on the series premier, we take a look at the real story of the marbury versus madison case. we talk about john adams, thomas jefferson, and the newly appointed chief justice, john marshall. john marshall establish the court as the interpreter of the constitution. his famous decision he wrote in marbury versus madison. versus madison is probably the most famous case that this course -- this court ever decided. >> a yellow law school professor will join the discussion. , exploring 12 historic supreme court rulings by revealing the life and times of the people who are the plaintiffs, lawyers, and justices in these cases. it premieres live this monday at 9 p.m. eastern on c-span, c-span3, and c-span radio. for background on each case,

order your copy of landmark $.95 at thedollars website. >> located on the national mall in washington, d.c., the national gallery of art was a gift to the american people from andrew mellon, who served as treasury secretary from 1920 12 1932. we visit the museum to learn about early american portrait painting. in this program we feature the work of gilbert stuart. his unfinished portrait of george washington is the image on the one dollar bill. dianne: hello, i am dianne stephens from the national gallery of art. who campbell is an artist is well known for his history paintings in america, not as

much portraiture. he aspired to be a history painter, then he eventually went -- to england and spent a couple of years with benjamin west. west was an amazing figure who welcomed almost every painter that we are going to talk about today. they learned the art of history painting, came back to the colonies -- this is his portrait of alexander hamilton who was washington's a decamp. here onteresting that alexander hamilton is hanging next to gilbert stuart's portrait of john j. campbellton, john j, and alexander hamilton wrote the federalist papers. invited 1794, john j alexander hamilton to be a part of the treaty commission in london. so there is quite a connection between these two men.

who knew they would hang next to each other in the national gallery? looking at john jay, we does to gilbert stuart, who is the preeminent american paper -- painter of the federal. . he went to study with benjamin west early in his career and became -- he worked in london for over 10 years and was a very well established painter in london. very efficient. he could have stayed in england painting and could have sold his paintings there, but he accumulated debt. he made a good living, but he could not keep up with it, so he left london and went to dublin. he spent a couple of years there trying to get rid of his creditors. the same thing happened to him in dublin, he chelated all sorts of debt, and he decided he would come to america and he would paint washington and make his fortune by painting washington. in 1793, he came to america.

he did not go to paint washington immediately though, he stopped in new york city and he painted there for about 1.5 years. he painted 36 paintings in that time. he was doing quite well. he knew john jay, met john j when he was in england, so john j introduced into his circle of friends. he also knew a family and ireland and introduce them to a circle of friends there. he was very busy doing portraits and his technical skills were so amazing, he was so proficient, that no one could top the parts to it. this is his portrait of john j, done in new york in 1794. he is shown in his amazing roads. these were given to him by harvard when they bestowed an honorary doctorate of law on him. that is why he is shown in this beautiful red and black costume, rather than a more conservative suit.

has his hand resting on a book, and the other on his lap, just the picture of judicial proficiency. stuart --n j, hubert gilbert stuart's reason for coming to washington was to paint washington. it was john jason made that possible for him. before going to washington, let's go into the next gallery. before painting washington, stuart spent 1.5 years in new york and painted many portraits while he was there and we are lucky enough to have probably eight of them. he painted a whole series of portraits for a family. two of them are hanging right here, this is one. and this is richard gates. stuart at his most amazing.

catherine eight was married to richard gates who hangs on the other side of the doorway over there. he had anoston -- importing company, so they were import/exporters. they took to the west indies. flour, things like that. they transported to the west indies and brought back molasses and rum and sugar and all kinds of things from the west indies. he had a very flourishing import-export business which i'm not quite sure what happened with the war, and he eventually, her husband, did end up fighting with the british and they left new york for a little while and came back once there was an occupation of new york in 1776. they did not leave the country. they were here during the war. shown -- she is a

