colonialism, unlike places and other parts of america. [applause] >> our friends at barnes & noble have the book for sale. the professor will be happy to sign your copy. >> thank you. >> you are watching american history tv. all weekend every weekend on c-span3. to join the conversation like us on facebook at c-span history.

>> each week american artifacts takes you to museums and historic places to learn what artifacts reveal about american history. in sanford virginia the culture museum tells the story of early american migrants from europe. we visit original houses from england, ireland and germany relocated to the museum. interpreters describe daily life. we ask what would have motivated the europeans to migrate to america and what belongings they might have brought with them. we will also see it in american farm and discover similarities and differences with farms in europe. this is the first of a two-part series on the frontier culture museum. >> we are a living history museum with a mission focus on education. our objective here is teach people how a unique folk culture

was created through blending european, african, and indigenous cultures. today we will start on the old world side and we will see the english farm, the irish farm, and the german farm. and then we will see the 1740's american farm settlement. >> my name is sally landis. right now we are on the english farm and this comes from england in the west midlands, this is 16 20's-16 40's. they have almost 150 acres of land, they are hiring people to help them. they had sheep, selling the fleeces. and the women of the house are responsible for milking the

cows. they will go ahead and take that milk and make cheese, selling it at market. this will be a source of income for the family. they are working hard and doing well. they are basically at the top of the working class. again, they are farmers. this house is based on the woodhouse family. edward and cecelia woodhouse, there is a date that says ew, and it stands for edward woodhouse, they had children. this is a common style, timber framing and there was not as much would in england -- wood in england at the time, so you have to be resourceful, but the fact

that this has it would and wouldn't furniture -- wood and wooden furniture means they are doing well. and there is a basket weave here, with dob on one side, that is lime, clay and animal for. the woman of the house is baking and brewing, she will be the gardener. there is a kitchen garden to take care of. she is also the doctor of the family. and she is making cheese and selling that. they have 100 sheep to sheer and they have people help and they will sell that at market. the farmer has a grain to take care of, 36 acres of barley and erotic, harvesting the and

hiring people to help. -- rye, harvesting that and hiring people to help. in the fall, they are thinking about putting in green fertilizer for the next year, so fields will grow and do well. things like turnips and clover, that is something they can add to take care of the land. and there are fences to build, repair. you need to think ahead for the winter, what you will plan. they were really in the thick of

doing it, harvesting and planting, but then you are planning and preparing for the next season, too. so things are seasonal. if you have a good situation, 5-7% are these types of farmers. this guy is in a good position. the first room you encounter when you go in, the kitchen. that is where we took, bake -- cook, vague, and make cheese. i enjoy baking very much. next, we will take a step up, rim to the left is the parlor -- room to the left is the parlor. you are rarely using that. you have that wedding for funerals -- you have that room for weddings and funerals. the fact you have a room you are hardly using means you are doing well. not money -- many people have this extra space.

down the hall, you see a room where you will be dining. you could also spend time meeting or selling or playing games. the family spends time interacting their and dining there, primarily. upstairs, two bedrooms, one for the children and one for the parents. and there are some rooms for service. at in english farm -- at the english farm, there is a system about who inherits what. of the oldest son will get everything, the house and the land. we are talking about 100-1 to 50 acres in the case of this house. so others, the other children, will be left with nothing.

second and third sons will probably leave and go to america to find fortune or choose the military or university. or maybe be apprentice to another tradesman. the other thing i want to mention that is a common thread is people want to have a place of their own, whether they are english, irish, or german. so if the oldest son gets everything, then the second and third sons want to leave and go to america so they can have land. if you go before 1700, pain passage -- paying your passage, from virginia, you got 50 acres for free. so that was incentive for many of these migrants. >> my name is jerry koester and i am a costumed in order -- interpreter. this house comes from the northern province of ireland. this is the home of a farmer as well as a weaver. 1720, that is when people started to leave ireland to come to america.

