ecific comment tear eye on this particular case or anything that you've done, but i have real reservations about the structure of this bureau. >> senator mark li. >> i want to thank you for having a watchdog fighting for consumers and fairness in financial transactions. in your testimony, you note that the bureau resulted in more than $10.1 billion in relief for 17 million consumers. is it my understanding this is specific funds that come from addressing predatory practices that has been returned to 17 million families across america? >> yeah. it takes different forms. some of it is direct restitution. some of if is uncompensated victims. some of it is say, mortgage relief. some of it is debt that they

otherwise would be required to pay and might be subject to further costs and court proceedings that is forgiven and wiped from the books. but yes, it's meaningful relief for american consumers. and the other point that senator warren has made to me that's wrort making is every time we then correct practices, the same things don't happen going forward, and you can expect the same money being saved each year in the future but it's hard to quantify that. >> it is hard to quantify, but every time a consumer gets a fair mortgage loan rather than a predatory one a great deal of help has been created in terms of a wealth-building enterprise versus a wealth-sfriping one. i want to turn to the subject of payday loans, and you're engaged in laying out a policy framework not yet a draft regulation and taking feedback on it.

in oregon we proceeded to establish a pretty rigorous framework, reestablishing a user cap on the full range of loans consumer loans, payday loans, because we'd seen the migration of one area to another where states have tried to tackle the 500% interest rate in payday loans. but we see aggressive outreach by payday loan companies to solicit people online and to do so outside the framework of state law. and in that regard about once a week i get a text message, like this one that came the other day, dillen, i don't know who dillen is, but whoever dillen is, he's one click away in a predatory loan. dillen do you need some extra dollars? bad credit is okay. approved in four minutes. click here. i am absolutely convinced this is not a payday lend earn operating under the state law.

it's probably offshore as most online are. and the challenge is that with the ability to reach out to phones through text messages in this case, i also receive phone calls for dillen. if dillen's out there and wants his phone messages, please, he can contact me. so folks then respond to this and say, great this is convenient, i don't have to go down to the brick and mortar payday loan store and by the way, we still have those stores in oregon even though they operate at 36% interest rate. citizens still have access to credit when they need it at a narrate, but they're getting ensnared by these online solicitations. the way that, the reason this works is because these companies are able to use electronic fund transfers or remotely generate the checks to essentially once they have the number of the account of the individual, they simply reach in and grab the

money, even though their loan is in violation of the law. how are we going to stop this? >> first of all, you may need a better spam filter on your phone, although, maybe you're picking up some good intel this way. second, the online lending is a particularly acute problem for any enforcement regime. i saw it as attorney general in ohio. i hear about it from our colleagues at the justice department who battle with it and help us especially when we're trying to deal with something that's international in scope like a scam we dealt with earlier this year. some of the folks were based in kansas city, but they were incorporated in turks and caicos. i don't know where that is, someplace in the pacific maybe? maybe it's in the caribbean. i don't know. the caribbean, all right. in any event, the enforcement of that is quite difficult but important. i also one might have thought that online lending would have been more efficient because you wouldn't have to have the brick

and mortar, but the default rates are so high they're paying lead generators $300 to $400 to acquire customers. what does that tell you about a customer they're acquiring if they think it's worth paying $300 to $400 to get that fish on the line. it's going to astro numberic interest rates. and that's a major concern. in terms of the small-dollar loans that we're working now, that's an a piece of it. the kansas city group that we shut down earlier last year these are things we're wrestling with, because the account access, particularly, creates vulnerability for consumers and can cause them to be trapped in

these loans. and they may or may not appreciate what's happening when it's in the fine print, so if's something wore -- it's something we're trying to think very carefully about. >> thank you for your efforts to wrestle with this issue. it matters a lot to a family whether or not they acquire a payday loan in oregon under a 36% interest rate cap or whether they respond to the text message or the phone call, and end up with a 500% interest loan from a group that's operating with no accountability and just reaches in and takes money without authorization. there has to be a solution to this. i've suggested several in my stopping abuse and fraud, electronic lending act the safe

act in 2013. continue to look for a way for fair lending to happen to help families succeed and to stop these predatory practices. and i know that's the business you're in. and you're doing an excellent job of it. and thank you for the work you do. >> thank you. director eror cordray, thank you for attending and we appreciate your testimony and your frankness. meeting is adjourned.

>> thank you. on the next washington journal, fawn johnson looks at the highway trust fund which is expected to expire at the end of the mond and what the house and senate plan to do about it. then paul butler talks about his book "let's get free." and then after that, eu ambassador to the united states, david o'sullivan talks about the greek economic crisis and why greek lawmakers approved austerity measures that were overwhelmingly rejected by their country's citizens, plus your phone calls facebook and tweets. when francis fulsome married president grover cleveland, she became a first lady with many firsts. she's first and only first lady

to be married in the white house and the youngest woman to serve as first lady. and when she died in 1947, she lived an additional 51 years after leaving the white house. longer than any other first lady. frances cleveland. on c-span's original series first ladies. examining the women who filled the position of first lady and their influence on the presidency. from martha washington to michelle obama. on c-span 3. after a nine and a half year journey nasa's someplace reached pluto. it was discussed in laurel million. this is an hour.

good afternoon. welcome to the johns hopkins applied physics laboratory. i'm with the office of communications. to set the stage for today's press conference please welcome to the podium, associate administrator from washington d.c., dr. john brumsfeld. [ applause ] >> welcome, everyone. it's a full auditorium here at the johns hopkins university applied physics lab. i was a little bit worried no one would show up. actually, i wasn't worried at all. anybody get any sleep last night? i'm not hearing two many affirmations of a good night's sleep. i'm not going to ask the team, because i know they were probably pretty excited about

this morning's data pass, as was i. i would like to take you on a short tour to frame the discussion. i'm not going to say a whole lot. the first image that i'd like to bring up was taken just about two hours ago by the solar dynamics observatory. i hope you recognize that object. and i think you know where we're going. mercury. from the messenger mission, venus. from magellan. if anybody doesn't recognize the next planet, i'd like you to leave the auditorium. security will escort you to area 51. [ laughter ] [ applause ] >> the red planet mars. i had to get a hubble image in there somewhere. [ applause ] i realize i missed a series, which the spacecraft is orbiting

right now. jupiter with the moons and shadows. cassini at saturn. what a wonderful mission. this is just a striking image. neptune. and for a grand finale, i turn it over to allen stearn, the principal investigator of the pluto new horizons mission. [ applause ] >> before we turn it over to allen, i've got a few words to say. yesterday, america's space program took another historic leap for humankind.

today, the new horizons team is bringing what was previously a blurred point of light into focus. we'll have presentations from our panel. we'll open it up for questions with media here. on social media. and we'll go to the phone lines. you can join the conversation on social media, twitter, facebook, at #pluto fly-by. if you have questions, send those in to #ask nasa. of course, the images and information you will hear today, for more days and weeks and months, will be online at www.nasa.gov/new horizons. you've heard from dr. john grunsfeld. of course, allen stearn needs no introduction.