57 or 58-year-old woman when she was painted. she is not very beautiful. but he has done an amazing thing, he has shown her in her long face and pointed nose. he has shown her turned sideways to us in the midst -- as if she had so much to, such an industrious person, that she cannot stop working even while he was painting her. so here she is selling. -- so here she is selling. she has her glitter and her thimble. and then the needle in her hands. the shine on the thread. grayeautiful monochrome sun dress that she is wearing, very simple, but it is beautifully painted -- painted. other places as well. little brass tacks on her chair. the glint of her wedding ring.

most of all, the grays and browns, her brown eyes looking out at us. very appraising late. and a beautiful cap that she is wearing. you might have noticed that martha washington was wearing a similar cap, called that because it was worn during the french revolution. it was, in some ways, a symbol of support for the democracy and for the revolution. in her case, it may have just been fashion. but it is beautifully painted. i love this little swipe of white here. in the bow at the top. andbrushstroke is so sure so -- just painted so beautiful. stuart said that it was a waste of time to use chalk or pencil and doing under drawing and all

that, he said it should all be done with the paintbrush. not many people can do that. stuart could. theill take a look at husband over here. attention to detail, you may have noticed that there was some powder on the caller -- on the collar. it is with powder on his shoulder. pasust not have been a faux to have that showing, because both of these painters painted it. brass buttons glistening against the fabric of his beautiful dark blue coat. he is sitting in a chair. thermal on -- his is a creature months on his desk are painted. just the beauty of the way that it is painted. that little touch of red. he was a merchant. i'm sure he had papers to deal

with and that is how he he is shown. his wife's painting is a classic. it is gilbert stuart at his very best, i think. let's walk along this while over here. this is another stuart portrait painting while he was in new york for he ever went to philadelphia to paint washington. this is a woman. we also the portrait of her husband, but it is not on view. these were done as a pair. her husband was a newly appointed ambassador to the united states, so they were newlyweds, so this is painted right before they returned to england. an interesting thing about stuart as a painter, is that he could be very revelatory. he took commissions that took 15 years to finish. it did not take as long for this one, that what henrietta wrote in her diary about stuart was that he was extremely -- she said the thing about him is that he is remarkable for being

dilatory. paint driesg that so slowly in the country, because he kept telling her that the paint is not dry and she cannot take it back to england with her yet. as many people noted, stuart sometimes came through very quickly, and other times he did not even finish his work. he was very mercurial. this is such a beautifully done portrait with her color harmonies that stuart used for her. the beautiful linings of the blues and the peach. the way her bonnet is lined and the ruffling and the bow and the bow under her chin. in the blue of the sky. it is unusual for him to show somebody doing something, but here she is sewing. then someone is pulling on her glove, which is a nice touch. beautiful skin. you can see the variety of stuart's rush is so amazing.

in some areas it is very thin, built ither areas he up and you can see quite a bit of paint on the campus. -- on the canvas. you can see the texture of the canvas coming through on this one. this is a rembrandt painting. hugees wilson peel had a number of children, i cannot member how many, but he named sum of 10 -- some of his sons rembrandt, rafael, etc. he is painting his brother with age rainy and. it is a portrait of ribbon and of the flour which was a very rare's disease in the colonies at the time. we will see more work by him later. here we come to another one. your member that we saw her in the washington family portrait as a young girl. here she is as a young woman. this is by stuart.

it was done in 1804. it is after he had left new york. she is wearing a very comfortable, fitting dress. she has a beautiful sash tied around her waist, and reclining over her arm. at this time, she had had a hard life. her father had died when she was very, and she had a very, -- you is very close to martha washington, who died in 1802. it was very devastating for her to lose martha washington. she had also had a child that had died after contracting the measles. she, herself, got measles and she had been sick for a while. she was at a time in her life where there was a lot of sadness and melancholy and stuart captures that very well, with her looking off into the distance. so now we come to george washington. earlier, hissaid