part of the reason they are leaving isn't there a -- is there is a big depression. there are famines and food shortage. also a big depression in the market, the landlord with a double and triple the rent, so you could not afford to live there anymore. if you want a better life, you sell everything you have too good to america. -- to go to america. you wake up early, the women and ladies cooked breakfast. they make butter, take care of the kids. the most important job, they needed to's in -- they needed to spin. the girls are quite busy doing that. they will probably start working

early and get awfully in the day. -- get off late in the day. and boys are out in the fields working. that is an important job, they need to get this harvested, or they will not have anything to eat. very important jobs, everybody. in the meantime, you have other farm jobs, taking care of animals, maintenance, taking care of the stone walls. a busy life, full of busy days. this farm, this is the first farm at the museum and it is laid out exactly like it used to be. you can see the pigs, the chickens are down below and the house itself. of course, you can see be -- the scottish barn.

these first two are for storage and the others for livestock. basically, this is a two room house.

this is classic irish architecture. when you first come in the front door, you are in the kitchen. this is the main room of the house. you always have a fire burning. that is of course where everybody is. behind it, that is the shop and the boys'bedroom. the limit is there -- loom is there as well, because they need to be close to their work. the weaving process, i am sure that they were following the agricultural year. if it was a good year, they had irish laborers in the fields. a lot of this would take place in the wintertime, the only time they could make money as laborers. of course, northern ireland you have lots of rain, so you are not inside weaving with all of this farm work to do. you would have to wait until after supper.

in economically, the farmer of this farm was a hard worker. not the wealthiest, but not the poorest. in the early years of the trade, everybody was making money. but then there was depression and things started going bad quickly. the linen industry goes back to the french who cannot --they set up the linen board to help with the production of linen. for girls, they would sit there and learn how to spin, starting very small. they could spend a finer thread. part of their graduation present

was they would get their own wheel. in the early years, for a linen trader, you would have a loom. by now, they are not giving anything away. not sure how much the rent would have been to rent this, but i would be another piece of your income. right now, all you have to do is step on the federal and pull the shuttle -- pedal and pull the shuttle back and forth. but it is hard to set up. you could hire someone to set it up for you. that would allow you more time for production. they were convinced everyone was short. if you see the beds, they are very short. but the reason the door is so low, structurally, that holds up the weight of the roof. and everyone has bad lung congestion because they are breeding in this smoke from the fire.

byron space, -- barn space shows as they probably do not have more than two pigs, probably one horse, two cows, everybody has ducks, and geese, and to chickens. these animals, something like the pigs, they would go to the butcher to help pay the rent. you could only afford the chief cuts -- cheap cuts from the butcher. and in the cows, you would milk. sometimes you could get a steer. when that starts to go bad, you pay the rent with that. and chickens, you would take them to market days. the only time he would have to get rid of them, when they start -- stop laying eggs. education wise, it is more than likely they were homeschooled. this farm, the closest village is about five miles down the road and that is a little far

for the kids to walk and come back on. in america, that is something him and they take with them, the belief in education. they would set up schools and academies. the minister is also the teacher. so some of the kids will go the and stay and payments everybody else will stay home and learn. they learn how to read the bible. the presbyterians are one of the groups that believes in educating girls. and you hear all sorts of stories about people, the ancestors. the personal things, bringing a

spoon, a cup. you definitely would bring the family bible because religion was important to them. you would absolutely bring it. furniture wise, maybe if you are -- odds and ends. many people landed in philadelphia, because pennsylvania had strong ties with the linen trade. that is what you would come back on, arriving in the fall. he would either arrive in the delaware valley or philadelphia. being farmers, you needed land, so you would come a little south. there is a place called the shenandoah valley and once you get there, this is from stanton to lexington, that is where pretty much everybody settled. if you go to that area, talk to your county surveyor and he would tell you where the land was. you would go look and come back and say what you liked and eventually he would go to women

-- to williamsburg and get it registered. you would then have your land. once though walter scotts get to america, because they believe in education, because they built churches, they are pretty much predominant leaders of the community, especially when elections come, because they are educated and a lot of them get voted in as officials. they also were early supporters of the decoration of independence. -- declaration of independence. thank you for coming. >> my name is ms. layman and i am a costumed interpreter here. early life was hard work, you are always working the farm.

