talk, we overgeneralize colonialismbritish is many things. the english were heavily involved in trading and making alliances with the cherokees, so the cherokees did not experience this settle --, they only experienced it when settlers encroached. all of the settlers were getting rebellious and a strategy that they actually implemented, groups like the cherokees, they did make an army to fight against the americans. it was in their interest, this is their opportunity to fight back. so, if the british had won,

was it thatda, it people in canada had a rough time as well. but because it was a form of colonialism, unlike places in line america. gentlemen, thank you. [applause] [applause] >> our friends at barnes and noble have the book for sale and dr. kelton will be happy to sign your copy. dr. kelton: thank you. chatter] week, american artifacts

takes you to museums to show what artifacts reveal about american history. located in stanton, virginia, the frontier culture museum tells the story of migrants from europe, we visit original houses germany,and, ireland, and we hear about the daily life in of the new world. we hear about what belongings they might have brought with them and we'll also see a 1740's farm. we will discover differences between european farms and american farms. this is from the frontier culture museum. we are a living history museum with a mission focus on education. our objective here is teach people how a unique folk culture was created through blending

european, african, and indigenous cultures. today we will start on the old world side and we will see the english farm, the irish farm, and the german farm. the 1740's will see american farm settlement. >> my name is sally landis. right now we are on the english farm and this comes from england 16the west midlands, this is 20's-16 40's. almost 150 acres of land, they are hiring people to help them. sheep, selling the

fleeces. and the women of the house are responsible for milking the cows. they will go ahead and take that milk and make cheese, selling it at market. this will be a source of income for the family. they are working hard and doing well. they are basically at the top of the working class. again, they are farmers. this house is based on the woodhouse family. woodhouse,cecelia ,here is a date that says ew and it stands for edward woodhouse, they had children. this is a common style, timber framing and there was not as wood inld in england -- england at the time, so you have

to be resourceful, but the fact that this has it would and anddn't furniture -- wood they arerniture means doing well. and there is a basket weave here dob on one side, that is clay and animal for. the woman of the house is baking and brewing, she will be the gardener. there is a kitchen garden to take care of. she is also the doctor of the family. and she is making cheese and selling that. they have 100 sheep to sheer and they have people help and they will sell that at market. the farmer has a grain to take

care of, 36 acres of barley and erotic, harvesting the and hiring people to help. harvesting that and hiring people to help. in the fall, they are thinking in greenting fertilizer for the next year, so fields will grow and do well. things like turnips and clover, that is something they can add to take care of the land. and there are fences to build, repair. for the to think ahead winter, what you will plan. ofy were really in the thick doing it, harvesting and planting, but then you are planning and preparing for the season, too.

so things are seasonal. if you have a good situation, these types of farmers. this guy is in a good position. the first room you encounter when you go in, the kitchen. --t is where we took, bake 0 make cheese.and i enjoy baking very much. next, we will take a step up, rim to the left is the parlor -- room to the left is the parlor.

you are rarely using that. you have that wedding for funerals -- you have that room for weddings and funerals. the fact you have a room you are hardly using means you are doing well. not money -- many people have this extra space. down the hall, you see a room where you will be dining. you could also spend time meeting or selling or playing games. the family spends time theracting their and dining primarily. upstairs, two bedrooms, one for the children and one for the parents. and there are some rooms for service. at thenglish farm -- english farm, there is a system about who inherits what. of the oldest son will get everything, the house and the land. we are talking about 100-1 to 50

acres in the case of this house. , the other children, will be left with nothing. second and third sons will probably leave and go to america to find fortune or choose the military or university. or maybe be apprentice to another tradesman. the other thing i want to mention that is a common thread is people want to have a place of their own, whether they are english, irish, or german. so if the oldest son gets everything, then the second and third sons want to leave and go to america so they can have land. if you go before 1700, pain paying your passage, from virginia, you got 50 acres

for free. so that was incentive for many of these migrants. >> my name is jerry koester i am a costumed in order -- interpreter. this house comes from the northern province of ireland. this is the home of a farmer as well as a weaver. 1720, that is when people started to leave ireland to come to america. part of the reason they are leaving isn't there a -- is there is a big depression. there are famines and food shortage. in thebig depression market, the landlord with a double and triple the rent, so

you could not afford to live there anymore. if you want a better life, you sell everything you have too good to america. go to america. you wake up early, the women and ladies cooked breakfast. they make butter, take care of the kids. the most important job, they needed tos in -- they spin. the girls are quite busy doing that. they will probably start working early and get awfully in the day. in the day.ate and boys are out in the fields working. , theys an important job need to get this harvested, or they will not have anything to eat. very important jobs, everybody.

in the meantime, you have other farm jobs, taking care of , taking maintenance care of the stone walls. a busy life, full of busy days. this farm, this is the first farm at the museum and it is laid out exactly like it used to be. you can see the pigs, the chickens are down below and the house itself. -- therse, you can see be scottish barn. these first two are for storage and the others for livestock. roomally, this is a two house. this is classic irish architecture. the frontirst come in door, you are in the kitchen.

