we have a world war i veter ran.

he's protest inging. he was labeled as an enemy alien. he protested and had to go to the camps ef though he fought for america during world war i. little known fact is that we had about 2200 japanese latinos japanese latinos from these wliet-named countries, central america and south america. president roosevelt requested of all the countries to ascend people of japanese ancestry. brazil had the largest japanese population. but they refused to cooperate with president roosevelt. at e and who kidnapped around 1800 japanese peruvians went through the panama canal regarding to texas. and the central american countries also had about 40006 them. incarcerated here in chisto city, texas.

president rose velt wanted prisoners of war. so during the war, sweden in a new tral country sent a ship here to long island, new york. there, they got 5,000 japanese. some japanese latinos and some that wanted to go back to japan from the camp. or so called troublemakers. so they got 5,000 of them bordered the ships and went around africa to india. there, they met a red skrosz ship with 5,000 americans and were stranded in japan and exchanged prisoners of war there. >> aboard are 663 americans.

>> in 2 camps, they try to make it as normal as possible. they try to give them a respectable funeral service. but sometimes, they could not get fresh flowers. so sometimes these flowers were made of paper. so they had origami flowers. they tried to make an add normal situation as normal as possible. for example, right here, they chose the high school prom queen. she didn't have a beautiful crown, but at least they went through the procedure of electing a prom queen. during world war 2, "life requests magazine presented this. i sort of snicker at it. it could be either or japanese or chinese or corenal, vietnamese. it could be any of those. but i sort of snicker at it because this is how you can tell the dwimpbs between a japanese and a chinese. hearted mountain camp was infamous for the protesters. right here is the court trial in

chayenne wyoming: 63 members of the heart mountain camp were -- got draft noess. they resisted. they said unless you free our family, then thelds not serve uncle sam in the yietsds army. the courts said no, regardless of the family situation, they have to report to the service. they refused so they got federal penitentiary service, 2-3 years. so a total of 85 protested from heart mountain, wyoming. a total of about 300 protested from the ten camps. when we were incarcerated in the camps, everyone got one of these. they told us to go to the hay stack and fill it with hay.

and being from krae kra, we didn't have winter cloeting. so, in wyoming, the snow country, we were issued these world war i navy pea kout e coats. everyone got a pea coat. so these are all adult sizes. i was a young kid of 11 years old. so when i wore it it looked like the jacket was walking.

as i mentioned, i was a youk kid of 11 years old. so fortunate, we had a boy scout woman. heart mountain camp had the largest boy scout movement of all of the camps. we had seven troops, vary cub scout troop girl scout troop, brownies. we had thousands of kids in organized sports to keep us active in the camps. this drum happened to go into the camps during world war ii. and, initially, when it went into camp, it had an american flag and a japanese flag. but it wasn't popular to be japanese. so they changed the japanese flag to american flag there. oempb 17 or orlder had to fill out a loyalty questionnaire. where were you born, where were you educated. but the controversial question was question 2e7 and 28.

basically, it says i will give up loyalty to the emperor of japan. people did not know how to answer that. 17 years old, probably never been to japan. but they didn't know how to answer that. how could they give up their loyalty to the emperor of ja opinion if they never had it. they could you describe only answer yes or no. and then the real other one is that are you willing to fight for the military? where ever called for. and, again 17 years old, does that mean yes you're willing to fight for america and go today or will they wait until you finish your high school, get your high school diploma and go fight for america at a later date. so those are the two controversial questions. number 27 and 28.

this is about the cyto family. the father protests and says why should you fight for america. we were inkars rated behind bobbed wire fence. no due process of law. these flee boys insisted they're going to fiekt for america. the brother wrote to the father feel proud that your son gave the supreme sacrifice for his country. so he was really sad about that. but tlen two months later, he got killed. now the father is really concerned. so, he asked the department of army to return the third son from combat area. he was refused on the ground that he had one more son at home. but, fortunately, he did goat home. initially, the 104 combat team

were issued that circular patch there. the arm and the sword with dripping blood. they said that's not us. so they had given permission to draw up their own patch. so they drew the red, white and blue background with a liberty torch. so that represents a precedent for 442nd regimental come water team. this is one of the models of one of ten camps. this was located 2 hub miles north of loss angererless. 101 of them were incarcerated here in the camp. the camp had a population of about 10,000 people here.

way up in the back, you see this statue or obelisk. that was in the cemetery. so they go to a pilgrimage. now we go up to the kavrp annually. about april or may of the year and remember what happened to them during world war ii. i feel america is the greatest country in the world because president reagan gave us an official apology from the white house. everyone that was incarcerated in camp during world war ii had an official apology from the white house. this is not president reagan's signature. this is president bush.

