and their influence on the presidency." tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span3. each week, "american artifacts" takes viewers into museums around the country. next, we visit the national museum of health and medicine located just outside of washington, d.c. to examine more than 150 years of the museum's this is the second of a two-part program. civilrst focused on the war collection. some viewers may find images in this program disturbing. >> hello. walk into the national museum of health and medicine. tim barker and i am the museum director. we are here to give you a short to work. it was founded in 1864 as the

army medical museum. our mission is much the same. it is to collect objects that shed light on the value of military medicine and preserve the legacies of military medicine. what we will show you today are highlights of the museum collections from the last 150 years in areas of military medicine, human anatomy and medicine, forensic bioengineering, and a special few artifacts we have on display here. so,, along. long., come a we start our tour today with this object, the floor of what 2 fromown as trauma bay an hospital in iraq. from 2003 until 2007, during the

height of the iraq war, the hospital served as the evacuation point before soldiers were flown to germany and the for the next level of care. trauma bay two was where the worst cases were treated. this helps tell the story of modern battlefield medicine and it shares that story by the deep gouges you see in the floor. if you can imagine, the gurneys being carried into the emergency gurney legs being kicked into place over and over again. the yellow seems that are evident show the antiseptic, the betadine's used to clean ones before surgery. and the black stains and embedded in those gouges are the

blood of the patients treated at bay two. the story that was shared with us from the caregivers at the balad hospital, this became known as the place where the most american lives were saved or lost in vietnam. it carries a special story. remember so many lives that were lost, but so many lives that were saved. we are honored by visitors to this floor who are young men or women who started on the road to recovery and can trace that recovery to their time at the balad theater hospital during the iraq war and often were treated right here on bay two. rest move on through the room, that focuses on innovation in military medicine, one exhibit on display is the inantages -- the advances

surgical kits. we see surgical kits from the war of 1812 compared in contrast with kits from the civil war, the mid-20th century world war ii, and then kits used by medical examiners from iraq and afghanistan. one thing to notice in the surgical kit from the war of 1812 is the knives may look to us today very much like kitchen knives or butcher knives, but these were the precise tools of that era. it's interesting to note those knives are alongside the tools used to extract bullets from injuries. one can imagine the pain that might been caused by using the tools themselves. another object, kit of note is the kit used to do a poorest modem -- post modem -- on johnem examination

paul jones. he died and was. in france at the end of the 18th century. but in 1905, a surgeon named joseph corneal had jones' remains exhumed and used this kit to positively identify his remains, which were then reinterred at the naval academy at annapolis, maryland. another exhibit in this gallery in thes advances protection of service members, and so we featured three helmets from different eras of the 20th century. a helmet from world war i showing the very clear path of able it as it passes from -- path of a bullet as it passes from front to back. then from korea, again, the bullet will puncture during the newer, but as the technology and materials are developed, we see the kevlar

helmet from the first gulf war, and again, slowing in stopping a bullet becomes the immediate need, and this allows us to show the advances in the materials, but also the concern with stopping and preventing head injuries. exhibitfeature of our on the history of innovation in the history of military medicine is this display on facial reconstruction. , the type0th century of work being done on service members recovering today in the early 21st century. and an interesting story is that of carlton bergen, who is featured here with photographs. bergen was injured in his mouth and his palette and his nose. he was treated by a doctor in , who successfully treated more than 30 patients during the course of the civil war. it's not something well

recognized or understood about facial reconstructions or jury during the war it though area -- during the war itself. but bergen is told through this series of photographs documenting the series of surgeries, but we also have two casts done at different times of his recovery and on display a piece of work aw.'s jaw -- bergen's j we not only have photographic alsonce, 3-d evidence, but in anatomical specimen all from the same individual. the cast we see here are from world war i and world war ii. some of the models you see here on display are evidence of the different stages of the surgical repair on on an individual over a series of surgeries. you can see the nature of this

soldier's injury prior to repair and in this case and the case below you can see how the surgeon was in leading the tissue so it created enough tosue for an eventual use restore that particular structure, in this case, the nose or a flat over the injured eye. teachingn became the models of the mid-20th century. before there were ipads and on-screen technology, this was wereurgeons of the era learning and tracking an individual case as a teaching that he -- teaching study. we compare those 23-d sterile lithic -- stereo lithographic prints of soldiers from the war in iraq. were done outs what was then the walter reed medical center.

