, as battles moved into the central part of the state. jefferson davis, the president, fled richmond through greensboro . governor morehead solving, but he also was able to have it -- able to have an open dialogue with union generals, schofield and cox. governor warhead -- morehead welcomed them. he knew they could pretty much take what they wanted. he was welcoming to them. in fact, when the governor -- then-governor zebulun vance sought to broker a truce governor morehead was called on to be the broker of that peace. morehead discussed how to surrender the state with both sides and was able to bring the

generals from the union side and governor zebulun vance from the confederate side together in this room, and governor vance surrendered the state of north carolina in this room. morehead passed away in 1866 shortly after the surrender. by the time the surrender came along, he was not in the best of health so he was not a participant in the reconstruction of north carolina during the confederate period. i see governor morehead as someone who is really struggling with the world in which he lived. he lived in a world that included slavery that included a situation where women were not allowed to own property, were not allowed to vote. the state was in a situation where people could grow wonderful crops. they could make wonderful things, but they didn't have a market. i think he was frustrated that the rings were true -- these

ends were true. he began to establish a system that would change that. i think what he started, he was taking a first step, and i think he would be incredibly pleased to see that the first step that he began to take in north carolina history in the 1840's and 1850's in transportation, education, individual freedom, social issues, even design, that we took that, and we have continued that momentum that he started. >> all weekend long, american history tv is featuring greensboro, north carolina. greensboro is home to the woolworth's counter where civil rights activist started thes sit in movements.

our time warner cable partners worked with c-span cities tour staff when we recently traveled to greensboro to explore the city's rich history. more about greensboro all weekend here on american history tv. >> a confrontation that occurred in greensboro on november 3 1979 is extremely complex with many perspectives and many facts to consider. on november third, the communist workers party, which had formally been the workers viewpoint organization, had arranged to hold a parade in eastern greensboro to try to unite blacks and people who might be potentially union members. they engaged with the ku klux klan, invited the klan succumbed

to greensboro, which they call the death to the klan march which certainly was confrontational from the outset. members were gathering with neighborhood residents around 11:00 in the morning for the parade to kick off at noon, but before that could happen, a caravan of nazi and klan members arrived on the scene. before uniformed police were present, violence began. it began with cwp demonstrators actually hitting the caravan cars with tickets find -- ticket signs. at that point, the klan members did collect weapons and shoot into the air.

the next thing to happen was that some of cwp protesters also pulled out handguns and fired 1 2, or three shots. then the klansmen went into a car that was loaded with rifles pull those out, and in the next 88 seconds, five people were killed or mortally wounded, and twice that number were wounded. the police appeared on the scene after the fact, uniformed police. they did begin to arrest cwp members, interestingly enough. all of the klan members escape except for the last car. they did arrest cwp members, but after that day, they came back and would arrest klan members. the people who were killed on november, there were five who die. two were trained medical doctors, jim lawler and michael mason and one was a recent

graduate of caesar casey. a fourth one was a union organizer. the fifth was a greensboro resident and the only female and only black. her name was sandi smith. she was a graduate of bennett college. all of them were involved in improving the lives of the poor. they had been involved in fighting a disease, which was common with textile workers, and they also really wanted to unionize to improve conditions. they had lived in the community or in the area and have been active as union organizers. they decided to move it up a notch. in october, they merged into what became a communist workers party unit. i think that simple change from

probably inflamed the whole situation in greensboro. it certainly angered the klan, because the klan was known to be antiwar, anti-black, and anti-communist. when the workers party applied for the permit, there were grave concerns in the police department. they were concerned because they had had a run-ins with nelson johnson and other cw members -- cwp members, but there was some history there. the police decided that maybe the primary thing to do was to have an informant that could report to them on what was going on with the klan. they had an informant eddie dawson in the klan who kept them well supplied with information about what they were planning to do on that november day. it's an interesting thing about the police.

