every single time we come through here, we stop right here. most people decide to stop and watch the video and they look at their card that was given to them and they look to see if the person lived or died. we hope that that sacrifice, because there were only nine survivors, we hope that sacrifice hits people. one of the things i do with my son every time we come here, because he gets a different card every time, we stopped and i point out the person's picture that he has. i don't know which when he gets, he gets a different one every time, and i try to explain that he gets one where a person not -- did not survive, i try to explain that these people died so that he could do the things he does today, so he can enjoy the freedom he has today. that is hard for a six-year-old to understand, and i don't think he understands that -- that is

important that people understand that these men aboard the submarine's died to preserve our freedom. they sacrificed all their tomorrows for our today, and that is why this exhibit is here. it is not just to highlight the sacrifice of the tang, but the sacrifice of all the americans who died in submarines in the second world war. >> i've learned that you can do anything you want to. you can do anything you want to, and it's just such a great opportunity.

i would advise any first lady to do what she wants to do. you're going to be criticized no matter what you do. i could've stayed at the white house, poured tea, and i would have been criticized. i got a lot of criticism. but you learn to live with it, as i said earlier. you expected and you live with it, and never let it influence me. >> she was her husband's political partner from their first campaign. as first lady, she attended jimmy carter's cabinet meetings, championing women's rights and mental health issues, even testifying before congress there are -- their partnership on health and peacekeeping issues has spent four decades. tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span's original series, "first ladies, influence and image," examined the public and private lives of

the women who filled the position of first lady and their influence on the presidency, for martha washington to michelle obama, tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv .n c-span3 all weekend american history tv is featuring sacramento, california. the lehman stafford mansion in sacramento, originally built in 1850 six, is now a state historic park. he also established stanford university in memory of his son who died of typhoid fever at the age of 15. hosted by our comcast cable partners, c-span's cities tour staff recently visited many sites showcasing the city's history. sacramento allt weekend here on american history tv.

>> the california state railroad museum is significant not only its collection, but where we sit. the corner of front and i streets in old sacramento, very close to the birthplace of the railroad. california became a state in 1850. prior to that people had talked and dreamed about a railroad spanning the american continent. it was really important to the united states to have a railroad connecting california because in the 1860's, the civil war was raging. and california's gold and nevada silver funded a large range of efforts in the war. prior to the secession of the southern states, congress could

not agree on a route for a railroad. southern congressmen thought it would give more power politically. similarly, northern congressmen thought it would enable slavery to spread and give the south more power. so one of the weird results of the secession of the southern states is that it allowed a smaller congress to decide on a northern route for the railroad which came to california because they were capitalists here, agitating to build a railroad to sacramento. the stanford is significant to us because it was the first locomotive delivered in 1862, as the railroad was beginning construction. it arrived here on the docks in sacramento in pieces and it was assembled close to the spot where it sits today. stanford had been the governor here and part of his platform was an anti-chinese platform. and yet, they did become the

largest employers of chinese. the chinese outpaced the white workers. they were very dedicated and they worked very hard. and even though it was still discriminatory and they weren't paid as much as white workers, it was for the time, a very fair way to treat the chinese. and the chinese felt they were treated well versus other parts of california society at the time. if you research the railroad physically, you can find evidence of chinese habitation. you can find a particular kind of pottery called brown where that was only made in china. chinese were all over the route during the building of the railroad. we are in the great hall of the california state railroad museum. this explores the idea of community development.

in the 1860's, california might well have been hawaii, as far as the rest of the united states was concerned. west of the river, was just miles of nothing. culturally, for the united states, it was a vast, unknown quantity. and several hundred miles down of california there was a 12 month growing season and a land of prosperity. it was important for the country, during the civil war, to have a collection with california. -- connection with california. suddenly, instead of a four-month journey back to united states, you could come back in 10 days. it has some of the richest growing soil in the world. and suddenly you had a reason for agriculture, fruit and wheat

