this problem, louisiana a load only one government run slaughterhouse to operate in the city district. the others were taken to court. follow the slaughterhouse cases of 1873. we are joined by paul clement, former solicitor general, and michael roth, author, to help tell the history of this time. in the south. -- to help tell this time period in the south and the supreme court justices involved in this decision. be sure to join the conversation as we take your calls, tweets, and facebook comments during the program using hashtag #landmarkcases. for background on each case while you watch, order your copy of the "landmark cases" companion book, available for each week, american artifacts

takes you to museums and historic places to learn about american history. the frontier culture museum tells the story of the early american frontier. we visit original 19th-century houses from the shenandoah to the museumed and here historical interpreters described daily life. --visited to school houses farmhouses and the schoolhouse to hear how life changed over the course of the century and learn how national politics impacted this area before the civil war. this is the second of a two-part series. i am the director of marketing here in stanton, virginia. we are a living history museum with a mission focus on education. our objective here is teach people how a unique folk culture was created through blending of european, african, and

indigenous peoples cultures. today we are going to be on the american side and will be looking at two farms and the schoolhouse. steven: my name is stephen gallagher. costume,us who are in -- and iing exhibits work on the 1820's farm. these folks were farmers, primarily wheat farmers. livestock, and they laid -- raised beef cattle for sale. they made butter and cheese. they raised sheep, chickens for eggs, a pretty good diet, but it was heavy in pork and corn products. was the breada basket of the country into well after the civil war.

wheat was the cash crop. it is like what tobacco was to the east. farm was's american originally located about an hour drive north of here. constructed ins 1773 by a german immigrant they came down here after a generation of an sylvania, which was a typical story. that is why the museum one of this property, because the family story was chaired by so many other families at about the same time. ,e are currently in the parlor it was added by the original owner's grandson in 1820. it is an older house. by the time this house looked like this and this parlor looked was this 1820, the frontier basically in missouri. out to the mississippi. when the main part of this house

was built across the hall from us in 1773, it would depend on what ended when you are looking. if you were in philadelphia, then the philadelphia area, which is the largest city in the colonies at that time, this right here in the valley would be the far west, the far frontier, were technically today we can look back and say it is really farther west from us, like over shenandoah mountain an hour or two west. it would look like the frontier to most people. in fact, when george bowman came down here from pennsylvania, he would think of it as the way west. we don't think of the valley of virginia as being the west, but it was at that time. this parlor and the hallway that i can see from where i'm sitting , this room -- we refer to this as federal style, because it was the popular style in the federal

period. it is english in derivation. fireplace,ice fluted and that really is derived from the english style, but this would be the style that most folks would aspire to. we think the grandson was showing off. this is fancier than most farm families would have, something you might find in a wealthier person's house. even though these folks were of german ancestry, no architectural details except the center beam above me. that is the common german method of construction. the main house, which is a log house as well, it is similar in its floor plan to the german house we have here at the museum. we found that interesting because even though the men who

, he had, george bowman been an america 24 years before building it, a great story and thenhiladelphia, he could sell a hundred acre farm off of there and by 260 acres here in the valley, just because it was settled so much later than southeastern pennsylvania. that is the motivation. even though he had been in america that length of time, he still got the german floor plan. the kitchen is the first door we enter going into the other part of the house. we have a large hearth, a walk-in fireplace, and then behind that, the main room was the stove room, and that in a german house is the living room, dining room, family room, workroom. we have are spinning wheels in there. that is the main room in the house. the parents bedroom is off the so-called counter room, the

parents bedroom, so basically three rooms in the main part of the house. george bowman, the , hereo built this house in virginia the way to acquire title to a property in the 18th century, one would venture down here. they would meet with the county surveyor. the surveyor was certified by the college of william and mary and had quite a bit of power because if that surveyor thought you might not be of the proper ilk, you probably will find any property. he would assign you a guide, and you would go out and look at property that would be available for purchase, and a lot of the area in this part of western virginia was in large tracts of land. fairfax,given to lord and the tracks south of that, huge holdings, and in those

members of the aristocracy that owned those lands were supposed to settle it with a certain number of people with insert number of years. there was a lot of finagling and a lot of difficulty in people acquiring title, but in theory, meeting with the county surveyor and finding taken these of land and coming back the guide in singapore property was available for purchase, and then prices of course varied depending on whether it was good bottom land or upland, but there were problems many times in acquiring final title to a piece of property. there were overlapping claims, and you read about somebody improving a piece of property and then some years later find that it is action claimed by something else. that was not infrequent. at that time, in the 18th century, just north of us, what is currently rock am -- rocking ham county, would have a large number of those folks from