this is one of the most controversial elements of this entire story. the police did issue a sort of report about what the officers on this ancient be doing -- on the scene should be doing that they. one thing that encourage was that they keep a low profile, because they were concerned that the presence of police might actually cause a problem with the klan, with the cwp, maybe even with black residents. they actually were to be stationed about two blocks away at dudley high school, and then to instantly appear if anything happened, but they also said they would be present at 11:30. that was 30 minutes before the parade was to take place. as it turned out, all the people were killed by 11:30 when the police appeared. i think residents of the city were shocked on the evening of

november 3 when they began to hear reports about what had actually happened, shocked to know that people could be killed on a greensboro city street. one reason that the cwp felt safe in staging the parade in greensboro was it was always thought of as a moderate city and it certainly had a strong police department. they felt safe. i think the residents were shocked that it happened here. i think the majority of greensboro residents had never heard of the cwp. they did not know that they were unionizing -- there were unionizing activities going on and they couldn't have found the location of the shootings without a map. i think the city response -- again, we have to talk in segments -- the official response from the mayor and from any other government spokesman was outraged. these were outsiders who came in

to greensboro. they made this terrible thing happened. they provoked the violence. they would suffer the consequences. they denied that greensboro had in any way have any fault in this instance, that the police had done nothing wrong, that there was a lot of confusion about when the parade was to start and where it was to start. i think the media also, except for the television coverage that was there, the media also began an automatic defense of the city . this couldn't have happened here. we did nothing to cause it. the court cases that was on -- re resulted from this, the first was a murder trial. it was the murder of five people. there were 30 possible verdicts

six men, five people murdered. after the jury was selected, the trial lasted 14 weeks. when you read the testimony that the judge gave to the truth and reconciliation commission that is established later, about 2005, when you read his or -- his report, you see what a mammoth task it was. 1000 pieces of evidence were submitted, and just hours and hours of testimony. the problem was, to charge and find these klansmen guilty of murder, there had to be clear evidence that they were not acting in self-defense. they could not prove because shots were fired by the

demonstrators. that is what the jury had to rule on. there was a lot of examination of the footage to determine who fired shots when. the fbi study that for over a year, which is one of the things that postponed the trial. they determined that 39 shots were fired, 18 of them fired by the cwp or their supporters. in that case, self-defense didn't work, and they were acquitted. they were also acquitted by an all-white jury, which caused a lot of division in the city. in 1982, 1983, there was a second trial. it was a federal trial. the charges against the klansmen were that they had violated the civil rights of these people

and again, a jury found him not guilty. in 1985, there was a third trial . this time, the plaintiffs were the survivors of the cwp. the city was implicated in that trial. it ended with the city of greensboro paying a song to the widow of one of the killed men, and that was dr. mason. the city did pay $351,000 in damages, but they paid it to end the trial and never admitted liability. the truth and reconciliation commission was created in 2005 and a number of evil -- of people were chosen to serve on a

commission. i will say that there was very little support for participation from the white leaders of greensboro for this commission. the city council was not in favor. the mayor was not in favor. many of them could have added valuable information to the commission and refused to participate. i think the reluctance to endorse the work of the commission goes all the way back to the initial reaction of city leaders where they said, this is not a greensboro event. this happened because a few people made it happen, and it's not part of greensboro. there was a large grant that came in from outside the community to fund the commission , and actually, a commissioner came from outside to manage this whole project. they began to talk to people, people who might have any kind of input. for example, a lot of professors

who had contacts at the event were interviewed by the commission. they did finally come out with a report, and the commission report indicated that the presence of police would have made a real difference in what happened on november 3. i think most people agree with that statement. they just don't agree on what the police were not there. i think people in greensboro will always be divided about what happened on november 3 1979, depending on how you grew up, where you grew up, whether you are prounion or pro-corporate, whether you are black or white. i just think it will always the -- people will always reason that it happened in greensboro and put a stain on the nation. i do think people feel that way about the city.