this is the main room of the house. you always have a fire burning. that is of course where everybody is. behind it, that is the shop and the boys'bedroom. the limit is there -- loom is there as well, because they need to be close to their work. the weaving process, i am sure the they were following agricultural year. if it was a good year, they had .rish laborers in the fields a lot of this would take place only timetertime, the they could make money as laborers. of course, northern ireland you have lots of rain, so you are not inside weaving with all of

this farm work to do. you would have to wait until after supper. thismically, the farmer of farm was a hard worker. not the wealthiest, but not the poorest. in the early years of the trade, everybody was making money. but then there was depression and things started going bad quickly. industry goes back to the french who cannot --they set up the linen board to help with the production of linen. for girls, they would sit there and learn how to spin, starting very small. they could spend a finer thread. part of their graduation present was they would get their own wheel. in the early years, for a linen

loom., you would have a by now, they are not giving anything away. not sure how much the rent would have been to rent this, but i would be another piece of your income. all you have to do is step on the federal and pull the pedal and pull the shuttle back and forth. but it is hard to set up. you could hire someone to set it up for you. that would allow you more time for production. was were convinced everyone short. if you see the beds, they are very short. but the reason the door is so up, structurally, that holds the weight of the roof. everyone has bad lung

congestion because they are breeding in this smoke from the fire. space shows -- barn as they probably do not have more than two pigs, probably one horse, two cows, everybody has geese, and to chickens. these animals, something like the pigs, they would go to the butcher to help pay the rent. you could only afford the chief cuts from the butcher. and in the cows, you would milk. sometimes you could get a steer. when that starts to go bad, you pay the rent with that. and chickens, you would take them to market days. the only time he would have to get rid of them, when they start

-- stop laying eggs. education wise, it is more than likely they were homeschooled. this farm, the closest village is about five miles down the road and that is a little far for the kids to walk and come back on. in america, that is something they take with them, the belief in education. they would set up schools and academies. the minister is also the teacher. kids will go the and stay and payments everybody else will stay home and learn. they learn how to read the bible. are one of thens groups that believes in educating girls. and you hear all sorts of stories about people, the ancestors. the personal things, bringing a spoon, a cup.

you definitely would bring the family bible because religion was important to them. you would absolutely bring it. furniture wise, maybe if you are -- odds and ends. many people landed in philadelphia, because pennsylvania had strong ties with the linen trade. that is what you would come back on, arriving in the fall. he would either arrive in the delaware valley or philadelphia. being farmers, you needed land, so you would come a little south. there is a place called the shenandoah valley and once you get there, this is from stanton to lexington, that is where pretty much everybody settled. if you go to that area, talk to your county surveyor and he

would tell you where the land was. you would go look and come back and say what you liked and eventually he would go to women -- to williamsburg and get it registered. you would then have your land. scotts get walter they believeecause in education, because they built churches, they are pretty much predominant leaders of the community, especially when elections come, because they are educated and a lot of them get voted in as officials. they also were early supporters of the decoration of independence. -- declaration of independence. thank you for coming. iy name is ms. layman and

am a costumed interpreter here. early life was hard work, you are always working the farm. there is always work, no matter what time of year. gardening, fieldwork, animal .are, cooking, cleaning always something to do. a very busy life, not a life of leisure -- not a lot of leisure time. this is black fiber, this comes from flax plants. it makes linen. everything i am wearing is linen, this is nothing more than the fiber. spin it,sed in it -- smooth it with water

and it goes across the hooks. makes of thet thread, you can make the fabric on the loom. the spending will just makes the thread. spinning wheel just makes the thread. they probably did more in the wintertime, when they had the chance. everybody is working at this time of year, in the fields. but, you could possibly get some thread you made to a weaving family and make extra money. but this family's primary revenue source was green. grain. they grew a very old variety of

and oats.e, barley we have a large barn out there, so you could store grain before threshing. this family would have kept a couple of cows, milking them, making cheese and butter. porkg was a primary meat. this family is doing good. they are still technically peasants or serfs, they have ties to the land and the landlord and their local ruler of the region and they must pay fees, as well as perform work on certain days of the year to their local lord.

so, basically this house is a decent home, but his family is not rich. upers.re also not pa this is an actual ability and i was acquired -- a building, that here.smantled and brought it is not a replica. discussing the rhineland province in southwestern germany. then, this was the holy roman empire. that region had a tough time with wars in the 1600s and early 1700s. the region really took some hard-hits. so now is a time where families have been working to recover, to fix the land, the town, without

warfare or really terrible issues going on. the population has grown and is a has been raising five families, and they have just enough land for everybody to farm comfortably. there are not enough jobs or opportunities in business and trade. from --they are serfs feeslocal rulers levied that must be paid, these are exit. sometimes it is more expensive .or women to immigrate than men but local rulers do not want to lose too many people, it is also costly. you basically have to come up with the money to pay for the