to be grown and now you have markets for it to be sold in. you can connect with the valuable markets of asia for different food items. suddenly, the united states goes from being a nation of the north american continent to really spanning the north american content and it is an easy way because there is transportation back and forth. but they did have to build stations for water and food. -- fuel, logistical things like that. so communities developed around railroads and you started to see stores pop up. he started to have merchants and bankers because they could bring crops home from market. they could buy manufactured goods and order from the sears catalog. they could get telegrams and

learn the daily news. instantly, because the telegraph was instant. so the railroads caused this sense of community. they caused the nation to develop into the complex system that we have today. the collection of equipment that is inside the museum really spans the era from 1862-1950's, early 1960's. so you see a lot of different kinds of equipment. this is from the 1870's, it is a beautiful piece of steam equipment. it is quite small compared to railcars today. -- locomotives today. the other side of that is a pacific class locomotive that was a very large, high speed and powerful locomotive that was used to pull passenger planes. the one behind me is very beautifully painted.

by the time you get into the mid-20th century, you are looking at lack, heavy, -- black, heavy industrial objects. much less fancy but still beautifully compelling. right now, we are in the empire gallery. the exhibit that we currently have related to that is the pullman strike. this was a national strike ended -- that paralyzed rail traffic in 27 states. basically, george pullman, the owner of the pullman manufacturing company had to cut wages for his workers but he also owned the company town of

pullman, illinois and he didn't cut rent or prices at the company store, so they felt unfairly treated and they stopped working. they went on strike. this got eugene debs involved. he was tied in with the american railway union. he managed to get -- in many places to sympathetically strike with the pullman company strikers. but where it was most prevalent was here in sacramento. this was the home of the southern potential shops. every piece of moving equipment on this line went through here for maintenance and repair. this stopped real traffic out of many places. so to get a rail traffic moving again, the federal traffic got

-- government got involved and they attached mail cars to every train, and they were federal property so the trains had to move. -- mail had to move. the very first train moved but was derailed by a broken rail and overturned an engineer and two people were killed in the process. so president grover cleveland brought in troops and they marched on the sacramento. they were here for two months. they walked on the lawns outside of the state capital. they had a significant contingent at the sacramento railyard itself. it was a hot summer with many days over 100 and eventually people got tired of the strike and service resumed.

the rails began and nobody really won or lost in the strike. eugene debs went to jail. president cleveland signed a proclamation announcing labor day as an official holiday as a result of the strike. it is hard to imagine sacramento or california without the impact of the railroads. the gold rush made sacramento wealthy and politically important and because of the gold rush, there was capital here to start building a railroad that connected california with the rest of the united states. >> throughout the weekend, american history tv is featuring sacramento, california. our staff recently traveled there to learn about the history.

learn more about sacramento and other stops on the tour at c-span.org. /citiestour..org you are watching american history tv, all weekend, every weekend on c-span3. >> all persons having business before the honorable supreme court of the united states give their attention. >> bright core monsoon boldly opposed the interment of japanese-americans during world war ii. after being convicted for failing to report for relocation, he took his case all the way to the supreme court. >> this week on landmark cases, we discuss the landmark case of korematsu against the united states. after the attack on pearl harbor, 120,000 people of japanese origin who lived near

a military installations were sent to internment camps. >> this is a re-creation of a barrack. they were 120 feet long and divided into six different rooms. they didn't have sheetrock or ceilings, they didn't have masonite on the floor, it would have been freezing, even in the daytime. the only heating that they had was a potbellied stove. but this would not have been able to heat the entire room in a comfortable way. >> challenging the evacuation order, he defied the order and was arrested and his case went to the supreme court. find out how the court ruled with our guest, peter irons,

author of "justice at war, the story of the japanese-american internment cases." and the executive director of the korematsu institute. explore the policies during world war ii and we will follow his life before, during and after the court's decision. that is coming up next on the landmark cases. for background on each case while you watch, order your copy of the landmark cases companion book. it is available for $8.95 plus shipping. www.c-span.org/landmarkcases. > american history tv, a panel of scholars looks at the history of incarceration and prison reform in the united states. panelists examine different trends in prison structure and inmate control from the early days of the republic to modern times. they also discuss the issue of race and the prison system. the national history center st