so i will go to hal weaver, who is project scientist from the johns hopkins applied physics laboratory. followed by will grundy, new horizons co-investigator, lowell observatory in flagstaff, arizona. he will be followed by kathy olken from the southwest research institute. and john spencer, another new horizons co-investigator from the southwest research institute. and with that, allen, it's all yours. >> thank you. i had a pretty good day yesterday. how about you? [ applause ] new horizons is now more than a million miles on the other side of pluto. that's how fast we're moving. having made close approach yesterday morning.

the spacecraft is in good health. it's communicated with the earth again for a period of a number of hours this morning, beginning about 5:50. we got data down from five of the scientific instruments already. we're going to report on some of those results. but frankly, we're just skimming the top of it. there's a lot in just the things we're going to talk to you about. we have big news. from the first resolved image of hydra, pluto's outer-most moon, the sharing has been active. [ applause ] and there are mountains in the quaker belt. you'll enjoy that. the system is amazing. now, all of our news today relates to the surfaces of pluto, and its satellite. we'll be talking more about the surfaces in the press event on friday down at nasa headquarters.

but we'll also be bringing in atmospheric results at this point. i do want to report one piece of news that's more or less operational, and that is that the spectrometer got a great data set from the ground from the uv solar oscillation, learning about pluto's atmosphere. so stay tuned friday for that. with that, i'll turn it over to hal weaver, who is our project scientist. hal's going to give you a little bit of hydrotherapy. hal? >> thank you very much, allen. well, pluto and sharon are going to steal the day today. this is going to be -- these awesome images you'll see in a few minutes. let's not forget that pluto has four small moons as well that we want to collect data on. starting from closest to the pluto, and going out. this morning we got the first really well-resolved scale.

two miles per pixel. this is about the same number of pixels across hydra. prior to the new horizons revealing of the hydra here, we were uncertain hugh big hydra was. it could have been from 20 miles across to almost 100 miles across. new horizons has made it easy. just count the number of pixels across. 28 by 19 miles. the elongated object, hydra is not a planet. but 30% larger in one dimension than another. this is very interesting. you see variations in the brightness across the surface. if you go to the next slide, this shows -- what we did here is sub-sample the image by a

factor of four. it's four times sub-sampled to take away the pixelated look. and overlay contours showing the brightness, changes, and we took cuts across to measure the approximate places where you have the longest dimensions, in the green and the shorter dimension in the yellow. the surface of hydra is surprisingly large. it's about 45% reflectivity. about 45% of the sunlight gets reflected away. that can only mean that the hydra surface is composed primarily of water. the only way to get it that bright. that's cool. [ laughter ] it's intermediate in brightness between sharon and pluto. the nice thing about -- we have coming up actually more observations of hydra which will be higher resolution by a factor

of two or three better. we're looking forward to those. but it's great. we've already seen hydra revealed. and it looks very interesting. thank you. [ applause ] >> thank you. will grundy leads our composition team. and is going to report some results that they've obtained. >> okay. so, the ralph instrument is the instrument where we're relying mostly on for surface compositions. it has a color camera and infrared imaging spectrometer called lisa. we don't get any data down today from either of those instruments, and so what i'm showing you is data that came down in the fail-safe data set. that came down overnight between the 12th and the 13th. so this is a little earlier. this is a base map that's just showing you the geometry.

you can see that the heart region is just rotating on. so this is a little while ago. could i have the next time stamp? this is an overlay of lisa data. so what i did is each of those large blocky pixels, about 150 kilometers across, is an infrared spectrum. it tells you what that pixel is made out of. we're going to get much higher resolution data than this, but this is what's in the can now. these colors are just pre-infrared wave lengths. we get 256 wave lengths. we could make an enormous variety of maps to pull out the information. this particular one is focusing on methane. i put an absorption band at about 1.65 microns into the blue color channel. a continuum region between two methane bands into the green channel. and a much stronger methane band

into the red channel. all i'm doing here is showing, again, lower resolution than the color images yesterday, the diversity of terrains. what i'm going to do now is to pick out a couple of specific regions, although you can see there's many different regions here. so if i could get the next time stamp, please. these two regions of interest, one's a 3 by 3 pixel block, and another one is a squiggly thing in the darker regions. i'm concentrating on the solar cap and the darker regions. the last time stamp that i have, you can see they're quite different from each other. they both have methane. but the overall shape of the spectrum is very different. and we can really be spending years modeling these and thinking about what they tell us. there's a lot of information. we only have a small subset of the wave lengths at this point, because we just don't have the bandwidth to get more down.

but this is providing a lot of information about the different regions, and how they work. >> thank you, will. [ applause ] yesterday we showed you a beautiful image of pluto that was made just before the closest approach, as part of the fail-safe data sets. today we'll show an image of a similar resolution on the big satellite sharon. kathy will discuss those. >> originally i thought sharon might be an ancient terrain covered in craters. many people on the team thought that might have been the case. and so sharon just blew our socks off when we had the new image today. so if we can pull it up so you can take a look at it. [ applause ]

so we were just thrilled. all morning the team has been abuzz. look at this! look at that! oh, my god, that's amazing! i'll walk you guys through some of the things we've seen in the image and tell you what we're thinking about. and i'm going to start in the north and kind of work my way down. so you've seen the darkish area that is at the north pole. and informally, we've been referring to that as moreador. that's awesome. so morador is the darkest area near the pole. you can see, this is a natural color image. and so the red around it, the red coloring that we've seen, extends beyond just the deepest, darkest part of that polar

region morador. we think that the dark coloring could perhaps be a veneer. you can see locations at the north pole where a crater has perhaps dug into that region, and excavated underneath it. so you can see those brighter regions that may be craters. so that's part of the reason why i say we think it could be a thin veneer. so, let's see. and also, you can see that that area is kind of a polygon shape. and then the red color is more diffuse around it. moving down across, a little bit lower, going from the northeast to the southwest, is a series of troughs. and cliffs. and that's just striking to me. it's amazing to see this image. they extend about 600 miles across the planet. so this is a huge area.

and it could be that it's due to internal processing. and we will be looking at that in more detail. just below that region, the line that you see cutting across from the northeast to the southwest, more east-west than north-south, is a region where it's relatively smooth. there's less craters. so perhaps it's been geologically active or recently resurfacing that area. so that's very exciting to see as well. two features that i want to go back up a little bit higher on the -- near the top at about the 2:00 position. you see a canyon. you can see a long linear feature. and you can actually at the very top see kind of a notch, where you're looking through to the space on the other side. and that canyon is really quite deep. it's about 4 to 6 miles deep. i find that fascinating.