we got this o efficient apology and we got a rope ration of $20,000. that sounds like a lot of pun but are you willing to it was a great feeling. about $20,000 for the government. i feel my parents should have got it. he had to suffer all those years after he was 50 years old. for me it was gravy. i put my $20,000 plus to tell our story that this never happens to anyone again. anywhere

anywhere. we were incarcerated even though we were young american citizens. after world war ii, i just had to finish up my education. i graduated from the local high school. then went on to los angeles city college. eventually graduated from the university of southern california as a teacher. so i put in about 25 years in teaching and hope that we learn from our mistakes and what happened to us during world war ii. but still, i feel america didn't learn its lesson because after 9/11, what happened to the american arabs, american muslim, american people looked down upon them because they looked like the terrorists. so that's what happened to us in world war ii. we looked like the enemy during world war ii, and then after

terrorists attack the twin towers and the pentagon, they looked down upon the american arabs, american muslim just because they look like the terrorists. so they would have to learn from our world war ii lessons that it should not happen again. this is the national center for world war ii monuments. and we have about 850 names here. people of japanese ancestry that fought for america during world war ii. and you'll see the letters moh behind some of the names. that signified the medal of honor. there's only one person that fought during world war ii that got the medal of honor. but in 1999, they asked president clinton to review the records of world war ii, and

after reviewing it, president clinton upgraded 20 more people of japanese ancestry to receive the national congressional medal of honor. so now we have 21 person of japanese ancestry that received the medal of honor during world war ii. and shall we say the biggest name that got it was daniel inouye. he lost his arm fighting for america, and he is now the senator from hawaii. senator dan inouye. so also we have a catch-all memorial over here from the spanish american war to vietnam, iraq, everything right here. catch all. we have about 100 names here that gave their life during the vietnam war. and then we have about 250 names here that gave their life in the korean conflict. this is the go for broke monument. the regimental combat team

during world war ii. the 442nd regimental combat team was the most decorated unit in military history for its size and length of service. they got over 9,000 purple hearts, seven distinguished presidential citations, and there's over 16,000 names here. they are randomly placed by computer so you cannot find someone's name, but we have an index over there by the computer to locate anyone that fought during world war ii. so there's the units they fought with and the various ones throughout world war ii. here's the list of medal of honor winners during world war ii. 21 names and the various decorations that they received. >> you can learn more about little tokyo and the history of

the japanese in the united states at the japanese american national museum website. saturday morning starting at 10:00 a.m. our nation's governors get together to issue discuss discus issues affecting their state. sunday at 9:00 p.m. eastern on

afterwards wes moore traces his career choices from combat veteran to social entrepreneur to find his life's purpose. on american history tv on c-span3 saturday night just after 7:00, the 1963 interview of malcolm x discussing race relations and opposition to racial integration and sunday at 6:30 p.m. eastern, former cia chief of disguise tells the story of a husband and wife kgp spy team that infiltrated through the use of sex. send us a tweet at @cspan.

in 2008 he was interviewed about congressional efforts to seek redress. it's about an hour for this world history. >> today is friday july 4th 2008. we're in denver at the japanese american national museums conference, and this morning we have secretary norman mineta with us. and i'm doing this differently. we usually do an oral history and i start from the very beginning. but because of time constraints, i'm really going to focus on the redress, so the first question, i just want to find out, was

there anything in your early life that led you to politics? >> well, not really. i don't think anyone really, at an early age, says, you know, i'm going to be -- other than, i guess, kids saying i want to be president of the united states. but i don't think anyone really says, i want to be mayor of san jose, california. but, you know, being and i started community activities within the japanese american community through our san jose japanese methodist church, jacl, and then that sort of expanded into activities in the total majority community. and so those kinds of community activities then led me to the possibility of being appointed

to the city council. the first time -- i didn't run for the city council. we had a mayor who was -- we had our first directly elected mayor, and that created a vacancy on the city council. so the new mayor and two members of the city council came to me and said, we've got to fill that vacancy on the city council. would you consider putting your name in for it? so i said, well, you know, i'm in business with my father and i really should talk to him about this. so, anyway, i talked to my dad and he said, well, we could make the arrangements between how you and i conduct the business. but he said in japan there is an old adage about if you're in politics, you're going to be like the nail sticking out of the board.

you know what happens to that nail? it always gets hammered. the question is, are you going to be able to take that hammering? i thought about it and talked to a lot of friends and finally said, okay, i'll put my name in. so i was appointed to the city council for the two-year unexpired term of the mayor who had vacated that post to become the new mayor. so then in 1969, i then ran for election to stay on the city council. >> so i have a question. do you think if you were not appointed to that position, would it have ever occurred to you to run for city council? >> well, i had people asking if i would consider doing it. and i was the first non-white on the city council. and so i always thought, you know, that would really be a