if you can imagine taking data and- cat scan putting them through a 3-d printer. they provide the surgeon with a orld model of that soldier's injuries. they were recovering at walter reed, and the surgeons used these models to plan future surgeries, to learn what loans were recovered or discarded, to plan for the prophetic that might be used to reshape and protect that soldier's's call and then also found themselves limiting the number of surgeries the chance of infection and restoring some of the measure of quality of life. the last feature in the exhibit on the innovations in military medicine focuses on walter reed, major walter reed. walter reed, who is known for his work in the discovery of the

transmission of yellow fever, mosquitoes were transmitting yellow fever, was actually a curator of the army medical museum, this museum's ancestor as it were. 1902.e died in we use this exhibit elements you remember the man and his theicular legacy, and also institutions that came to honor him including the walter reed medical center and the walter reed institute of research. it includes his own microscope and the guest visits of visitors who came to the author resource for during the vietnam and korea. you see vip's and celebrities visiting the soldiers recovering at the hospital at that time. next, we are going to go to an exhibit on human anatomy and pathology with a special

emphasis on traumatic brain injury. so, come along. of three the second exhibit galleries here at the medical museum. this exhibit gallery focuses broadly on anatomy and pathology. the exhibit features normal human anatomy. this gives us a chance to show anatomicaln structures -- lungs, kidneys, stomachs, brains, hearts. a condition that shows what you will click on the inside when you're healthy. these are very unique specimens. they are preserved in all manner of states. with tissue plaster nation and drive mounted specimens, but the exhibit focuses on traumatic brain injury. tbi was identified as one of the signature injuries of the wars afghanistan, so we

focused the rest of this exhibit gallery to give our visitor a chance to understand the nature and functions of the brains. herents like the helmets to showcase the protection of the brain on the battlefield. but the exhibit gives us a chance to focus on actual human brain specimens showing the graphic nature of the real traumatic brain injuries. you see over and over again on display, sectioned or whole ains showing whether it is a hemorrhage, a stat wind, a gunshot wound, or in this particularly unique case here, -- a stab wound, a gunshot went, or in this particular unique case here, a man who was in a car wreck, did not seek medical attention, and died 10 days later. you can see the evidence of a

hemorrhage that eventually claimed that man's life. as you move through the exhibit gallery and the exhibit progresses we then deal with the surgical response to tbi's. but that gives as a chance to talk about the historic efforts, and on display are two , peruvian skills. if you can imagine, these are hundreds and hundreds of years old, showing a something called trepanation. it is a drill to relieve pressure in the brain. we contrast these two skulls from peru with the skull of a civil war soldier showing essentially the same type of surgical treatment area we then give the visitor a chance to see the types of tools used, and at the end of the exhibit, an opportunity to see the types of used for modern tbi rehabilitation, which includes interestingly enough, video games, and the important role

that service animals play in helping tbi patients recover and go about their daily lives. so, we have come to the third of galleries.xhibit we move now to an exhibit on biomechanical engineering which features this artificial kidney. the kidney here was invented by the dutch physician who developed this technology in nazi occupied holland. it was using scrap parts from downed german airplanes and leftover kitchen utensils. when this dr. moves to the united states, he develops this generation of the device and the artificial kidney we have on this way was used out walter reed general hospital. they purchased it because the device they had in use during the time of the korean war had to be shipped to the front to a

mass unit, and as you can imagine, a device like this, similar now to what we would use for the routine dialysis treatment, was used for similar types of kidney conditions during the korean war and traveled with a mash unit, treating soldiers during the war itself. showsst of the exhibit things that might look familiar anyonetors, especially who might have had a knee replacement or hip replacement or prostatic inserted in their shoulder. but something you do not often see our actual heart valves. the display of those here gives you a chance to see what it looks like before it is inserted in you. but compare that to an actual human heart. looking carefully, you can see the heart valves carefully inserted into the tissue itself.

