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and sentencing reform legislation. news makers sunday at 10:00 a.mt and 6:00 p.m. eastern on c-spanm here on the "washington journal" we do a segment calledn america by the numbers where weo try to statistically look at certain aspects of american society.wh and todayere it we are looking school violence and where it stands today. joining us is dr. marisa randazzo. she's with sigma threat management associates and the hi former chief research psychologist for the u.s. secret service. also with us is tom snyder who t is with the national center for education statistics.h tom snyder, what is that on at organization? >> the centerl le collects data education at all levels starting from pre-primary education through higher education. today we'll be talking about kn some of thesa findings we have from our annual report on indicators of school crime and safety. so the news opens up with some

positive things about a decline in school crime.ol so overall if we look at a long period of time we have a decline in school crime this is reported by teens and what we see is thar 20 years ago in 1992 we had 181a crimes per thousand students and it's down to 55 now. >> how do you define a crime? how do you define violence in schools? are we talking about shootings? bullying? >> primarily we're talking about fights. a lot of thefts, these would be. things that might be taken from lockers. it has to be something of a value of $10 or more. these are crimes reported by the students and one thing i think we want to highlight is that there's lots of friend crime data reported by schools, perspe teachers, the students themselves and those can give us a different perspective that can be helpful.he not one statistic is the full answer.

we need to look at various crimes and how the measures relate to each other. >> here are the trends as ate at by the national center for education statistics. the teen victimization rate at school declined from 181 to 55 victimizations per 1,000 ere bu students between '92 and 2013. fewer students were bullied in 2013. 22% then in 2005. >> 28%.guest: tom snyder. does that mean 22% of students were bullied? is that what the 22%? >> that's right, 22% of teens t reported being bullied at school over the past year, perhaps ed c something that's interesting. most of those bullying cases, most students report being bullied once or twice but on ths other hand there was about one in seven of theseed every stude reported being bullied once a week and some students were uden reporting bullyingts i everyday >> so approximately over one-fifth, almost a quarter of m

students in america's schools have been bullied in the past year? d >> that's correct. ,0 >> total crimes00 s reported by colleges decreased from 36 to 18 per 10,000 students. however reported cases of sexual assault have increased and r liu arrests for liquor law violations at colleges were lower in h 2013 than in 2001 bu arrests for drug law violations were higher. dr. vúrrandazzo, we want to br you into this conversation. first of all, what is threat assessment? what is it that youn my l do?oos >> in my lineover work i work with colleges and with schools and also with workplaces and certain high-profile individuals to look at threatening situations and threatening behavior. if a school gets a threat from a student, from an external source, we help them figure outw is thereha really a risk here? is this a real sflet is it a st: credible threat? if so what can we do to reduce the risk and prevent harm before

it occurs? >> so when we're talking about these trends, these top-line hi numbers in school and college violence, what do you see? >> what are you hearing?ming out >> first and foremost i see good news coming out of this data. the decline in the victimization rates that we're seeing for teens is, i think, a significant decline over the past 10, 11 years. the decline especially in bowlin bullying, i think, is very encouraging. it used to be the case that bullying would occur in schools and the mind-set used to be ids. almost a matter of that's just kids being kids and especially boys being boys. aware i think schools have gotten mucs savvier and much more aware and taking an active role to address and prevent bullying not only among boys but girls as well and that has contributed to the decli

decline. >> it appears bores females are bullied more than males? >> it seems that's true. with bullying it's more likely to be females victimized than be males. and some of this isber bu relat cyber bullying, about 9% of females reported being sicyber bullied compared to 5% of malesy >> the does your organization attribute reasons why the drop in some of these figure s? >> we can't establish a cause a. and effect.rk is school school. >> one of the things i see in my line of work is that a lot of school shootings across america had a bullying underpinning to it. i want to be very clear that not every child who is bullied is ao risk of doing harm to anyone else or even to themselves