i don't think this event will never be praised. i think it will always be a blight. >> all weekend, american history tv is featuring greensboro, north carolina. the city is named after major general nathaniel greaney who led forces against the british during the american revolutionary war. posted by our time warner cable partners c-span cities tour staff recently visited many sites showcasing the city's

history. learn more about greensboro all weekend here on american history tv. >> today, we are at the greensboro historical museum, and we are in an exhibit called the murphy's confederate long arms collection. this collection was originally loaned to the museum and then bequeathed to the museum to dr. murphy's staff in 2003. john and annabel murphy were a couple that were married. john was a collector of confederate long arms. was born in washington, the e and attended -- he was born in washington, d c and attended school. he served as a doctor for 20 years before retiring and assembled what is an outstanding collection, probably one of its kind, of confederate long arms.

rifles, muskets, shotguns, and carvings made in the south for confederate soldiers. his maternal grandfather was a confederate veteran. i think that sparked his interest in the civil war, and the centennial for the civil war in the 1960's was a big celebration. around that time, perhaps in the 1950's and early 1960's, he started collecting artifacts and rifles and weapons from the civil war. the collection consists of approximately 200 pieces total. dr. murphy originally loaned the collection to the greensboro historical museum, and it was his intention to give it to the museum. upon his death in 2003, it was built to the museum. now it is part of our permanent collection. we are starting with a piece that was made by tarpley.

this was a piece manufactured in greensboro, and it is one of the most rare and unique pieces in the murphy collection. you can see the name stamped on here tarpley. jeremiah tarpley was a man who applied and received a patent for this design. it was his idea for this design of the rifle in combination with an existing firm that was making sewing machines in greensboro that ultimately resulted in the menu after of this -- manufacturer of this piece. it's unusual in its appearance. one of the things, it's missing the wooden floor stock. almost every other rifle manufactured has a piece of wood that goes along here, and this particular design omitted that. that was one of the design flaws. they got too hot to handle

essentially. all that being said, the relatively few number of were made, less than 200, and today less than 20 are known to be in existence. dr. murphy had four in his collection. this next piece we are looking at is a rifle. this particular rifle is more traditional compared to the tarpley. it has the complete barrel, the ramrod. what we know about this piece that we didn't know about the tarpley, the soldier who use this piece. as you can see at the bottom of the stock, there is a plaque that was added after the civil war, which says, solomon hayes company g, 34th north carolina

infantry. this gentleman was a farmer originally from south carolina who enlisted in the confederacy in 1962 and was discharged in april of 1964 at the age of 59. here's an example of where we actually know who the rifle was used by, and then stayed in the family and was descended and acquired by dr. murphy. the last piece i've selected to talk about is another rifle. this one is made by h c lam, or henry clarkson lam, and the family is one of gun smith's from jamestown in guilford county. his father was a gunsmith not for military purposes, but he made hunting rifles and guns. henry learned his trade from his father and went into production during the civil war.

here's an example where the craft was passed on to a second generation, and he was awarded a contract the state of north carolina to provide arms for the confederacy. about 500 of these were believed to have been made to support the troops. this map shows all of the different armories and locations that are represented. there are 39 different makers or armories that are represented in the murphy collection, and each of the different stars on the map will show that. the piedmont rifles, again, this shows where the tarpleys were made. the armories are long gone, but the sites have been excavated. you see some relics and pieces that have been dug up and found at the site. again, it gives us further evidence that we know where the place actually was and further

incomplete pieces that were not assembled or used. they would have varied in size and scale depending on the location. some were quite large and sophisticated. others were not so large. they would have been quite sizable, and they would have had to have a skill level to shape and craft the tools and eventually produce the weapon. most of them are no longer in existence, but the sites where they stood have been explored and archaeological digs have taken place. the pieces that were found, many of which have been found and put into museums, are further evidence of the work that was done. some of these pieces might have been discarded. now they've turned up 150 years later. we would like to stop here at the south greenville state

works, a case debated to be more's carvings. a carving is a long arm that is shorter than a rifle and a little bit less powerful, but it's the perfect weapon for men on horse. in this case, you see pristine examples. we have six examples. very advanced technology. nowhere else can you see these pieces. we have a later piece marked with 1013.