so it's a small world with deep canyons, troughs, cliffs, dark regions that are still slightly mysterious to us. there's another canyon on the other side, at maybe the 10:00 or 11:00 position, and that one is about three miles deep. there is so much interesting science in this one image alone. and we have higher resolution image that we'll get. one covers a whole -- all of charon, but will get some of the dark area and some of the middle area. it's going to be about a factor of 5 better in resolution. so as we've been saying, it did not disappoint. i can add charon did not disappoint either. thank you. [ applause ]

>> yesterday when we showed that beautiful image of pluto, we noted that we would have imagery with ten times the resolution on the ground by today. in fact, john spencer is going to tell us about the first -- just the first frame of that mosaic that's already down on the ground. which is already giving us a big surprise. john? >> thank you, allen. so, yeah, we've got a whole bunch of high-resolution observations now onboard the spacecraft. this is just one small part of one of those observations. and if i can have the first slide. don't get excited yet. [ laughter ] this is what we saw yesterday. and this is spectacular image. but we now are focusing in on the small details on this amazing world. before i go to that, i should

say that we now have an informal name for the heart. the heart is a good name that we want to honor the discovery of pluto. we are calling this tumbo regio. [ applause ] and so if i can have the slide back. we're now going to focus on a small region at the bottom of this image, which is near the day/night line.

so we're going to be focusing on an area just a little bit to the left of the bottom of the frame. and if we can now run the movie. okay. we're zooming in on this area. here it comes. [ applause ] yeah, that was our reaction, too. so this is -- it covers the whole region around it, covering a quite variety of terrain. this is one of the things that really caught our attention. it's about 150 miles across.

we've seen features as small as half a mile here. you can see the a.p.l. campus on this kind of image. the most stunning things about this -- well, there's many stunning things, but the most striking geologically, we haven't found an impact crater on this image. that means this is a young surface. pluto has been bombarded by other objects in the belt. and craters are bound to happen. so just eyeballing it, we think it has to be probably less than 100 million years old, which is a small fraction of the 4.5 billion year age of the solar system. these mountains here that we're seeing are quite spectacular. these are up to 11,000 feet high. there may be higher ones elsewhere. we know the surface of pluto is covered in a lot of nitrogen,

hydrogen ice. you can't make mountains out of that stuff. it's too soft, and doesn't have the strength to make mountains. we're seeing the bedrock, or bed ice of pluto. we're seeing the icy crust. water ice is strong enough to hold big mountains, and we think that's what we're seeing here. the nitrogen and methane are just the coating on the icy bedrock, and we're seeing that here. now, what's particularly exciting to me about this is, this is the first time we've seen an icy world in a giant climate. we see strange geological features on moons. we usually attribute this to heating. deformation of these worlds by that giant planet and interactions with other

moons. that can't happen on pluto. there is no giant body that can be deforming pluto on an ongoing regular basis to keep the interior. charon is just too small to do that. you do not need tidal heating to power ongoing recent geological activity on icy worlds. that's a really important discovery we just made this morning. [ applause ] >> so i know this is just the first of many amazing lessons we're going to get from pluto. there will be more on friday. we'll have more of this mosaic to show you on friday, which is going to show equally amazing things, i'm sure. so stay tuned. >> and i'm going to follow up on

this same image, so we can leave it on the screen for you to enjoy. a couple of other implications that we've reached as a result of this discovery, just to expand on what john last said, which is very, very important. we now have an isolated small planet that's showing activity after 4.5 billion years. we thought this might be the case after voyager 2 discovered the tritan orbiting neptune, also has virtually no impact craters. but we couldn't be sure for just the reason that john said. because there's always an out that tidal energy could have powered activity -- tidal energy due to breaking into orbit around neptune could have been powering the activity on tritan. so that may have been the case for titan, but it can't be the case for pluto. now we settled the fact that the very small planets can be very

active after a long time. i think it will send a lot of geophysicists back to the drawing boards to try to understand how exactly you do that. there's another implication, and sometimes things work out in science, a couple of months ago in may kelsey singer and myself submitted a paper to the as tro physical journal, making predictions. to follow up on that, as john said, the steep topography means that the bedrock that makes those mountains, must be made of h20 of water ice. even though the composition team tells us that they found places where the nitrogen veneer has been eroded or scraped off, and we see water ice on pluto for the first time, we can be very sure that the water is there in great abundance. and actually models predicted that. but it's nice to see it driven home. the other thing that that means,

as john said, is that the volatiles are just the frosting. just the veneer on the surface. now, the sticky point in this is that pluto's atmosphere is being lost to space. at a rate of a few times 27th molecule per seconds, tons per second, and over the age of the solar system, that corresponds to the loss of an equivalent layer of 300 meters of nitrogen and 3 kilometers of nitrogen. if we only see a veneer, which we now know what's going on. what kelsey and i predicted in that paper is that if we saw steep topography on pluto, and therefore, we're only seeing a volatile veneer, then there must be internal activity that's dredging nitrogen up through

cryo volcanism or geysers this active into the present on this planet. now, we haven't found geysers, and we haven't found cryo volcanoes. interestingly enough, that paper submitted in may was accepted today. how's that? [ applause ] and the editor's only learning of the results now because she's watching it. that summarizes the primary thins that we wantthin things that we want to tell you about the data that landed this morning. each of these has more to tell us about pluto's history.

i just want to make one more comment about tom. we could see the heart very far from pluto. when we were still 70 million miles out and only barely resolving the planet little better than hubble can do from three billion miles away you can see that shining like a beacon. because it's the most prominent feature on the planet that's we want to call it tom balreggio. one more hand for tom, please. [ applause ] >> ladies and gentlemen, before we take questions from the media here and on the phone lines on social media, i want to take a moment to say it has been a remarkable week. it has been magical and as we transition from the johns

hopkins applied physics library here to nasa press conferences, the world has been watching. dr. john grumsfeld five time astronaut, hubble repairman and head of almost 100 missions with new horizons being one of them. he's a household name and household -- nationally and international. alan staern -- yes you are ex-clamation point. and the new horizons team and the johns hopkins, household names. show the world how much you appreciate that and what they have done this week with as nice and as loud as you can round of applause for their accomplishments. [ applause ]

>> okay. now let's get to the questions. if you can raise your hand high, we have a full house. i want to make sure i can get as many as i can and see you clearly. let's start with here and wait for the mic and give you name and affiliation, please. >> irene with reuters.

there's a lot to digest. so i guess one of the first questions i have is for cathy. does the realization that charon is active have any implications for the origin theories that it was splat off of pluto in another body? thanks. >> i don't think that -- i don't know quite yet. so what i'd say off the top of my head is that i was thinking we would see lots of craters and that would tell us something about how long ago charon creed. that would tell us something about that giant impact. the fact we don't see the craters makes that difficult to do. but i don't know that we are going to have to put our thinking caps on and understand how this all fits together and what it means. so this image just came down

today, and we're making a lot of it right now. but that's my kind of -- yeah. yeah. >> briefly, we don't know how many craters there are. some of the details are obscured we'll get better images as kathy said tomorrow. speculating now would be very embarrassing because we'd be proved wrong very quickly. but this looks like it's something much more recent. so, again, we have a story that we have some way of keeping heat going and activity going in objects for quite a long time. >> rick. freelance. those mountains look really big. do you have any theories of how they originated? i mean, are they volcanos?

or tectonic? they don't look tectonic. >> we have no idea at this point. we mentioned that they're about 11,000 feet high. so they look to be tens of miles wide. so these are pretty substantial mountains. they stand up against the rocky mountains or other significant mountain ranges here on the earth. but we want to see a lot more about the distribution and we are getting so much data soon, that right now we're still scratching our heads. >> kelly. from sky and telescope. john to follow irene's question, the large gash across charon, is that in any way related to a tidal despinning, or this, plus the smooth areas telling you there's something churning inside?