however we've mean?o ha shootings ofiled across america that these were carried out by students who had been bullied for extensive t period of times. so one of the things i think schools have done in the past ten years, 15 years, is really e the importance of addressing situations as they eg start to occur. and addressing bullying that's occurring not only physically between students that may be . occurring on campus but also in the cyber domain as tom was talking about. we see especially among femaleso a lott of informational bullyin and social bullying that doesn'r take the physical form we think of when we think of kids bullying other kids.aring wh it can take the form of social exclusion. it can take the form of sharing what had been private or tion confidential information shared between two close friends now used as ammunition against someone else for social exclusion purposes.ll so schools are now taking a very active role in saying it's not

going to happen here and it's e not going to happen between our students in the cybere domain. we've seen schools adopt policies that say just because it's not occurring within our walls don't mean we approve of : it. it's behavior our students are engaging in, we'll take disciplinary measures to address it. >> let's get the numbers on the screen. we want to hear from you and fy have yourou participation in th program as well. parents and students, here's the number -- 202-478-8000. if you're an educator or school administrator, 748-8001.m snyder all others 202-748-8002. tom snoyder to build on randazzo was saying, here's a chart. most students have emergency plans. walk us through this.

these are data reported by schools and these are the types of plans they have in place. we see here nine out of ten ies. schools, in other words most schools, have written plans to deal with a variety of emergencies and lesser numbers are drilling the students on those plans so if we look at something like natural ose disasters, nine of ten schools have such a plan, nearly all g schools are drilling on those plans. something less frequent such aso hostages about n 60% of schools have a plan. relatively few are drilling. >> tom snyder, is violence in th schools a new phenomena? >> we have measurement back to 1992 so we can comment on numbers from that period forward but i think it would be naive to believe that there wasn't ave violence from much earlier periods. dat documentations just not statistical data but from the beginning of the 19th century or

earlie earlier. >> back earlier than -- >> 1821. >> why did you start doing this report in 1992? >> there is a -- it was started by the bureau of justice statistics so we worked in concert with the bureau of justice to develop a survey.rma. there was an understanding that we needed to have more red in comprehensive information. there already were other surveys that gathered information on crime from police agencies but there was a need to get also more information about schools as well. and some of the police agency data would cover schools but it wasn't comprehensive, it only covered types of certain e. reported crimes marisa randazzo, we had an earlier segment about violence and we saw 62 people have been killed in school this is year is that a remarkable fig injury? is that a low figure?hing w >> one of the things we see d across the data from tom's

organization and from others ist that first of all any homicide or suicide, any violent death it school is a tragedy no matter what the trends are saying, no c matter how prevalent it is. but we still see when it comes to homicides, when it comes to serious violence where studentse are victimized, students still remain safer in school than they are outside of school, if we look at tom's data, the victimization rates overall show kids are at greater risk in thei school because of a whole host of things that happen to them, n from the minor h incidents to t bullying to the more serious assaults or even to suicide. but when we're talking about the most serious violence that students are victim of, they're at much greater risk outside of school than they are in school itself. >> so in your current position c and maybe perhaps ine wo your fr position what advice would you give to a school?o >> one ofis e the bestnc thingsr schools can do is encourage

their students to report threats and other troubling or disturbing behavior they can ca become aware of. f one of the biggest things that we have seen after school shootings across america from research on school shootings is that typically other students know about violent plans beforet the violence iss carried out i school, it's the students who are aware of this, they hear about it directly from a student who's planning to engage in a school shooting or other school violence. they hear about it from friendsy they see it on social media. they're the ones who know long s before the adults in school know. so when schools take steps to actively encourage their students to say to them you are a key part of school safety, yes, you're a student, you're here to learn but you're a key layer because you may be the first one to know of something troubling of a violent plan, ofn a friend or fellow student who'. feeling desperate, feeling like they need to engage in violencen