germany, where this area is now augusta county, rock ridge, everything to the south of us in the 18th century was referred to becauserish tracts, folks would not consider them aish, but those folks made up huge number of the population, more than the germans, although certainly throughout the valley a scattering of english, scots, southern irish, germans, and others as well, but where we are sitting now was referred to at that time as the irish track, and just to the north of us they would have had more folks from other parts of germany. at one point in the early 19th century, there were 12 children who survived to adulthood, and these folks were not slave owners. slavery formed a large part of the economy, but for the most part people did not own slaves. these folks were fortunate to

have that number of children to help work the land, so their activities fluctuated with the seasons for growing crops. middle -- women would work alongside as well. there were differences in labor. in example, we are bringing the hay crops, so the men would tools to the grass and hey, and children with act as bundlers, rake the hay up and put it into a wagon and get into the barn. when you're harvesting the week, women and children would act as bundlers to wrap that up into work,-- so it was shared but it was definitely -- the men did not do the cooking, for example. the women and the girls that a lot of that.

and unlike what we might think of today, the dairy, butter, cheese, primarily the women and young girls. and younght the girls women were much better at that. a young boy would be externally in pairs to be seen looking a cow in 1800 here in the valley. the week is what they are selling here it that week -- wheat was ground here in the valley, and then was shipped long distances. as quiteof these folks self-sufficient, but actually their lives were determined by basically international grain markets, because that flower was flourd long distances was shipped around the country, so their products traveled far.

everybody raise hogs for themselves, corn primarily for their own use. 1820's and uphe to the civil war, it was no , but it wasrontier a thriving farm area, economy improving all the time, more mills being built all the --, morland put under cultivation, so -- more land put under cultivation. aware of thee discussions going on in the problems in the country, mostly concerning slavery, but they probably felt they would not be affected by things like that, certainly in 1820's they would have felt safe and no one could have forecasted at that time the problems that the whole country, and definitely the valley, would have faced some 40 years later. -- when the lot main part of this house was built, this was a long house,

that would be a community event. -- a log house, that would be a community event. the entire community would take part, much like a modern barnraising among the homage and other folks, because it would be a time for the community to come together and catch up -- the and these folks were lutherans, so certainly they went to the local lutheran church. that would form a lot of their community. farm would also be projects, maybe when someone was bringing in a crop, folks would share that, share some of those duties in return for help from that family for some other job on the farm. not everybody went to school. here in the valley, school would

fellfinitely a community -- thing, where several families would get together and a local farm would donate property, and in several families would get together and higher someone, a teacher, to come, and that teacher would generally board with one of those farm families, and they would be paid, but not very much, not very well, but they would get room and board from one of those farm families, and so they would live there in theory. not altered and got to go to school. --they were going to school, not all children got to go to school. have 1840's, one-rooms go house, which is just from the valley as well. andrew: my name is andrew

richardson. an 1840'snding in single-room schoolhouse. often year round, but irregular because they were farmers kids. the typical school day was from 9:00 to 5:00 with a large break in between for lunch where they went home for lunch instead of eating here. the disease times would have been outside of the times -- during the summer, and our school calendar follows that, the busiest time of the farm, slowest time in the schoolhouse, but beginning in fall and through spring, those with the busiest times in the schoolhouse. this is a schoolhouse geared towards farmers kids of all ages. there was no great system, children from maybe as young as six years old to the upper

teenage years would attend. divided amongst each other, usually boys on one side and girls on the other, but throughout the day they would ask we move around based on their skills. they would be taught the basics , writing, arithmetic, a little bit of geography and history, and things like that. this was not a public school. the time we are talking about was before public schools in the 1870's. this was a privately funded school, so often it was called a community school. the supplies were provided by the individual parents of the school children. their funding for the school and the schoolmaster was often a collection amongst the families to build the structure and hire a schoolmaster. sometimes this was a farmer who got together with his neighbors and they collectively paid for it, and one of them was teaching

there. the man who taught -- started this schoolhouse also taught in it. they would bring in usually a young man who might have some formal education, sometimes not, and so often the schoolmasters were irregulars. they might not stay throughout the year. during a down semester for college students, or summit who answered a newspaper ad looking for pay for an amount of time. answered ane who newspaper ad looking for pay for an amount of time. it was very regular for the students, because of the farm life, that irregular week as its hard to keep someone employed in the schoolhouse. thatimes it shocks people open the schools did not begin as early as they thought they did. it was state-by-state.