we are now in front of an exhibit on human pathology, and for a visitor to the museum, remember to compare this to a visitor to another gallery on normal human anatomy. what you see here are actual human specimen showing rare and unique conditions. you see genetic and metabolic conditions including the , whomen here, peter coffee at the time of the spanish-american war was diagnosed with a rare and severe .orm of rheumatoid arthritis upon close examination, you will see his joints are all fused, and where there should be shaped -- space between his vertebra, there is. another interesting item, part of the specimen here, noting his teeth and jaw look like they

were opened up. jaw fused, they opened up his teeth there and so he couldeeth out ingest soft foods. this was the only way he was able to consume anything in the last years of his life. another thing to note about the specimen is that the contrast between the white remaining natural bone that is in the skeleton and the yellow replica bones. over the course of all of these many decades, -- he died in the 1920's -- the bones were taken for study, so the replicas were put in place. but it still gives us a chance to see in the knee joint, the aw very clearly the fused joints and imagine a little bit what it might been like for peter at the end of his

life. ckey live the rest of his life sitting up like this or on his side and died and told his remains to the army medical museum so his body could be studied for science area he has been sitting in various iterations of this museum pretty much just like that in that .hair for many decades he is just part of this exhibit on human pathology, which very uniquee specimens. examples of things we do not see very often anymore, including the effects of smallpox. you see that on these two feet here. or the effects of leprosy, also here in this wet tissue preparation. or elephantiasis. specimen, aique

megacolon, a condition where the: grew outside of the body. we also feature specimen such as a section of a smoker's lonung. an enlarged heart, so you can see the condition of the plaque told up inside the heart itself. a trico specimen, bezoar, a human hairball on display, in the shape of a stomach. this was surgically removed from a girl who was 12 years old. who underwent recovery and lived a happy, healthy life. you can see it is formed in the shape of the stomach area -- of the stomach. of aa section of a lung soldier who died of the influenza pandemic that killed people.

this is a few of the pathological specimens on display. we are now at an exhibit on forensic verification and the science that is involved in determining a positive scientific examination on missing war dead. we start with the story of colonel charles sharp. colonel sharp was a pilot in vietnam. he was shot down rid his body was not recovered. but in the 1990's, a small piece of bone was found at a crash site. while it might have been colonel no positivere is occasion. but then eventually dna from the bone was matched with dna from love letters that colonel sharp had licked the envelope bob and sent to his wife during the war that dna waser and a positive match. that helps tell the story about

ae role dna place today in modern forensic identification and includes this early parma cycler used too amplify dna recovered from ancient bone materials. as the exhibit goes on, we talk about the importance of friends it anthropology, the use of oftal evidence, and the role the medical examiner, and , the armed forces medical examiner, developing the protocols and practices and procedures in a modern scientific examination, bringing home our war dead from wars even long ago. an interesting development about the value of data collected during this long process. one thing learned, a lesson learned from the wars in iraq and 10 is -- and afghanistan is lives werediers'

lost because of not having the right tool to reinflate the lung on the battlefield. the medical examiner was able to determine that by adding to the medics kit it longer eedle,thorax nud connecticut a better chance to quickly reinflate a lung and let the soldier get to the next higher level trauma treatment center. we had on display the models of the pneumothorax needle, and that is based on the data of all of the lives lost. the medical museum is home to one of the world largest collections of microscopes. it was started in the 1880's. collectingout

examples of representative technology of the time. it included this microscope by robert cook, a member of the real society, who used a to observe a cell for the first time. this gives us a chance to talk about the history of science and why this one device helps change the nation -- the nature of the world around us. chance toves us a reflect on science in general. i am here commemorating the history of the army medical museum and what we know today as the national museum of medicine. on display here are a range of artifacts that tell interesting stories from different eras of the museum's history.