tell us.steps to let us know, we can take steps to help them and keep school safe at the same time. >> did new techniques develop after columbine in '99, i believe it was? >> yeah, they did. in large partrese because of research that the secret service and u.s. department of educatioo conducted on school shootings across america. i was fortunate to be part of that when it was conducted but it was ground of breaking and remains the largest federal study of school help s shootings across the u.s. and there were some surprising findings that helped schools do a much better job at figuring out when a student is planning to engage in violence because it's not impulsive. the schooln shootingsthe un we in the u.s. are thought out in advance and planned out in advance which means we have a chance to stop them to stop a student who has stoppen on what we call the pathway to violence. they're usually there because they have personal problems they're trying to solve and they

resort to violence or see violence as the only option. when a school can get in and work with law enforcement and mental health professionals, they can help that student figure out non-violent ways to solve those problems and they get off the pathway to violence and stay off. tak >> let's take some calls and we'll continue to go through the statistics that the national center for education statistics has found on school violence. carl's in neptune beach, i have florida. hi, carl. >> hi, i really just have one question and i'll hang up and listen to the answer. is -- a person that's confronted with racism on a regular basis in schools or even college, and i'll give you an example things written in the form of a swastika, is that bullying? t

andha i'll hang up. >> that would be included, tom : snyder, such as the incident in the university of missouri or racial incidents, name calling, itself? >> definitely, but beyond that there's a special category for hate crimes and we don't a slide prepared for that but colleges are required to report all hater crimes and the nature of the hate so that's something that definitely would be carried in our reports. i think in 2012 there was about 800 hate crimes reported across u.s. campuses. >> how does that compare to other years, do you know offhand? >> unfortunately we only have se the datath for a few years so w don't have a time series with y that. it's new but something we are highlighting. >> okay, over the past ten xpan years, you report, public schools have expanded their security practices and the firs one up there is student est: uniforms. why is that a security practice? >> it can be in a sense that it can -- students that would have

kinds of wear that other ing th students want to take. so if everybody has the same ii type of clothing there's less animosity between the students because somebody has something somebody else doesn't. ac >> andross reduce student victimization along a couple dsn fronts. it evens the playing field so kids don't have designer this on that that might be coveted and someone might try to steal, theh also don't have clothing or garments that look subpar and would be the basis for bullying. so it helps put them on an even footing. >> that goes with a strict dress code. 68% of schools, if i'm reading this correctly, require faculty badges? >>. >> that has increased over the time period that faculty are identified clearly for parents and other teachers and students. >> peter, let me just highlight that. this underscores something in a we le often overlook when talk about school safety and sco

that is that adults in a school, working in a school, having affiliation with a school couldi pose risk for harm within the school. so when we talk about school safety we often default to at i thinking about harmfulno studen, dangerous students. that's not the case at all. schools are workplaces as much as educational so we often -- my colleagues and i often work on cases where you have a staff member engaging in behavior that's trouble organize threatening or someone the school has had to terminate and is now a disgruntled former employee. you have domestic violence at yu situations where someone who may have been victimized in a domestic situation is employed y and their ool estranged spouse may know they can always find that person at your school so school safety encompasses safety for employees in the workplace as well as students in school, the biggest increase in security practices

is security cameras.in 36% of public schools to 75%. that's an advance in technology. the technology has gotten much cheaper so this is something schools can adapt to. it has a lot of security possibilities because they can monitor halls or entranceways so this is a big improvement. >> i think it also may be tied e to why we're seeing a decrease t in bullying victimization where becauseth you're able to have es on places in school where there hadn't been previously often times we see bullying occur in places where adults are less likely to be so out on the playground, in hallways that aren't monitored as much. with security cameras you have additional eyes. and 43% of public schools have security personnel on site. is this a big increase? it has this been study?s just p >> it's been pretty steady.the o

if we look at the graphic, we can see the total has not changed a lot over time. there's an increase with school having only part time staff and somewhat less with full time staff. i shouldpercenta emphasize that percentages are much higher forh large high schools and if you go to a large high school, chances are they will have a security learn from. it could be a school resource officer most typically, so about 90% of the high schools or larger schools will have a security person. >> marisa randazzo, what would you advise? what are the top three things you would tell a high school ta principal or superintendent whee it came to his or her high school for safety? >> for safety. one is have open communication with your studentsmeone at and e every student feels like there is someonetu at your school, an adult at your school, that they can turn to or confide in or share information with. develop a threat assessment process or threat assessment ico team. this has been identified as bes.