>> we have to have better images to do that. we know there aren't very many craters. in terms of the timing of all this we'll need better images we'll get very soon. >> chip reed with cbs news. i'd like to ask you a question with no scientific words in it. i interviewed you by the fly by and the only prediction you would make is we would see something wonderful. have your expectations been met? what is the most wonderful thing you've seen so far? >> i'll give you a technical answer. you think? i think the whole system is amazing and my prediction written 20 years ago on a little slip of paper held in a manila envelope since 1993 was proven right by new horizons. the pluto system is something wonderful. >> bill? >> yeah, question for cathy. bill with cbs. the structure of that dark northern region on this photo is

so much more different areas seem to be within that area.surface? >> there is definitely different subregions inside that region. you can see it on the pictures if you zoom in you can see it in more detail as well. there a number of theories about what the dark region might be. i don't know that the distribution of the darker parts within it actually in detail inform that. to really inform that i am looking forward to getting the images back from the ralph instrument. >> and if that is a basin it

will be obvious and it is a raised plateau that would mean something else. >> nick from wide magazine. with regards to both the features on pluto and charon what could be powering active geology? >> we think we -- well okay let me think. as you can tell we have a couple options. one would be, that radio active material inside pluto and charon is inside any body made up of the solar system stuff and radio active heat is powering a lot of the geology on the earth but the earth is bigger and keeps the heat. this may say even small bodies if icy radio active heat is

enough to produce this activity. but there may be ways it can store heat for long periods of time. maybe you can have an ocean that is gradually freezing and releasing heat into the crust and that can power the heat. whether the heat generation is ongoing or still living off this reserve of stored energy from its formation is for more work to decide. >> one thing we can say for sure is tidal energy is not at work and we know that because pluto and charon are in equal librium. it is spinning at the same rate pluto spins. so there is no significant exchange of tidal energy anymore. that process, according to models, took place pretty quickly after the giant impact. very small fraction of the age

of the solar system. that is not contributing to the energy budget currently. we have to get more clever. >> we will take three questions so i can get to as many media. then we will go to the phone line and take a couple questions from social media and come back here. one. >> i am one of the people in the room that can remember when the first pictures came back from mari mariner four and you could hear the balloons popping and it is not like earth. craters and atmosphere is thicker. i don't hear balloons popping today. it seems pluto is pretty much the kind of world we thought it was going to be. would you like to comment on that and is that because we are that much further along? >> i would say i am completely surprised and disagree with the statement. i didn't expect chiaron to show

the variety of surface it shows us. that is a balloon popping and complete surprise. in addition i think having one image of about one percent of the surface of pluto the planet and mountain ranges like the rockies and a balloon popping. my colleagues might disagree. why don't we ask them? >> who would have thought there were ice mountains? it is just blowing my mind. we had a hard time finding evidence of water ice on the surface of pluto. we haven't yet. we have are going to have data reveal that but that is the only way to get the huge mountains. that is a big surprise, i think. >> i can speak to that. the image yesterday showing the

diversity of com scissional units on the surface and the diversity showing mortphing points to prophecies and we thought it was a few prophecies and now it is much more complicated and this is leading to a power of processes that are working in different ways on different parts of the surface. that is amazing and this is going to keep us busy for a long ways to come. >> i would never have believed the first picture of pluto didn't have a single impact crater on it. >> emily from the planetary society.

i am wondering if you can read the spectra for us and see if you see dents and squiggles. and it is time to consider maybe the charon could have formed recently? >> all of the dips are methane ice and the other features are subtle and will require model to pull them out. just drawing your eyes to the right hand side of it. you can see it going down to almost zero. the red one doesn't go down to zero. that tells me there is something else present in the red terrain that scatters light where methane absorbs strongly. there is an example of these things.

you can corner me later and we can chat as long as you want about this stuff. i don't want to put people to sleep. but there is a huge amount of information in the data. >> okay. let's go to the phone line. i believe we have a question on the phone line. >> caller:https://18miles.wordpress .com/2010/05/20/please-stop- saying-committed-suicide/ the spectrum that was referenced and a question from a alan stern. what specification are you going to get and how will you be able to map it up against the terrain? some of the stuff is looking like waste i saw teaching organic chemistry. will you map where it is coming

from and down to specific organic chemicals? >> i had a hard time. it wasn't loud enough. keith, can you speak and repeat the question? >> caller: how much specifications will you have in assessing the surface features and seeing specific organic chemicals mapped against the features. >> i can the question is how well we will be able to determine the composition of the surface and spot other organics on the surface. we will have high resolutions compared to what we are showing you here. about a hundred times not quite a hundred times, but we will have roughly 5-10 kilometer range. so in every pixel we can look at things smaller. we will not look at large blocks of terrain but look at the

interfaces of the planet and looking at the craters that are windows to the interior. i will let will speak to the organics we can find. >> argone is a good example of this. we cannot detect it because there is no vibration in the wave length. the alice instrument can see it in the atmosphere but on the surface we are blind. it is a mixed bag. we will be able to learn a lot more than what we know today. >> can i add to that? >> a couple examples of what we could expect to find. >> sure, so the carbon chain

with hydrogen stuck, we could distinguish between propane and methane and so on. we can look at hydro carbon and distin distinct features. >> i was going to add there is other ices that have features in this region. there is waterized carbon monoxide ice, and nitrogen ice. you can see slopes across the spectrum. things that don't have sharp features you can identify they are there by the infra red spectrum. >> let's see what is going on in

the social media world. it is a buzz so we will turn it to emily. >> i am not nasa head quarters -- from -- and we have a lot of questions. the first is from david and he asks, what if anything, can we learn about our own planet from what new horizons is providing? >> we expect the data sets will teach us about the formation of the earth-moon system. we will get atmosphere data sets and let us study the escape of pluto's atmosphere. the swap instrument combined with the alice instrument give us constraint on the escape rate. pollute's atmosphere is escaping from a process that you just don't find on any other planets in the solar system. the most interesting thing is the same process did operate in the early atmospheres of a number of planets including the

earth. in fact the earth is believed to have lost its original helium envelope so we were never able to study this. by going to pluto and observing the process and determining how fast the atmosphere is escaping and knowing the input conditions, the solar flux at the time we made the fly-by for example, and the radiation environment in the plasma will give us a good handle for thefirst time on the numerical models used to understand the earth. this has application do is the loss of water from early mars as well. we are looking forward to learning things from the pluto system that will ultimately translate into the a better understanding of other planets in the solar system >> we are taking two more questions. i know some folks have been raising hands for a long time. i want to get to you.