this kind of material rarely survived, as well as the rifles themselves. this collection has lots of different kinds of value. we have it here at the museum. we are keepers of it for the general public, but it also has tremendous research value and scholarly value. one of the great things about this collection is that it contains multiple examples of rifles and carving -- carbines. by having more than one example by having 5, 6, 10 examples of a piece made over a span of several years, scholars and researchers are able to compare the differences in how pieces were made. look at the example of the nuances and changes.

these are choice pieces that are in pristine condition. he devoted his time and energy to writing several books. he was a leading force in the field of scholarship and opened up a lot of doors and shared a tremendous amount of information with the scholars interested in this, and now we are able to benefit from this by having the pieces at a public venue. the greensboro historical museum has a one number of visitors with a range of interests. we try to present the collection in a context that will appeal to a lot of different types of visitors here.

we put out these rifles and other instruments. we also put out other examples of artifacts relating to the civil war and paintings from dr. murphy's collection and personal effects that were used by confederate soldiers to try to convey the experience of what it was like for a soldier at the time and to try to bring that experience to life. it's mass -- not just abstract. there is a personal face to it as well. it is a collection that cannot be duplicated or replicated elsewhere. it's a once-in-a-lifetime kind of collection. it's an awesome responsibility for the museum to be the caretaker or steward of this

collection. >> throughout the weekend, american history tv is featuring greensboro, north carolina. our cities to her staff recently traveled there to learn about its rich history. learn more about greensboro and other stops on the tour at c-span.org/citiestour. you are watching american history tv all weekend, every weekend on c-span3. >> each week, american history tv's "reel america" brings you archival films. ♪

>> these are the proud hills in the state of virginia. springtime, beckoning to a small boy, urging him to wander with the wind, to the farm perhaps. not an easy thing. after all, a calf is a youngster just like himself. ride him? sure. what is a day without a little rough and tumble. when a boy needs comfort, there is always home and mother and father. this is the world of randy kerr and oakton, virginia. typical except for one thing. randy was the first child to receive an injection of salt polio vaccine in the field trials in 1954. much, however, had preceded this

moment when randy kerr made history. in the all-out fight against polio led by the national foundation for infantile paralysis, there were many years of struggle and heartbreak. parents lived in fear of polio cost sudden attack and the tragic aftermath. thousands upon thousands of children and adults fell prey to the crippler. march of dimes funds were needed everywhere, needed desperately by patients, needed by an army of scientists who searched for a preventive. in 1954, a vaccine to prevent paralytic polio developed by dr. jonas all was tested in the largest field trials in medical history. finally, april 12, 1955, salk vaccine, safe, effective. the next challenge, commercial production of the vaccine in quantity, a huge task, complex

process, all detailed in this book. it is officially called a protocol. the manufacturer records every step in the production of one lot of vaccine. the first requirement trained side -- requirement, trained scientists and technicians. the equipment they use gets its scrub. a scalding steam bath for 15 minutes. when it comes out, it is completely sterilized, ready for the big job ahead. vital to the production of the vaccine are monkeys from the far east. given the best of care. meanwhile, another basic ingredient of the polio vaccine is being prepared, a rich nourishing victim called medium 199. 68 different elements go into medium 199. each one is carefully checked

and combined according to the formula, and when all is early blended, -- thoroughly blended the medium is tested for sterility. why this preparation? into medium 199 will go monkey kidney tissue, first carefully minced by hand. in these bottles, the monkey kidney tissue grows, getting its nourishment from the rich medium 199. for six days, the bottles rock and the tissue grows. then because all of the nourishment in the medium is exhausted, half is siphoned off to be replaced by fresh medium, but with a difference. the difference is that here, for the first time, live poliovirus is planted in the medium. three different strains of poliovirus are added.