practice for preventing school c violence. it gotthe aco lot of attention columbine. places like the commonwealth of virginia passed legislation requiring all of their public ee k-12 school toes to have a thre assessment capacity. this is great for schools to not only prevent school violence but identify problems as they are emerging and developing like bullying, like harassment, like the hate crimes the caller asket us about. and to make sure that there is a climate that feels safe for students and employees, faculty and staff alike. when people feel like information is treated fairly, there's someone they can go to, , at things won't be blown out of proportion or handled in a way that's insufficient and comfortable and safe bringing concerns forward knowing they will be address ed >> what about x-rayarme d detec? what about lock doors?

security personnel? armed guards? >>. >> depending on the school that may be appropriate.ght wa of all of those i'd want to go for armed guards but mostly forp aos school resource officer as opposed to just a private i th security guard and the reasonino think school resource officers are a critical piece of school safety is because they are sworn law enforcement haveo personnel, they come from the local police departments, sheriff's office. they have gone through law enforcement training, they know the laws, they know how to use weapons appropriately and so they have the right skills and schools that a private security guard may or may not have ource experience in.ofe but the key to having the rightr school resource store really enhance school safety is lookinh for people who have the right personality match, the right disposition to be working with kids. we've seen a real change and emn improvement in schools and loca law enforcement working together to select the right officers for those positions.as alm

it used to be a matter of -- it was almost a position that efor officers would take as their nfe last position before retiring. t now law enforcement and schools figure out who who among our current officer personnel want to do this and would be best suited?eir ow when that you have right person, often times it's young officers themselves who pol. get in andlace work with the schools. they actually become a place cm where students feel very comfortable and safe bringing concerns and telling them about problems happening in school or that they friends may face outside of school and getting good advice so they become heir confidantes and an emblem of school safety. >> sonia, gig harbor, washington, please go ahead witn your question or comment. >> caller: yes, i was just wondering how young of a -- it t would start. because my grand daughter is inn fifth grade, she g a note froml. somebody on the bus saying that they were going to kill her andd other people. well, she took the note to her school counselor and the

counselor said "you know what? it's in the past, forget about it, leave it alone." to me that's serious, even though this is only fifth grade, how young do you have to be to start taking these things seriously? and she's bullied my granddaughter before but when the counselor says leave it eop. in the past. but she's threatening to kill not just my brand daughter but other people. so what happened here? >> how old is your granddaughter, sonia? >> caller: e's 11. she >> all right, thank you very much. is what's your responsest to of sonia had to say and i want to n talk about this chart afterwards? >> first of all, her granddaughter did the right thing inponse talking to the s counselor, but if that's the response she's getting i would encourage her to tell other people as well.al i would encourage her to talk to the school principal and call local law enforcement. you can make an independent call, it doesn't have to go through the school. here's why, local law ve enforcement may already be awarr

of situations involving that particular student orortant p hr information and this will be ans important piece ofha the puzzle. the school counselor is often bound bid confidentiality so if you can tell several people, maybe the principal knows infor something else and they've got enough of a critical mass of llh information to do something.e so first of all, bravo, she did the right thing by bringing thit information forward but that response is -- given the aid he severity of what we're hearing i'd want her to tell additional people as well. >> sonia said her granddaughter was 11, according to the national center for education we statistics,re middle schools weo more likely to report violent crimesin in 2013/2014.r tom snyder, does that mean middle school there is's more crimes or bullying or et cetera in middle school than there is e other places? >> twell,his ty that's right. middle schools are more likely