trip. it are living in the region that is landlocked. sellu will have to belongings in order to raise money for the boat ride that will take you down the rhine -- river,ng tolls paying tolls that you come to and you also need of money for passage. walk inhen house, you and you have your hallway and then the kitchen. it is small. this is only where you cook and do the dirty work. a lot of families are using kindling from the forest. you can burn small fires on top .f the hearth then you bring the food into the

third room. .he stove is mainly for heat families would take meals in the stove room, they would do textile work, spend some family time. this is the heart of the home where you stay warm in winter. there is also a small bedroom in the back. this is usually where the oldest or whoeverd sleep, had the greatest need. if you had grandparents in the home, there is a good chance that room. usually it is mom and dad. children a lot of times but ept upstairs.l not much heat up there. and this just is one that they actually immigrated with. if you are thinking about emigrating, that is the type of

chest you might pack with extra clothes,ankets -- blankets, seeds perhaps for a garden. you also want to put a lot of tools in there, because he will possibly have to build a new home, replace things you had to leave behind. and anything that you think in thee desirable colonies where people want to pay good money, where there is a market for it. you can sell or water them -- barter them. york state go to new and a virginia, but a lot of them took the path to pennsylvania. and a number of them, once they got there, they were looking for

a plan, and some of them left and moved into other areas, starting out. arepennsylvania germans still very well known today. >> i am sarah gant. we are at the 1740's american settlement, also known as the back country of the american colonies, or the american frontier. this would have been west of the blue ridge mountains, people had already settled in this area about a decade or so before the 1740's. people had already started to move west. grants given,d

families would be recruited to settle the virginia area. occasionally it would be one man settling, but most times it would be families. and theye, 4-9 people would establish themselves in the pennsylvania area first, so they would be familiar with living here and they would have chase landto pusr down here. off inre pretty well terms of being able to buy the land. they would clear the land, that was a big change for them, because the environment was very wooded. clearing the land was a big deal. and then getting fields ready for crops. they were given a lot more land than they were used to, so it

took a lot of work. keeping up with crops was a big thing and eventually building the house, and chopping wood. it was difficult here, the climate is very different, harsher summers and winters. very hot all the time. so, hot weather, which would affect crops, it is also different in that it is very wooded, which is very different, especially coming from ireland where they do not have as many trees. they would have been making homes out of stones, so using material available. another big thing would be the kitchen garden, that would include crops that would have come from europe and the kitchen garden would have been in a

style that would've been used in europe as well. there are carrots in the garden, turnips,ustered, lettuce, spinach. we will also grow -- we had growing at one point. we also have tobacco growing as well. and then we also have in the fields, we have corn and squash. and beans. this was in influence from the american indians. they were grown in all the same area, they were squashed together. , because they were

so isolated, really whoever was strong enough to do the work, did the work. sometimes men would do more building or woodworking and maybe women would tend to the garden and do housework. often times, even kids would have been expected to do work, starting at maybe seven years old. basically as soon as they were strong enough to pick up a tool and use it. children's education, if they would have gone a formal education, they would have needed to go back to an older settlement to learn. often, there really was no formal education, whatever the parents had learned, they would then teach their children. but the skills, reading, writing, math, all were very basic. maybe there would be a pack

sheep.r cow, chickens or pigs would be- here especially, because they were easy to take care of. they would fence for them -- f edn part of. they would not have to keep up with them so much. they were better on eating mushrooms and nuts, so they were a great animal to have. i like talking about the chimney that we have, because it surprises a lot of people. -- you will see it is made with stone and then the rest of it, wood. that surprises people. -- wouldk, would in it

it not catch on fire? you can see that the chimney is built away from the house to begin with and it would have had a way in which they would know that the chimney had caught fire and they could pull it away and hopefully it would smother the fire, so you can save the house. you would have to rebuild the chimney, but you wouldn't have to start from scratch. so that really intrigues a lot of people. e inside.tty bar not a whole lot. we have a bed inside, where the parents slept, or the most senior couple. a dirt floor is where everybody else would have slept. a fireplace is inside, often times it would be used for

warmth in winter and light at night, but most cooking took place outside. in the summer, you want the house to stay cool. as we were talking about with the chimney, you would not want to potentially have your chimney catch on fire, so majority of the time the king outside. you also have some just, one of s, one of them with tools. there is a saw on the wall, that is a crucial tool. the large logs are to demonstrate how somebody would od by using an iron wedge or a big wooden wedge and they would have made -- it would have looked like a giant wooden hammer.

-- which means to strike or hit. you hit it into the wedge and it would split the laws by lengths -- logs by length. you could split it and split it until you get the size for a fence or the shingles on the house. so it was an easier way of splitting wood. we have this in between, this is .lso called dobbing on the outside, there is a sometimes mud, straw, grass. you have to mix it up using your feet to do that and put it on,

probably in cool weather like the fall, because the mud mixture would need to dry pretty slowly, otherwise it would crack and you would have to continue to repair it. you want to do it in cool weather. thank you for visiting the frontier culture museum, we are open 365 days a year. we would love to see you in stanton, virginia. >> this is the first of a two-part series on the frontier culture museum. part two will explore life on the frontier. programsee these anytime by visiting our website, www.c-span.org. >> tonight, form