the completed vaccine will protect against all three types of paralytic polio. once more, the bottles rock. in four days, the virus, so minute yet lethal, multiplies 250 to 1000 times. another stage in production is reached. the poliovirus solution is ready for harvesting. the endless testing has now begun. a titration test. it measures the amount of live virus present in the solution. this test is made seven different times during production. next, filtration. a vitally important process. the virus solution goes through these metal tubes containing poor school -- containing porcelain filters, then through sheets of us vestas to strain out kidney tissue and remove stray bacteria. more tests.

rabbits are not related to make sure no b virus, a dangerous but non-poliovirus, is in the solution. guinea pigs too receive injections to make certain the solutions are free of tuberculosis. finally, the climax of production. in activation. the power of the poliovirus to infect man will be utterly destroyed. the colorless, pungent chemical formaldehyde will deal the deadly blow to the poliovirus. 466 hours in a warm incubator room, the in activation process continues. what remains can only do good.

provide humans from protection from paralytic polio. a chapter ends. the enemy of man is now ready to become his servant. at every step of the way, checks and double checks. this technician is working on a tissue culture safety test double checking the complete inactivation of the virus. four tests are conducted on every batch of vaccine. behind the store, the final phase of production. it calls for a giant tank, into which go the three different types of inactivated polio solution, combined for the first time. the solutions are filtered into the polling tank and twice later. additional chemicals complete and preserve the vaccine.

then the preparation is mixed for five hours. at the end of that time, the polio vaccine is complete. testing is not. two animal tests are performed. one on white mice injected with vaccine is called the lcm test. and the live monkey potency test. monkeys receive polio vaccine, then are observed and examined to make sure the vaccine is potent enough to cause formation of polio-fighting antibodies in humans. more tests. a sterility test. the sixth of its kind is perform. it takes time and infinite care. only vaccine found completely

free of factory is approved for the next step. that step is putting vaccine into bottles under completely sterile conditions. these are the bottles which finally will find their way into doctors offices and clinics all over the country, even as they reach the end of the production line. other tests are in progress and tests are sent to the government. no vaccine can leave the pharmaceutical house until all tests by the manufacturer and government are completed satisfactorily. the protocol is finished and then sent to the national institutes of health for government approval, required by law. in bethesda, maryland, the national institutes of health is a vast center of medical progress.

in the office of dr. roderick murray, chief of the division of biologic standards, the manufacturer is first reviewed. that he sums to scientists from his staff. each is given a copy of the protocol, which he will study carefully, checking every process, every test for consistency. at the same time, another vital judgment is being made in the laboratories. a sample from every batch of vaccine is received. then subjected to a whole battery of complex scientific tests. a sterility test confirming those of the manufacturer is carried out.

a tissue culture test on the vaccine sample. substantiating tests already made by the manufacturer. living tissue is inoculated with the polio vaccine, incubated and carefully examined. the monkey test, one of the most important tests. 20 monkeys are involved in the testing of every lot of vaccine and each receives three injections from the manufacturer wash sample. the purpose is to confirm the safety and effectiveness of the polio vaccine. these are just the painstaking review and testing procedures of the national institutes of health. it's contributing to the final judgment and recommendation on every lot and vaccine. once the public health service authorizes its release, the polio vaccine can begin to protect american youngsters. in 1955, over 10 million

children received one or more injections of salk vaccine including this boy, the president's own grandson, david eisenhower. like millions of boys and girls across the nation, david is protected against paralytic polio, free to play and enjoy the delights of summertime with the president, his grandfather. from the united states public health service, a report on these vaccinations in 1985 by the distinguished former surgeon general dr. leonard a. shealy. >> as we enter the second year of widespread polio vaccine, it is my pleasure to report to you the results of polio vaccinations today. we had a good opportunity to study effectiveness last year. here's a very simple chart which indicates how the vaccine works during 1955.