if the mike handlers know someone's hand has been raised give them the mike. let's go back to social media. two questions and we will come back. >> this is from herald. he is asking how large of a percentage of pluto is going to be viewed by new horizons and will there be any blind spots? >> i am happy to take that. we are going to cover the entire eluminated part of pluto. all of the parts that rotate into view. it takes 6.4 days for pluto to rotate so some at higher resolution. some terrain at higher resolutions than other. but just like on earth when you have the winter pole and it is darker the sun doesn't rise so that winter pole of pluto we will have to make a special observation to try to observe that. we will use the light going from the sun and reflecting off

pluto's large moon charon and reflects pluto. >> charon is feeble and we will do the best detail with those images. we are looking back toward the sun with the sun in our eyes to make it more difficult. we will have fun pulling details out of that but we will do our best. >> thank you. >> one more. >> sure. this question is from will. how do you think pluto is able to maintain its own geo activity foresee -- for so long? >> if you have silica rocks, and pollute pretty much has to to make the density come out right because water ice is not dense

enough. it comes for uranium and various elements that give off heat as they decay. the naive expectation, or naive in hindsight was a world this size wouldn't get enough heat to drive this kind of activity. now we see it can. or there is a lot of heat in an internal ocean. as the internal ocean freezes that liberated the heat and it will tend to make the world expand in size because ice is larger than liquid depending on which phase of ice you make which would also produce features like this. >> i want to thank the world for sending questions to #asknasa and following the project.

>> back to the questions about the situation. it is strange to the terrain and thank that looks like a fault. >> i don't know about the stage it looks really right and it is really strange. the piles of stuff with grooves on it.

the little spots that we can say more about. this is being erosion and mountain building. this is baffleling in a very interesting and wonderful way. i hope that when we get more information we can figure it out. >> do you see a pattern to that might suggest the formation of those mountains? are they being pushed up like bridges?

>> dancing around the edges, you can see the ridges informally. the terrain is at the base and that is where this is. this is a view of more of the surface. >> ann marie. some of the features on the very good resolution square are kind of long and thin.

>> i don't think it would be a lava flow and yeah. but, yeah there a lot of parallel features as you say and maybe it is falling into surface of some strange erosion but we will have fun figuring it out. i am not sure if the fact area is covered at high resolution but we will have more detailed images of the area and other areas nearby when all of the data comes down. >> leo? >> leo with irish television. your finding on internal heating today. are they a game changer for the way we should be thinking about other objects in the belt? i am thinking in particular if i

could take it to the extreme does it raise the prospects of water world out there? does it increase the excitement about what we might see out there?

>> we have a cluster here. >> josh vogel, new scientist we had not talked about the familiar stones called we could think of as analogous. is that because they don't look similar enough? we already no from exploration. >> well as we are starting to make those the 1st thing is, this does not look like triton the world we have thought up to now. does not have this kind of rugged terrain.

it has materials but does not look at all like this. something very different about the tony geometry. sharing muchgeometry. sharing much a little bit like some of the most of uranus. aerial where we have invoked the meeting. as i said, we see now that we can get these kind of activities on wheels that do not have by leading. we have to go back and look at those. >> add to that, part ofthat part of the reason your not hearing us a pluto looks like this or that world is because pluto has so much diversity. seeing so many different futures. lots of different processes. we will probably end up falling apart. this part resembles that but they're is nothing like it. >> it will take two quick questions and then end. let's see if we can follow them up.

>> thank you. this question may be for alan or whatever you want to delegate to. hydra activity, 11,000 feet tall. i am wondering today in the mission operations room how that feels to see ishis come down command to open it and no that yesterday you had one and now you have something ten times better and tomorrow it will get better's. [laughter] >> a lot of questions. you don't understand anything. honestly a few days before most of the purchasing. finally getting tofinally

getting to the safer we can see geography and topography. now i can characterize the individuals something close to bedlam. particularly today. particularly today, our biggest challenge. living on less sleep. imagery came down. just before 6:00 a.m. began nine hours later. more data coming down today. many times it is wrong to work with the data and discuss. within the next time we come back and talk to you, a week later still. this is our off the press. i don't think anyone of us could have imagined.

>> this is what we came for. >> physics easily came for. >> take us home. >> last week i was surprised by the difference in color. have you seen anything that is beginning to inform the question? purchase mark on the image color contrast and pluto surface. the high-resolution and

colorencoder data sets. something was making these two words very different. one is: any other is colored in these volatiles. it is a puzzle, a real puzzle. >> this is just the beginning. we will transition to the next news conference at 1:00 p.m. eastern on friday. more information going out tomorrow. follow the mission and the incredible images and information on social media. join the conversation, follow the conversation. #asked nasa and all the information is online.

it has been a remarkable week. nasa, new horizons and applied physics lab. truly household names throughout the world. thank you for joining us. will

invite others to discuss the bill further. >> question to the prime minister. >> question number one mr. speaker. >> thank you mr. speaker. mr. speaker this morning i had meetings with ministerial colleagues and others, and in addition to my duties in this house, i shall have further such meetings later today. >> the plan was published this week shows prospects for young people have deteriorated since the conservatives came into conflict. in the prime minister explain why the reducing opportunity young people further by removing

-- thereby reducing the opportunities? >> first of all where increasing opportunities for young people by making sure all young people have a job and get a candidate we see another decrease in youth unemployment down 13000 on the quarter, and 92000 on the year. in terms of students we've now got record numbers of young people going to university and because of the action we're taking we're able to take the cap off the university numbers and see increase in many more people going. in terms of replacing loans and grants with a low scum this is the right approach. interestingly, interestingly there was a the approach taken in 1997 when the right honorable lady sat in the cabinet. >> thank you, mr. speaker. mr. speaker, it's bad enough of

the latest figures i have got 363 murders 106 murders in open presence in the last 10 years. these figures are shown for 179 offenders and open presence who were obscure from an open president will prime minister give a commitment to ensure nobody was ever absconded from an open prison is ever allowed back into an open presence? >> i state will examine his proposal. i can tell him we have already overhauled the process for allowing prisoners out of temporary license athletes with 39% drop in the number of those who breached their license conditions. we've also seen the rate for prisoners who escaped from prison have reached a record low. as i understand it prisoners with a history of escape or absconded are prevented from transfer to open conditions other than in the most exceptional cases. what i will do is look at these exceptional cases and see whether there is a surrogate for

the blanket ban patty talked about our right to him over the summer. >> harriet harman. [shouting] >> cannot ask the prime minister a question about greece? it's important that a deal on greece -- mr. speaker it's important for the deal on greece has now been reached. the economic format is unprecedented in europe, this since the end of the federal corporate the agreement should implement in a way that is fair to the people of greece as will be acceptable to the creditors get it seems report this morning that the imf are concerned about whether the deal for greece is, in fact, sustainable. can the prime minister tell us whether the chancellor had discussions with christine lagarde about how these concerns can be addressed?