there is always work, no matter what time of year. gardening, fieldwork, animal care, cooking, cleaning. in always something to do. a very busy life, not a life of leisure -- not a lot of leisure time. this is black fiber, this comes from flax plants. it makes linen. everything i am wearing is linen, this is nothing more than the fiber. so when used in it -- spin it, use new -- smooth it with water and it goes across the hooks. once the front makes of the thread, you can make the fabric on the loom.

the spending will just makes the thread. -- spinning wheel just makes the thread. they probably did more in the wintertime, when they had the chance. everybody is working at this time of year, in the fields. but, you could possibly get some thread you made to a weaving family and make extra money. but this family's primary revenue source was green. -- grain. they grew a very old variety of wheat, rice, barley and oats. we have a large barn out there, so you could store grain before threshing. this family would have kept a couple of cows, milking them, making cheese and butter.

pig, pork was a primary meat. this family is doing good. they are still technically peasants or serfs, they have ties to the land and the landlord and their local ruler of the region and they must pay fees, as well as perform work on certain days of the year to their local lord. so, basically this house is a decent home, but his family is not rich. they are also not paupers.

this is an actual ability and i was acquired -- a building, that was dismantled and brought here. it is not a replica. we are discussing the rhineland province in southwestern germany. then, this was the holy roman empire. that region had a tough time with wars in the 1600s and early 1700s. the region really took some hard-hits. so now is a time where families have been working to recover, to fix the land, the town, without warfare or really terrible

issues going on. the population has grown and is a has been raising five families, and they have just enough land for everybody to farm comfortably. there are not enough jobs or opportunities in business and trade. because they are serfs from -- some local rulers levied fees that must be paid, these are exit. sometimes it is more expensive for women to immigrate than men. but local rulers do not want to lose too many people, it is also costly. you basically have to come up with the money to pay for the trip. it are living in the region that

is landlocked. so you will have to sell belongings in order to raise money for the boat ride that will take you down the rhine river paying tolls -- river, paying tolls that you come to and you also need of money for passage. the kitchen house, you walk in and you have your hallway and then the kitchen. it is small. this is only where you cook and do the dirty work. a lot of families are using kindling from the forest. you can burn small fires on top of the hearth. then you bring the food into the third room. the stove is mainly for heat. families would take meals in the stove room, they would do

textile work, spend some family time. this is the heart of the home where you stay warm in winter. there is also a small bedroom in the back. this is usually where the oldest couple would sleep, or whoever had the greatest need. if you had grandparents in the home, there is a good chance that room. usually it is mom and dad. children a lot of times but upstairs -- slept upstairs. not much heat up there. and this just is one that they actually immigrated with. if you are thinking about emigrating, that is the type of chest you might pack with extra close, blankets -- clothes,

blankets, seeds perhaps for a garden. you also want to put a lot of tools in there, because he will possibly have to build a new home, replace things you had to leave behind. and anything that you think might be desirable in the colonies where people want to pay good money, where there is a market for it. you can sell or water them -- barter them. germans did go to new york state and a virginia, but a lot of them took the path to pennsylvania. him himhim

and a number of them, once they got there, they were looking for a plan, and some of them left and moved into other areas, starting out. the pennsylvania germans are still very well known today. >> i am sarah gant. we are at the 1740's american settlement, also known as the back country of the american colonies, or the american frontier. this would have been west of the blue ridge mountains, people had already settled in this area about a decade or so before the 1740's. people had already started to move west. there were land grants given,

families would be recruited to settle the virginia area. occasionally it would be one man settling, but most times it would be families. on average, 4-9 people and they would establish themselves in the pennsylvania area first, so they would be familiar with living here and they would have the means to purchase land down here. they were pretty well off in terms of being able to buy the land. they would clear the land, that was a big change for them, because the environment was very wooded. clearing the land was a big deal. and then getting fields ready for crops. they were given a lot more land than they were used to, so it took a lot of work.