whole point of coming to america was to make his origin dating washington. the history of the paintings of washington are complicated. he came to philadelphia and had the letter of introduction from john jay. surprisingly enough, washington was willing -- i think he invited him that very evening and he was going to set the next morning. so the first portrait that stuart did of washington is called the lawn portrait. it was commissioned by someone named vaugn. stuart to the portrait and immediately had 33 patrons who wanted copies of that portrait. so he made maybe 12 or 13 copies and then he got tired of doing that. augnat time, and we have a portrait downstairs,

but not on view. for a while it was thought that ours might be the original, but it is probably a very early copy, because stuart, late in his writings, wrote that he had rubbed that went out, because in the midst of making replicas of portrait he got another commission from martha washington for a portrait which he began and which became an unfinished portrait. it is the one that became -- that he preferred, that is on the dollar bill. it is the one that this is modeled after. this one was a replica. it was commissioned by a man named gibbs. commissioned a set of five portraits of the first five presidents. this is the portrait of washington. it is by stuart for the gibbs commission. all of the replicas -- it is an s&m replica, but -- and a

thenaeum replica. he said that washington was difficult to paint because he was taciturn and stuart was known to chat people at. that way they had a lively expression and it was better. washington was not one to really suffer that glib kind of conversation that stuart like to partake in. it was difficult to get washington to -- it is said that washington, when he was not engaged in an idea or talking about something. when he was doing that, his features were very and, but when he was not, his features went blank. he had no expression. which was maybe some of the trouble that stuart had with him, but this is a very elegant portrait. john adams. this is a copy of a portrait that stuart already had, and this is a replica of the portrait that we will see downstairs that stuart did of john adams. he changed the color of the

clothing and gave him this really rich red -- brown jacket. the technique he used with a little lines around the eyes and little bits of blue that kind of reflect and enliven the face i did it. stuart would lock in the face and a very fluid way. light way and then he would go back and do the highlights. you could see his bald dome. on the nose. there is places where the lightly catch. this is jefferson. it is a little left -- a little less focused looking to me than the others. similar background. replica of a a portrait he had done -- and earlier portrait he had done of

jefferson and had not delivered to him yet, so he had it in his studio. and then madison. and then we come to james monroe. you notice that the background of the munro painting is different and it may be because this one was started a little earlier. this one was started in 1817, when he was president. he did not like the painting very much. was not very happy with it. but maybe it was the background that stuart was using at the time because we see that in one of his portraits downstairs, too. but these are the gibbs -- this is the only set that exists now of the five presidents. there were two, he did one for a , asname docket -- doggett well. only two remain because only madison and monroe -- the other

three burned in a fire at the library of congress. the frames are original and thought to be by doggett who was a framemaker in boston. we are now in the galleries installation of the kaufman collection of american furniture. and, hanging on the wall, is george washington. i guess by now you are beginning to get the fence, i think, that the 18th century in america was a kind of of a revolution and after the revolution was a very small place. many of the same people come up again and again, and many of those people are interconnected and we have seen a few of those relationships there's. there is alexander hamilton and george washington. the most important thing, i small place with all of these people who all are interconnected, george washington is the center. everybody knows and admires him. everybody wants a portrait. everybody wants to paint 10.

if you are a painter. and everybody else wants a picture or image of george washington. it can be an engraving from the painting or maybe it is a base that you bought from france, with george washington's image on it. considering george washington to be the modern day -- also one with john adams on it. or maybe it is a clock with george washington on it. imported from france. everyone wants something with george washington on it. this portrait that we are is ang at, right here, image of george washington which was recently cleaned by a grant that the gallery has from the bank of america. it is to conserve paintings by gilbert stuart. i think we are working our way through them, but this is one of the first one that was done. vaugna replica of the

image. this one was requested by a man named vaugn and owned by someone named sinclair. and this is the first image, -- a replica of the first image that stuart did. you can see the red drapery in the background and the capturing the presidential image there. beside it, is an image of washington by rembrandt peel. it is done in 1859, after washington had died. also, in the gallery, we have another image, now, by rembrandt peel of george washington, before yorktown, that hangs in the stairwell. it is a new painting that came from somewhere else. it is magnificent and we may see a later. let's walk across the room and see these portraits of john and abigail adams.