>> i think the right honorable lady is right to raise this entity we all feel for the greek people who have had a very difficult time and with no early signs of relief on the way. talk to the imf on a very regular basis. the point they are making that there needs to be debt relief for greece might -- that's the right. the heart of the eurozone is an argument about whether this is a single currency where you have to look after each other said that and you have a physical union and the banking union antisocial union. that's one view or whether you have to do the single currency as strict rules and can't deal with these things. in our interest for the eurozone to resolve these issues we are not involved in the debate directly because we are not in the euro but we do need them and were not going to join the euro. but they need to resolve these issues and the need to resolve them quite fast. >> it's important that deal is sustainable. it's interesting to the prime minister is the about a measure

of debt relief has been necessary. does he agree to with president putin waiting in the wings this is about more than just economics. it's got wider geopolitical significance. what is his view about that? >> i think the right honorable lady is right. greece is a member of the european union as well as a member of the euro. it is a friend and ally of britain, nato member, trading partners. it is not for britain to bailout eurozone countries and we wouldn't do that but as a member of the european union if greece were to leave the euro and wanted humanitarian assistance i'm sure that this house and the british public would take a more generous of you. sorting out the problems of the eurozone which we've always warned about the dangers of the eurozone is a matter for eurozone countries, but she's right about the dangers of russian involvement. >> what happens in the eurozone aspect of this country and therefore, it's important that

we are fully engaged. turning to the budget, we are all concerned to see today's rise in overall unemployment. but for those in work the chancellor said that he is a changes on pay and tax credit will make working families better off, but they won't. the institute for fiscal studies have now made it absolutely clear that the idea that a higher minimum wage will compensate for the loss of tax credit is a rhythmic adequate impossible. will they now admit that as a direct result of his county tax credits, millions of working families are low income will be worse off? >> first albany comment on the unemployment figures. she's right there's mixed messages. it's disappointing that the claimant count has gone up having fallen for so many months in a row. is told at the lowest level since 1975 a long-term unemployment is down, youth

unemployment is down. the rate of employment for women is set a new record high, and interestingly when you look across the last year you can actually see all of the rise in implement in the last year has been people working full-time. interestingly in light of the debates we had in the last parliament, wages are up by 3.2% in these figures compared with the inflation figures yesterday that 40. in terms of the budget i remember her ask me from the dispatch box making the point that reform and welfare would not work unless the increased minimum wages by a quarter. i can tell if we are not going to. we are increasing them by a third for the national living wage. [shouting] >> he is refusing to accept the fact which is being clearly established by the institute for fiscal studies that the minimum wage increase will not compensate for his cut in tax credits and that takes me to

another claim the prime minister made about the budget. he said that he would protect the most vulnerable. well, you are obviously vulnerable to get the conditions like parkinson's or you're being treated for cancer. but changes in the budget mean that the support people like that will get will be cut from 100 pounds, the 70 pounds. we agree that the deficit needs to come down. what kind of government is it that thinks the way to do that is to get people who through no fault of their own are suffering from life the debilitating illnesses. that's what is budget is doing. >> let me give her that they could get a family with two children where both parents work full time on the minimum wage, they will be better off by 2020 by a full 5500 pounds. i don't think the party opposite has fully grasped the importance of this nation living wage.

they bought an election on a path by the next election but it's going to be over nine pounds by the next election because of the action of this government. she wants to ask questions about welfare, and i welcome what she said. she said this week we won't oppose the welfare bill we won't oppose the housing benefit cap. she said we won't oppose restricted benefits and tax credits for people with three or more children. i welcome that. what a pity the rest of her party doesn't agree with there. she asked specifically about employment and support allowance and i think this is important we get this right to the are two groups unemployment and support allowed, the support group will continue to get extra money, more than on jobseeker's allowance and will continue to get that for as long as they need. in terms of future claimants into work related activity group, existing claimants keep exact existing amount of money but for new payments i think it's right they should get the

same amount as job seekers out loud and then get all the help that we do the job seekers to help them into work. people asked why. i will tell you. we want to get people into work. we want to give people a chance. we want to give people a life. that's what this budget was all about. [shouting] >> he talks about new claimants but it don't think he understands the reality of the situation because a lot of these people, a lot of these people are in and out of work because they want to work but they can only work intermittently. every time to go back into work when they come out of work they will be treated as a new claim it. quite frankly mr. speaker, i don't need to be -- sorry mr. speaker, quite frankly i don't need to be -- about not understanding the minimum wage. we introduced it. and the fact of the matter -- [shouting] and the fact of the matter is

3 million families will be at least 1000 pounds a week worse off. a year, a year. the minister was on the radio this morning talking about -- [shouting] -- the minister was on the radio talking about party funding sing government curb on trade unions donations were not an attack on working people and the labour party. but it doesn't look that way. there's an issue about the money and politics but it's got to be done fairly. so will the prime minister commit that he will not go ahead with these changes unless it's on a cross party basis? will he include the issue of individual donation cap? it's not acceptable for him to be curbing funds to hard-working people to the labour party while turning a blind eye to donations from hedge funds to the tories.

>> finally mr. speaker, we see were all these questions were going. the labour party can go round and round and round but it always comes back to the trade unions. [shouting] let me answer all the questions that she asked. first of all on the national living wage if the labour party is so keen on a why did he vote against it in the budget last night? second of all, on employment and support allowance the number of people coming off a jobseeker's allowance is more than seven times the number of people have come up in capacity since 20. we want help to get these people back to work. she asked about the issue of trade union funding for the labour party. i think that's a very simple principle. if you want to give money to a party, should be an act of free will. not something that is taken out of your pay packet without you being told about it properly.

if this wasn't happening in the trade unions the labour party would be saying this was appalling ms. seliger to do is time for consumer protection. what is there such a blind spot even with the honorable lady when it comes to the trade union paymasters? >> there is no simple principle. there is a simple principle which is it must be fair. what he's doing is it's one rule for the labour party for something completely different for the tories. to be democratic about this the prime minister must not just acting interest of the tory party. instead of helping working -- he spent his time breaking the rules of the game. now he wants to go even further attack the rights of working people to have a say about fair pay and conditions. that's on top of already having changed the rule to gag charities and trade unions from speaking out. the prime minister says he wants

to govern for one nation but instead he is just governing in the interest of the tory party. >> the law for company donation was changed years ago. trait genes have been left untouched but the principle should be the same. whoever you're giving money to it should be an act of free will. it should be a decision that you have to take. that money shouldn't be sequestered away from you without being asked. mr. speaker today we've seen it all. i thought she was the modern one and the leadership contenders are the ones who were heading off to the left. what we heard from them, because everything went of our anti-strike laws, oppose everything went over welfare changes, some of them described terrorist groups like hamas as their friends. mr. speaker, in a week when we're finding out more about political risk likely to to colonize the red planet. [shouting] -- finding out more about pluto