to report these types of es we behaviors. i should emphasize a lot of theb crimes thatee we're seeing ther are fights or students being imt attacked by other students so that's the serious crimes that you see reported here, primarily that's what's occurring. >> one of the examples that's used as kind of overreach is the little boy who bit his pop-tartb into the shape ofe repo a gun o saying i'm going to kill you and they have to be reported now. is it overreach, dr. randazzo, c in your view to report those types of incidents as crimes and violence?rreach will. >> let me back up with the reporting aspect.who sees i don't think it's overreach atu all fort someone who sees that, hears about it to report it to teacher, principal, school resource officer because they can look intoor not it and see s something serious or not? often times we don't see the bot entirety of a situation, we heaa things, hear about things so

pass that along. the overreach part comes where there is automatic suspension or automatic expulsion for thmething like that. that's something we saw previously that i think schools are moving away from and this io zero tolerance policies where e there's an automatic response is someone says something e po context s of thep they -- as you were talking a about with the pop-tart, they ha chew it into the shape ofte a g. when i happened to see that at particularbe thing i thought ite looked like the state of idaho. so if we look at what is this?tb what was being done? what is the students' perspective on what was being done? let's look at this reasonably, objectively and gather other information. are there other students worried about what they saw?hers w are teachers worried about how this particular student is doing? do local lawe ther enforcement things that maybe there's been department of social service t involvement. maybe there's been things going on for the students that'sdisru.

but without that context we don't know.onse so to have a policy where t schools have to take certain ikv severeer disciplinary measures response to these things, that's where it feels like overreach ea and that's what can result in a climate that feels to students n and to employees that it's not safe to bring these things forward because they don't know what will happen if they do. >> janet is calling in from boston. hi, janet.ho >> caller: hi, how are you? >> good. >> caller: can you hear me? >> we were listening, go ahead with your question or comment. >> caller: my question and d i i comment is that myd daughter wa bullied and i did bring it before the principal, went through the teacher because i always tell her you have three responded -- tell the student, tell the teacher, tell me. then when i heard i took it to the principal of the school andt the child had actually ry

physically touched my child and when i told them i was very ot o upset, she said "well, your my u daughter got in a couple of good licks." because my daughter doesn't like to fight, she doesn't like to have any kind of physical -- she wants the education and i said she shouldn't be made to feel like she has to go somewhere and fight and so i was very upset and i subsequently pulled her out of that program but you see you have administrators that are obtuse to what's going on or sag don't want to t react. then you have -- and i'm saying bullying because the child had been went each year something coming up and then t's child has a problem and the problem becomes your child's problem and they don't want to react because they want to be sensitive to the -- and then the

collective work in the classroom can't go on because it's a didy behavior issue. >> janet, did your daughter immediately tell you when she had been bullied or did it come out inadvertently?ry day, >> caller: oh, no, everyday -- see as a parent i would pick her up and i would say "how was youe day?"d. and each day she'd say "my day was such and such, this a dai happened, that happened." and it was a mantra. so i could hear from her on a daily basis as to what was goin on and things i needed to either adjust, react to, let go on, see what's happening and i would say do you think you can handle this or do you need me to intervene? and she would say "i think i need some help with this." issi think i'm going to be okay." but, again, know this child has an issue and now because my child's issue and then --

>> and how old is your daughter now, janet? >> caller: my child is now was 13 but at the time it was going on it was 11 -- between 11, 12. >> thank you, back in the middle school range, tom snyder.an anay but before we get analysis from dr. randazzo, i want to look at this chart. about half of frequently bullied students never told an adult. >> and this is perhaps the areas of greatest concern about those students who were bullied, somea of the ones bullied everyday or once a week, they haven't told e an adult.. that's what we're getting to here and talk about the importance of notifying perhaps more than one person or at least one adult. mar likely school personnel as well as parents. >> and that's the second time a parent of a female middle schooler has called in. dr. randazzo? your response? >> ias think that can be part