we saw john adams upstairs, and actually that portrait that we saw upstairs of him in the brownish-read coat is a replica from this painting. this thinking was commissioned in 1800. it was when adams was about 65. stuart never finished it. that shedams wrote just did not know what to think about that man stuart, that the likeness was good, but perhaps, her children would never see it because stuart just did not finish it. it was only in 1815, that stuart came back to this portrait and finally finished it. adams had to come and sit again for it, because of course, he had changed in 15 years, and stuart repainted it and updated it, with the wrinkles and all that adams had acquired. , her portrait was also commissioned in 1800. and never finished. and stuart came back to do it again in 1815.

abigail did not re-pose or read-sit for it. her face day the same, very smart woman. the dress is the old style. an up-to-date scarf and the bonnet. those are new and in fashion in 1815. he updated her portrait, but her face remain the same. stuart apparently said to her nephew when he was painting or the first time in 1800, i wish i could've painted her when she was younger, it would have been perfect. maybe you said that to all of the women he painted. but these are classics of american portraiture. these two portraits are wonderful paintings by stuart and i guess it was worth the wait. they have both been recently conserved as well from bank of america grant. so, they are looking their very

best. there are other paintings in his room, let's go across over here to -- this is captain joseph anthony, this was painted by stuart when he was in new york. joseph anthony is stuart's uncle. he was one of the contacts when he came to this country. he was in philadelphia. and stuart went down to paint him or he went up to your, i'm not sure. this is his uncle and who was a really good benefactor for stuart. he did a lot for him to get his career started, so he is shown at his desk in a chair. he has his papers in front of him and he is writing. this is an additional portrait of george washington, a wonderful painting that has just come to the gallery from a collection and it has just been hung in the stairwell. it is george washington before the battle of yorktown, painted

by rembrandt peel, as we saw already, it was painted in 1829. it is george washington on his horse. his white horse. he is preparing for battle. washington -- the challenge that was had, was that washington was a 49-year-old general at the battle of yorktown. at this time, when the painting is taking place, he is a 66-year-old -- actually, he is portraying him as a 66 row president, so there is a difference. washington is already died, but if there is a difference, it is the presidential image of washington that everyone is so interested in. he is shown with alexander hamilton. to the right, on his horse. alexander hamilton was known to be very impetuous and always off to something quickly. that might be what is happening. this is lafayette to the right

on the horse behind him. the other generals in the background are known. i am not sure i are members of they are, but they are known portraits of men. foreground, what the horse is traveling on is great britain. this is yorktown, of course, before yorktown, but of course that was the concluding battle of the revolutionary war. this is a major addition to our collection and it is wonderful , to addit hanging here another image of washington. we have looked briefly at these paintings, but they require much more time to understand what the artist had in mind, and what tools he has used to create that image and all of the details that he has included. you notice some paintings there

is very little, very simple. there is very little black and white paint, but he has been able to create an image that is very believable. and hissing others by charles wilson peel, a portrait, that has so many allegorical references, and so much information and it if you only take the time to look and understand it. it just requires bringing a fresh eye and trying to understand what the artist tried to do. >> this was the second of a two-part look of american portraits at the national gallery of art. you can you be of this and all other american history tv programs at our website www.c-span.org/history. ♪ returns y ♪

>> first lady many eisenhower knew how to manage a large staff and amended nothing short of excellence in the white house. her favorite color of pink, which was reflected in her wardrobe and coordinated and accessories, she was voted one of the nations best dressed for her clothing and hats. maybe eisenhower, tonight at 8:00 eastern, on c-span's original series, first ladies, influence and image, examining the public and private life of the women who filled the position of first lady and their influence on the presidency. for martha washington to michelle obama, tonight at 8:00

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