keeping up with crops was a big thing and eventually building the house, and chopping wood. it was difficult here, the climate is very different, harsher summers and winters. very hot all the time. so, hot weather, which would affect crops, it is also different in that it is very wooded, which is very different, especially coming from ireland where they do not have as many trees. they would have been making homes out of stones, so using material available. another big thing would be the kitchen garden, that would include crops that would have come from europe and the kitchen

garden would have been in a style that would've been used in europe as well. there are carrots in the garden, we have mustered, turnips, lettuce, spinach. we will also grow -- we had arrived -- rye growing at one point. we also have tobacco growing as well. and then we also have in the fields, we have corn and squash. and beans. this was in influence from the american indians. they were grown in all the same area, they were squashed together. often times, because they were so isolated, really whoever was

strong enough to do the work, did the work. sometimes men would do more building or woodworking and maybe women would tend to the garden and do housework. often times, even kids would have been expected to do work, starting at maybe seven years old. basically as soon as they were strong enough to pick up a tool and use it. children's education, if they would have gone a formal education, they would have needed to go back to an older settlement to learn. often, there really was no formal education, whatever the parents had learned, they would then teach their children. but the skills, reading, writing, math, all were very basic. maybe there would be a pack

horse or cow, chickens or sheep. it takes is --- pigs would be here especially, because they were easy to take care of. they would fence for them -- fedn part of. they would not have to keep up with them so much. they were better on eating mushrooms and nuts, so they were a great animal to have. i like talking about the chimney that we have, because it surprises a lot of people. you will not -- you will see it is made with stone and then the rest of it, wood. that surprises people. people ask, would in it -- would it not catch on fire? you can see that the chimney is built away from the house to begin with and it would have had a way in which they would know that the chimney had caught fire and they could pull it away and

hopefully it would smother the fire, so you can save the house. you would have to rebuild the chimney, but you wouldn't have to start from scratch. so that really intrigues a lot of people. it is pretty bare inside. not a whole lot. we have a bed inside, where the parents slept, or the most senior couple. a dirt floor is where everybody else would have slept. a fireplace is inside, often times it would be used for warmth in winter and light at night, but most cooking took place outside. in the summer, you want the

house to stay cool. as we were talking about with the chimney, you would not want to potentially have your chimney catch on fire, so majority of the time the king outside. you also have some just, one of them -- chests, one of them with tools. there is a saw on the wall, that is a crucial tool. the large logs are to demonstrate how somebody would split wood by using an iron wedge or a big wooden wedge and they would have made -- it would have looked like a giant wooden hammer. they are called -- which means to strike or hit. you hit it into the wedge and it would split the laws by lengths -- logs by length. you could split it and split it until you get the size for a fence or the shingles on the

house. so it was an easier way of splitting wood. we have this in between, this is also called dobbing. on the outside, there is a mixture of mud, straw, sometimes grass. you have to mix it up using your feet to do that and put it on, probably in cool weather like the fall, because the mud mixture would need to dry pretty slowly, otherwise it would crack and you would have to continue

to repair it. you want to do it in cool weather. >> thank you for visiting the frontier culture museum, we are open 365 days a year. we would love to see you in stanton, virginia. >> this is the first of a two-part series on the frontier culture museum. part two will explore life on the frontier. you can see these programs anytime by visiting our website, www.c-span.org. >> tonight, former senator gary hart on his new book comparing our current government with the one of the founders intended.

>> they used language of the republic of greece and around and they warned of corruption. -- morning, beginning at 11:00 on c-span twos look to the the 20th annual book festival from austin featuring interviews with nonfiction authors including a still be brand and his current book on president heran, kerry washington and book on how we can catch mental illness. an dennis ross on the truman and obama administrations. our coverage on the book festival continues at noon on the terror group isis. a discussion on artificial intelligence with authors john markoff and louisa hall. and later mark updegrove on

president clinton and labor johnson. on american history tv on c-span3. today, just before 5:00 historians on the relationship between president richard nixon in the shop of iran and its impact on u.s. foreign policy. 6:40unday evening at spencer crew on the confederate flag and its history in relation to the legacy of slavery. get our complete schedule and c-span.org. american history tv is featuring p.m.n's history at 8 eastern on sunday night. c-span produced the series on the white house historical association. their conversations with experts, video tours of historic site and questions from c-span's audience would tell the story of america's 45 first ladies. now, jacqueline kennedy