-- >> thank you very much mr. speaker. on monday two men were tragically killed in an in dash of explosion in my constituency. the families are devastated and the thoughts everyone is with them and their friends and colleagues of the two workers. emergency services worked tirelessly and investigations are ongoing. will the prime minister join me in expressing our deepest sympathy and assuring the relevant house government is all they can to support my constituents at this difficult time? >> this is a very sad case and i will certainly join my friend and send them my condolences and all those in this house to family and friends of the two. it will be a difficult time for the family. no words can do justice to the loss felt by those affected understand the emergency service or continue to investigate the circumstances surrounding this incident to get to the bottom of what happened. there will need to be a proper investigation and proper answers for these families.

>> rape is a horrific time. -- crime. the department in the government's budget have been asked to and i quote develop protections for women who have a third child as a result of rape or other exceptional circumstances under the prime minister's plans to restrict child benefits, two children commuters. can the prime minister explain how this will work? >> we are happy to look very closely at issues like this because there is no intention to penalize people who have been treated in this way. but the principle, the principle we are applying is a principle i think set out very clearly by the right honorable lady the leader of the labour party when she said this come anything she puts it extremely well. when i was going around the country talking specifically to

women, so often they would say we've got one child, we got one child, we would love to another the witches can't afford it. they are working hard and they're treated unfairly other people can have families they would love to have. we've got to listen to the. i think the right honorable lady was absolutely right. is something all of us here but, of course, in cases like those he raises will have to look carefully to make sure we look after them. >> rape is one of the most underreported series of crimes in the uk. it is believed 85% of the victims of rape do not confirm that to anyone for a bright and very, very understandable reasons. women against rape said the following, asking women to disclose very difficult information and expecting them to be able to prove it in what is frankly a very hostile environment when the dwp is trying to take their money away will have appalling consequences. can urge the prime minister to

look again and to think again about what impact his proposals will have on rape victims speak was i ken fischer the right honorable gentleman because he is reading from the budget a book that sets out this issue and the fact that we do need to look very carefully and think about and make sure we get it right. at the same time i'm sure he would welcome what was in the budget about investing in women's refuges and rape crisis centers to make sure that we look after people who have been suffering such an appalling crime. >> my right honorable friend has indicated over the weekend that he would like to see greater use made of -- in the fight against terrorism. but is he aware that for every terrorist taken out by drone between five and 10 innocent civilians, especially women and children, lose their lives? will be accepted as we seek to win hearts and minds in this conflict against the evils of

terrorism we need to bear in mind this affect? >> of course we always had to think very carefully before we act but the rules of engagement of both britain and america and follow our to limit collateral damage to the absolute minimum. if he's asking me should britain give up the idea of using the drones in extremists to take a people that are threatening our country and terrorism on our street, i would say very firmly know. but i would say something to that i'm sure we both agree with, which is a second general -- secretary-general ban ki-moon, and ms. up until good governance that it is good and strong governments that can kill terrorism. [inaudible] all places synonymous with the use of the ira with explosives applied by the libyan government to maim and murder thousands of innocent people in the united kingdom. the american government has

secured compensation from the libyans for the victims of state-sponsored terrorism in light of the recent political agreement and libya with the prime minister now commit to present the case for uk victims of state-sponsored libyan terrorism to be given compensation as well? >> first of all let me commend the honorable gentleman for raising this issue time and time again that he's right to do so. the fact is it was libbey an syntax that was user-friendly could still be being used by ira groups because it was so much but delivered by colonel gadhafi and his hateful regime. yes, we have raised with the libyan government and the past this issue try to seek compensation and went there is a libyan government, does not yet won a place we will certainly raise it again. >> last week thousands of my constituents, millions of londoners and business to london were inconvenienced by the --

[inaudible] they will welcome a government published proposals for changes to trade union rules, but what my right honorable friend go further and actually stick state to the south and the people of this country that strikes an essential services should absolutely the last resort and not a negotiating tactic? >> shop-vacs. i think the whole country will agree with my honorable friend these should only ever be a last resort when it comes to the services the people people driving the strength of well-paid, getting a pay rise and the chance of a bonus. i think it is absolutely right we publish this trade union bill today and we take these important steps, that we say there, strikes should not go ahead unless there's a 50% turnout and in essential services there should be an additional threshold of 40% support for the strike. i know the party opposite will not like this but the fact is

and to talk about threshold, people affected by this -- the fact is this. people affected by these strikes don't get to vote. that is why it's right to have these thresholds and i think the whole country will see a labour party unduly in hock to the trade union and it was a conservative government wanting to solve this out for hard-working families. >> could be prime minister won't be aware of the -- we saw in belfast this week where police officers were seriously injured and a 16 year old was hospitalized as a result of disgraceful violence related to brady. a car was driven intentionally into the protest grew. will the prime minister join with me in calling for the loyal order to accept -- particularly those in -- engage in direct and

meaningful dialogue and to reach an honorable solution to the dispute that exist there and hopefully other disputes around parading? >> first of all i agree with the honorable gentleman that the sorts of things are deeply damaging to northern ireland's reputation and to their future. we all want to see the situation sorted out and not occur in the future. overall this year's fourth of july was overwhelmingly peaceful, peaceful celebration in most areas of northern ireland. i agree with him where it's possible for people to get together and solve these problems of course that is the best thing that can happen. in the meanwhile, the parade commission need to be they are the ones that run the adjudication process. >> can i welcome the recent enactment in the budget this government is pledging -- [inaudible] medical center my constituency waiting two years for the green

light for the expansion. can my right honorable friend arrive with an update regarding the progress of their bid? >> i think my honorable friend is right that the 8 billion effectively 10 billion you think of the 2 billion already put in for this parliament that is a real vote of confidence from this government into the nhs and money that will make a real difference. i know he's been campaigning to expedite the situation of the medical center the untold it is a priority development. i hope that can form part of the work would integrate a genuine 70 nhs 70s for people to access the nhs and always get the same level of high quality treatment. >> thank you, mr. speaker. gp practices across sheffield serving patients with -- are threatened by the withdrawal of minimum practice and guarantee and a personal medical bring you. will the prime minister as nhs england review the impact of these decisions to ensure no practice should close and help