most of the southern states were instituted after the war. it is a shock that people don't know that public schools have not been around that long actually. this is a very typical schoolhouse found in the shenandoah valley, especially in the mid-atlantic states. typically you have a man teaching in it. one reason is because men had more opportunities back then, more education than women typically, but actually they had -- it had to do with corporal punishment. you hear accounts of men teaching in the early to mid 19th century because they wanted a term hand in charge of a -- firm hand in charge of a lot of students. a lot of schoolhouses were founded in rural areas because the population could not support a larger school. in towns and cities, often you found multiple-room schoolhouses. in the countryside, where families gather in little

communities, it was a single room -- single-room schoolhouse. the students would usually provide their own pen and ink. books are hard to come by, in the sense that there are plenty of them, lots of textbooks back then, but the books in general are more expensive back then. often the schoolmaster was the only one who might have a textbook. he used that to teach from. students were in charge of their no gymnasiumo class or toys or equivalent provided for that. al, studentswas or often having to recite and memorize things to prevent -- present to the class in front of everyone. not a lot of homework or worksheets were given out. rather it was assignments that were -- where you were practicing elocution or

handwriting on paper, but not a lot of things inc. turned in. it was proving yourself in front of others and in front of the schoolmaster. schoolhouse was built in the 1840's. there are accounts of one existing 50 years earlier. often these one-room schoolhouses were incorporated into the public school system, but often replaced pretty quickly as the transportation improved, and fiscal digits were formed. some were used for quite a while. my name is megan sullivan. i am a costumed interpreter. cameamily that lived here from western germany, which is where we represent our german farm at the museum, the rhineland area.

they would have trouble down the shenandoah valley once reaching america. 225 acrespproximately of land from them and divided it up based on what they needed for cash purposes and subsistence. the room we are standing in, the whole and the room above it, where the first original log family -- family ducked in 1838. 10 years later, they add on the rooms next door. that renovation, they add on the porches, front and back, and siding on the house. itself includes a mom, dad, and approximate 6-10 children. if they have the means, the family might own a slave or rent one, and that slave will also sleep inside the house. this farm came with a spring

has a natural spring that comes from underground in the family collected that water in the trough. that spring water is very cold, so not only a source of water, but also your refrigerator as well. house, have a wash direct access to that spring water to wash clothing. a meat house, where they will store pork products, bacon, sausage, ham. we have a produce shed, which is where you would store would so it stays dry, but also vegetables and fruits that you are harvesting from your land. we have a tobacco barn that the family would use. it's not going to be a huge cash crop, but does supplement income. a in-house where we have turkeys and chickens, and then the barn, which is a very

german-influenced barn, wheat, hey, storing that grain and animals in the wintertime. typically men and boys will be out in the field taking care of that major cash crop. doingill be in charge of the heavy work with animals, where as women would be in charge of cooking, mending, washing close. they would feed the animals and milk the cows. men will be the ones to take hat we to the market -- wheat to the market and have those products appraise and get money for the family. they will make tools for the farm, repair tools. sew, take care, of children while they are not in school. searstasks are based off

pheres of the farm, and that's kind of the woman's area work. outside of that is the workspace for the man. the field, the barn, and harder labor is out there for the men. countyuse comes from a near roanoke. they are average for where they come from. if you compare it to other farms in the shenandoah valley, it is a bit loader -- lower on the socioeconomic scale. poor than be a family a family and rocking ham county. the railroad is going to reach that family sooner than this house. it takes a while for it to march down the shenandoah valley.

other differences in economic status, that farm can have plastered walls, colored painted walls, where as we are still using whitewashed on our walls in this house. the material goods you have access to will be a little different. also a cast iron woodstove to heat up a room, where as this house is still using a standard fireplace for heating. be -- locationo is the major determining factor on economic status there, as well as just the family choices, perhaps they did not want the newest things. they were comfortable with open hearth cooking and using those older forms of heating and were happy with that. showing a second or third generation family in america, where as the 1850's houses showing third or fourth

generation so they are more removed from that old world country they came from. point inier at this america in the 1850's will be more in nebraska, kansas, some families are still getting all the way over to california, so the frontier is out west, but were still showing a family farm , living in the shenandoah valley, but the way they would live is summit to how people could be living on that new frontier in america more towards the west. supplies and technology, the industrial revolution, allowing people to have access to more goods. machines are aligned you to cut straight boards, which shapes how you can build your own house . now you can have cut would instead of just building a log cabin as had been previous. so those changes in technology really shift how the frontier

can be lived on, so that shapes the differences between 1820's frontier and 1850's frontier. probably the biggest national political issue in the 1850's is slavery, and that is definitely going to impact anyone across the nation. things like a slave reward poster in their local heaven or grocery store that they can pick up and take off the wall, and for a family living in the shenandoah valley, two hundred dollars might be a very viable reward that they might want. it depends on their leanings on the issue. a bitenandoah valley is more and vigorous about how they feel about slavery. some families are ok with it and will rent a slave. against it and more abolitionist in feeling, and this depends on their religious belief and the family background. finding a reward poster in your local town, very common.