especially of interest are two items related to presidential health. the box on display in the back, it looks like a cigar shaped box. visitors can look carefully down from the top, and what they will see our microscope slides -- our microscope slides. and those are sections of biopsy tissue from the throat of president ulysses s. grant. the tissue of the cancer that eventually took his life. they are preserved and put in this keepsake box of sorts and it eventually made its way to the museum holdings and it has been part of our displays since the first iteration of the museum opened in 2012. it shares display space with a very interesting anatomical specimen. if three vertebra from the lower presidente spine from

james garfield. he was shot in july 1881 when he was going on a train, and what you see is the path of the bullet. three months some later, not necessarily as a direct result of the bullet path you see there, but infection that was caused, for the most practicesot sterile by the physician managing his care. apologyt recall the exhibit we looked at earlier, which included that human hairball, some other specimens of note. on display in that case is also the spleen of the assassin of president james garfield, who andcaught and tried

convicted and executed. but it was found later that he was actually dying of malaria, and so the spleen that is on display does not say anything about him, but it's a remarkable specimen showing the effects of malaria on that particular organ. the rest of that exhibit case has a few objects on display. a few of note -- standing at the back of the case, the rhesus monkey skeleton is an early american astronaut. she flew into space in 1959 and was part of the series of animals that nasa, these program, sent into space to test early eras of the program. unfortunately she died shortly after her return from space during a surgery to remove the electrodes that were used to monitor her vital signs during her flight into space.

for --he back wall are are 4 tools. these tools are attributed to paul revere. paul revere, who we know for his midnight ride to warn the colonists about advancing british forces also did work as a dentist. these tools were used by revere and we think we're probably related to work you did on a man named joe warren. he was a colonial leader, fought and died at the battle of bunker hill. the story is told, revere helped identify war and's -- war and -- warren's remains from a mass grave and did so because you done some work on his teeth before he was killed. a unique feature for our

visitors who come to the museum here at silver spring is the chance to save through the looking glass into a working museum laboratory. special laboratory is to take care up and manage the artifacts and the museum procare. humane a range of remains, anatomical specimens, bones, laid out on the counter there. a museum staffers and doing some forwork in preparation dealing with objects and conservation. but we could use this lab to manage paper materials, other types of tissue, or to prepare display.or long-term our visitst stop on

where we are managing or growing our collection. you can see few paintings in the in thes holdings here row behind me. the large painting their features are museum's founder who founded the museum in 1862. one thing that i personally find important about working here at this museum is the stories we our the stories of american soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines -- it is important to share the sacrifices that they made. we want to help convey their stories and we want to share that to those who come to see us every day at the museum. >> this was the second of two programs from our visit to the

museum of civil war medicine. you can watch all of our american artifacts programs by visiting our website, www.c-span.org/history. q&a, national -- washington post reporter robert cost up on the presidential campaign and the similarity between donald trump and ross perot. >> the themes are really overlapping. i think with thorough, these celebrity factor was not there in the same way it is there with him and attracts people to people throwing themselves at trump. there is a power with trump's personality row did not have. party'sepublican has beenhip with trump

rocky. i broke the story that runs -- that call to make preibusevious --reince called trump asking him to act down on immigration. at 8:00 eastern and pacific on c-span's q&a. weekend, american history tv is featuring cincinnati, ohio. it is known as the birthplace of american astronomy. it has the home of one of the telescopes in the western hemisphere. learn more about cincinnati all weekend here on american history tv.