health ministers to meet with me to see what can be done to support effective practice of? >> i'm sure the sect for health and his team listen carefully and see they can speak to the honorable gentleman. what's happening in the city is the number of gps is increasing. this year nhs a sheffield group is getting 780 million pounds which is an almost 2% increase out of town almost zero inflation. what we need to do is get the negotiations on this contract right. that means making changes over time but the contract has got to deliver the quality of patients deserve. >> the prime minister i know is aware of the tragic death of corporal james dunphy, lance corporal and my constituent on a selection exercise two years ago this week. yesterday a corner said of the death was a result of a series

of gross and and a catalog of very serious mistakes by those involved in planning and running the exercise. nothing can turn the clock back for the stomach but will he assure the armed service inquiry which will now get underway does everything it can to recognize a course so they can train the best armed forces want to bring whatever changes are made to prevent this never happened again and see those responsible are held to account because i'm sure i speak to the whole house and develop into an isil our hearts go out to the families of the three. having seen first and 76 were there things our special forces to do and the bravery of people that volunteered to join and the training they do, i know how vital it is but it's a tragic case to understand the m.o.d. is accepted if it is, identified and has apologized for the to understand a number of changes have been made to this particular exercise but we now need to study the conclusions very, very carefully and make sure this can't possibly happen

again. i know the army will also hold its own service inquiry essence all the civil investigation have been completed it's a tragic case and we will learn from it. [inaudible] newport has 400 rossdale has a 780 at the constituencies of the prime minister, the chancellor and the home secretary have a grand total of only three. is this a fair and efficient way to locate asylum-seekers? >> i believe are operating the the dispersal system is in what it was operated from a years under the last labour government but i will look very carefully at the points he makes. [inaudible] oldest recording down in britain, also the fastest growing unemployment count is down 57% since 2010 but we want

to go for the. does my right honorable friend agree there is much needed investment and local road and rail infrastructure, can we get things moving? >> let me welcome my honorable friend to the house and i remember campaigning with him how much he talked about the importance of these infrastructure schemes. that's why we've asked network rail to look at the options because we want to deliver reduce time. we've approved a series of major upgrades that are vital and i'm sure now that he is speaking of we will be able to do more. >> the secretary of transport has refused to say when he first told of the prime minister that they electrification of the lines couldn't go ahead. there's huge concern about my constituency and across the north. was the prime minister told about this before the general election, yes or no? >> i was told about after the

election. as we said that before but the point is that when you do everything that we can to get to the bottom of the overspending and the engineering difficulties that are. frankly, we've committed far some someone a 38 million pounds program in terms of rail and i think instead of griping and taking these grievances allows should get behind this program and make sure we get on with it. >> with the threat level at an unprecedented high, with my right honorable friend -- 2% gdp of the defense budget that we will -- to fund front-line forces as constituents asked me to ask prime minister? >> i think my honorable friend is right. because we made the pledge in our manifesto that there be no further reductions in armed services numbers, and i think

that's right. with a visit to present him with the extra commitment we are making throughout this parliament we can now have a strategic defense and security review that looks at options for how to make this country even safer. the way the chancellor of the defense secretary have set it up is to make sure we include in this looking at options for counterterrorism, for intelligence and security as well as defense assets to make sure we do everything we can at this time of heightened security to keep a britain is safe. >> a combination of changes made to the state pension in 1995 and 2011 will mean that many women born in the 1950s will not have the kind of retirement that they hoped for. given a senior civil servants and the judges and even members of parliament within 10 years of the normal retirement pay cut their pensions protected from is the time for the prime minister to look again at this group of women to make sure that they

have fairness in the system? >> what i would say to the honorable gentleman, i looked her up at the question you ask it is right to raise the pension age, one of the most important long-term changes that enables us to go on paying very generous pension. it has enabled us to the triple lock because the triple lock means the pension will always go up but earnings are 2.5% whatever is at the lowest. if you go down the path that he is suggesting of not changing the pension age, pretty soon you find you can't pay proper attention to that is always the labour way. you take the easy way out. you don't the difficult decisions and then you can't pay. >> is my right honorable friend aware that 120,000 europeans 140,000 non-europeans -- in this country and 2013? does he agree that the uk government has to control the

number of migrants? >> yes, i do and that is why we took so much action in the last parliament to cut net migration from outside the european union. augusta inside the european union there is a the freedom to go and work in another european country. one of the reasons we're focusing on the welfare issue is of the people who come from europe to the united kingdom 60% of them are jobseekers, not people already with a job. to our proposal of saying you won't get benefit for the first six months of being here committed another job after six months you have to go and get debate into the system before you get out of the system. those will make a real difference. >> thank you very much, mr. speaker. my constituent is the home care on-call six days a week or shoe works every single our constants but needs tax credits to help make ends meet with the prime

minister be honest and admit with even higher minimum wage cut tax credits will make her worse off a? >> there will be care workers happened in the country who are currently on the minimum wage and getting no more than fat who will benefit not least from the 50 p. increase in the national minimum wage of a national living wage that will happen straight away next year. we are only able to do this because we are cutting taxes for working people cutting taxes for business, making welfare affordable and introducing a national living wage. let the whole house focus on this. last night the labour party voted against the national living wage. put that on your leaflets. [shouting] >> youth unemployment in worcester over the last two years -- is down two-thirds from its peak under labour. with this one nation government investing in a partnerships by half, with the prime minister

back my long-term plan and have 15,000 apprenticeships a year by 2020? >> first of all let me thank my honorable friend probably does to support apprenticeships. i think there are 4490 have been created since 2010 but he's right to say the challenge of the fugitive are going to the number of apprentices and the quality of apprenticeships that's what it is right to introduce a levy on larger firms so that they get the money back if they invest in apprenticeships but i have to put up to do. i think i will be one of the key ways we achieve our goal of 3 million apprentices in this parliament. >> last but not least sir michael spent if this is such a great economic recovery, why are wage is still 6% below the precrisis level of seven years ago? why the growth rate and less court and your .4%?

what is productivity been flat for five years of? what is uk investment in a proportion of gdp one of the lowest in the world? [shouting] and what is the balance of payment of trade in goods now in deficit by 100 billion pounds a year? >> if you want to know why, two words. ask gordon. [shouting] [laughter] but if he wants to know them if he wants to know what's actually happening in our economy let me tell him. the deficit has been speeded order, mr. mcdonald, calm yourself, man. take some sort of soothing medicine. you will find it soothing. >> the deficit is down by half. we've seen the fastest growth of any major advance become in 2014. we grew by 3% last year. economy is 10% bigger than when i became prime minister. they are 2.2 million more people in work and just today you can

see inflation at zero, wages growing by over 3% 5% cut in gas prices for 7 million customers. i would call that a long-term economic plan that is working. [shouting] added to that, just this week was introduced a national national living wage come build an welfare system that rewards work cutting taxes for working people. that is a conservative party standing up for working people and a living on the one nation agenda. [shouting] >> order. [shouting]