the compromise of 1850, which -- had an aspect to it about strengthening that law. capture those slaves escaping from their owners in the south, and if you happen to see the guy that is advertising this poster, this family might see that as a good economic opportunity, get that reward, and benefit your family. so slavery will be entering your home personally, even if you don't own slave. you are going to be bombarded by messages like this from slave owners, and then your newspapers as well will have advertisements for slave auctions, and they will detail reports of these

national news and politics in nation is, the becoming more attuned to national issues, so slavery is impacting a family even on the frontier. spotty onis a little the frontier. if your community can afford to build its own schools, then your children might have a chance at being educated. if your family has a history and background of educating family members, then it could be passed on through family members, but without that public school system we celebrate today, it is on even across the nation. most children are going to have a rudimentary knowledge of how a read and how to write, so newspaper might be accessible to them so they can understand the new politics of the day. technology once again is

allowing newspapers to become more accessible to families, and therefore that is going to create a push-pull factor and inspire a rise in literacy, so the cost-effective relationship. -- more newspapers available, and so more people want to read them, so a rise in literacy. the 1850's farm is the last chapter of this museum if you're thinking about it as a big book. the big message you want to take away is that people coming into america are slowly blending their cultures together, english, irish, german, west african, native american traditions and believes all coming together. by the 1850's, you have the beginnings of that american culture. you can see that in the way that they are living in this house,

the food they might be eating, the house they construct for themselves. the family is a german immigrant family, but by the 1850's they will be speaking english in their home and at church, so the english influence coming into their lives. in terms of their food, sitting down to dinner with them, they will have sauerkraut now and then. they will mix in things like okra, black ids, or watermelon eyed peas. they will combine that stable grain with foods they have traditionally eaten in europe. native plant to north america and bread, which is common in europe, coming together to create cornbread. even food in culinary practices.

in terms of architecture, the room we are standing in resembles very much an english parlor, so you're displaying your fancy furniture, dishes on display to show fancy china. english influence on architecture to create a room for guests and displaying your fanciest goods. we are right next to a very , having the mom and dad sleeping on the first floor is a very german tradition , so that master bedroom is right next to this english parlor and has that cultural blending right here in this very room, and then we have porches on the front and back of the house, which are a west african influence on architecture. a big story of how these cultures are coming together and blending to create this new american culture that we still add to today. it's not finished, but this is where we are at in the 1850's.

>> thanks for visiting the frontier cultural museum today. we would love to see you out here. please come to visit us in stanton, virginia. a this is the second of two-part series on the frontier culture museum, part one export daily life in europe for migrants before they came to colonial america. you can watch this and other american artifacts programs anytime by visiting our website at c-span.org/history. to my mindfication is far more than a matter of cosmetics. to me, it describes the whole effort to bring the natural world and man-made world into harmony. lightng usefulness, the and that only begins

with trees, flowers, and landscaping. her signature issue as first lady. the naturalt campaigner, successful business woman, and savvy political partner to her husband, lbj. lady bird johnson tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span's original series first ladies, influence and image, examining the public and private lives of the women who served in the position of first lady and their influence on the presidency, from arthur washington to michelle obama, tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv on c-span3. these lectures were conducted by

the university of virginia's explorations and black leadership project. that is sunday, october 25 at 10:00 a.m. eastern here on american history tv on c-span3. join american history tv for tours and interviews. we will explore the submarine explains, the road to berlin, and the african american story, and we will take your questions for historians joining us throughout the day. ii, 70 years later, live from the national world war ii museum, saturday november 7, beginning at 11:00 a.m. eastern here on american history tv on c-span3. carsw vulnerable are our to cyberattacks?

we will address that question with wired technology reporter andrew greenberg, who test growth a car for a cyber security researcher as they attacked it. fei company cut the transmissions altogether, which i was not expecting, and i found myself unable to accelerate on a highway as cars were lining up behind me, going by, an 18 wheeler was in my rearview mirror honking at me, and i came close to panicking. into my iphone speakerphone to these two hackers, begging them to make the car work again. 8:00 p.m.night at eastern on the communicators on c-span2. each week, american history tv's american artifacts visits historical places. during the civil war, confederates