this is based on reports from 22 states. among vaccinated children, the attack rate for polio was only 6.3 over 100,000. the unvaccinated rate was 29.2 per 100,000. almost four times as high. the studies involved about 8.5 million children whose ages ranged from 5-11. even though these children had one injection instead of three the vaccine was found to be 70% effective. put another way, the boys and girls received at least one injection of vaccine at four times as much protection as those without it. we can all be proud of the salk vaccine. we can all share in this victory.

it will lead to many more in the years ahead. >> for maximum protection for paralytic polio, three inoculations. the second given no more than three weeks after the first. the third, no more than seven months later. everyone in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination will saves lives from death or paralysis this year. help your child grow up strong and straight. free from crippling polio. youngsters like david eisenhower, like polio pioneers randy kerr, are part of a bright new future which will see the unconditional surrender of infantile paralysis. >> with live coverage of the

u.s. house on c-span and the senate on c-span2, on c-span3 we complement the coverage by showing you the most relevant congressional hearings and public affairs events, and on weekends c-span3 is the home to american history tv with programs that tell our nation's story, including three unique series. the civil war anniversary visiting key events, and american artifacts. history bookshelf, the best-known american history writers. the presidency, looking at the policies and legacies of our nation's commander-in-chief. lectures in history with top college professors delving into america's past. our new series reel america featuring films from the 1930's into the 1970's. watch us in hd, like us on facebook, and follow us on

twitter. >> the armed wire and guard towers are gone, but the memories come flooding back for so many people who, until today have lost such a big part of their childhood. some buried the memories, and with it, the history of this camp. more than 60 years later -- >> tonight on "q&a," the only family internment camps during world war ii in crystal city, texas, and what she says is the real reason. >> the government talked to the fathers and said, we have a deal for you. we will reunite you with your families in the crystal city internment camp will agree to go voluntarily, and then i discovered what the real secret of the camp was. they also had to agree to voluntarily repatriate to

germany and to japan, if the government decided they needed to be repatriated. the truth of the matter is that the crystal city camp was humanely administered by the ins , but the special war divisions used it as roosevelt's primary prisoner exchange. >> tonight at 8:00 eastern and pacific, c-span's "q&a." each week, american artifacts takes you to museums and historic places to learn which artifacts -- what artifacts reveal about american history. the national museum of african american history and culture is currently under construction on the national mall. the museum has hosted several events since 2008 called save our african-american treasures. people can bring in family artifacts and talk to curators.

we talked to museum staff and participants at the event in washington d.c. >> my name is ethyl washington. on the director of education. today, we are here for the save our african-american treasures program where we invite the public to bring objects, and we have reviewers here. tell the public how to preserve them. >> [indiscernible] 1937 to 1947 in brooklyn, new york. >> mr. evans brought in a visual social history of black life in new york. in the variety of scenes his mother took, kids on street corners, or posing on a

playground, or trips to the beach, going to coney island, young couples who are clearly courting. there's a whole range of activities and a range of scenes that really constitute this as a social history of brooklyn and the black experience at a time period of immense change around world war ii, the gender changes as well as economic and social changes. >> baseball signed by satchel paige and josh gibson. it is hard to read that. whether or not it was the last in, souvenirs come out of all ballgames. the negro leagues were famous for the players signing autographs with fans, just as they do today. you've got a baseball signed by these two premier players of the

negro leagues. >> one of our main missions is to help people preserve what we call the cultural patrimony, the things they have in their basements and affix that they don't think are important but tell a story of our history. but the political landscape has changed with the 114 congress. not only are there 43 new republicans and 50 new democrats in the house and 12 new publicans and one new democrat in the senate, there are 108 women in congress, including the first african-american republican that -- in the house and the first woman veteran in the senate will stop keep track of the congress in "congressional chronicle." there are voting results and statistics there.