and the slow progression toward realizing civil rights. when it was passed, it encompassed all americans. americans of all race, national origin. it is really about the ongoing struggle to achieve that more perfect union. [indistinct conversations]

theext on reel america, mapping of the moon, advances in program.d space ♪ >> 1965 was a successful year for space science. results ofectacular the ranger and mariner missions,

objectives are to explore the moon, planets, and the interplanetary environment that our solar system. -- of our solar system. to investigate the sun. the geological property of the earth. analyzeh for and extraterrestrial life. forevelop experiments analyze theflight, capabilities of trained astronauts, to provide a pre-doctoral training for scientists and engineers and advance the space science research projects and laboratory facilities to best use university research for the national space effort. to develop and manage launch vehicle systems upon which reliable transportation to space

depends. to conduct research on meteorological and satellite systems. and apply technology to other practical satellite applications, such as indications and navigations. in april 1960 5, 1 accomplishment in communications -- 1965, and a compliment into medications was the turnover of -- for years. the basic data plan for them has been largely collected. three was launched in 1964 and moved into stationary orbit at an altitude of 52,000 miles over the pacific. two was launched into earth's sacredness orbit in

1963, moved in 1965 to a new station above the indian ocean. both medications such light serve the department of defense for voice and the teletype to southeast asia. experiments in air to ground communications were conducted craftan american airways in flight over the pacific. the terminals communicated with a california ground station from a position far away as hong kong. in 1965 comicomic indications for jim and i manned space flights were routed alsough the syncom three-- in 1965, communications for manned space flights were routed through syncom three. a directad was

outgrowth of syncom development. wasfirst "earlybird" inaugurated in april. it made possible the live television transmission of the gemini six and july 7 recovery- -gemini seven recovery. this was first developed for nasa's communication satellite program. first prototype model of an application's technology satellite was produced under the direction of goddard space flight center. this program is a major nasa effort in communications, navigations, and meteorology. it is concerned with the advanced technology of gravity gradient and spin stabilized orientation systems. it will also be used for antenna and analyze asian of environmental impact on components.

zation of environmental impact on components. the delta vehicle used in 9 has beenairo's used to launch successful satellites in 34 attempts. this improves upon the remarkable record of 22 in a row. command initiated the ground maneuver that put it on its side. it was in orbit over earth so it can photograph the entire earth each day. it was programmed to take 400 pictures daily.

each days coverage is confirmed and analysis maps which shows storefronts around the world, made available to weather forecasters. the wheel configuration of used forine will be the weather bureau. will carry cameras for automatic picture transmissions. in july, nasa launched cairo's 10 for the united states winter bureau -- weather bureau. thatmarks the first time for weather satellites were operating simultaneously. in september, all for storm

-- kers cairo's seven entered its third year of operation, four times the expected lifetime of a weather satellite. another use was whether muttering before and after the eight-day gemini five spaceflight. the mission was shortened by one orbit because of oncoming storms. nimbus is now the focus. work on the second flight module began in 1965 under the direction of goddard. scheduled to launch in 1966, and nimbus will carry daytime and nighttime systems. an attractive feature will be the ability of small, relatively

inexpensive ground stations to receive life pictures during the daytime and infrared pictures at night. 1965 has seen multiple a competence from the lunar and planetary programs-- accomplishments from the lunar and planetary programs. the exemplary pictures and sent back from the successful ranger ssion made modifications to earlier theories about the moon, resulting in lunar maps and models of accuracy and scale to within a few feet. area within the see of photographs was renamed "the lone sea."

gena has provided a vehicle system. 10 out of 11 lunches were successful. they ranger system is key to the objectives. the key to these was the accurate guidance and command system and camera technology. the systems performed at their was when ranger nine launched of successfully in march. as it approached the moon, it sent back from six cameras more than 58 pictures of the lunar surface. here's a sped up sample. nine marked the

completion of a successful program managed by jpl for nasa. we learned a great deal from this program about the topography of several lunar areas. for example, we know that the lunar surface within a crater like our conscious-- rangers.hed by earlier the surfaces may be suitable for the landing of the unmanned surveyor and the manned lunar excursion module. the craters suggest present or past volcanic activities. photosctacular final were seen live on television by millions of americans as they were taken. they had a resolution of better than one foot just before ranger nine impacted within a mile of the target.

continuing study of the moon's topography will be accomplished by lunar orbiter. in 1965, a prototype model was completed and began testing. orbiter flight is scheduled for 1966 using an gena-d launch vehicle. there is considerable flexibility in the way they can be tied together. last year, 10 potential areas were selected for coverage by the first mission. include examples of all the of the moon's surface. each is 22 miles wide and 58 miles long. are withine 10 sites the area proposed for apollo manned landing.

lunar orbiter will approach within 29 miles of the lunar surface at parity and will igee and- per remain in orbit for a year. this will be ideal for photographic coverage. the end of the year saw the first flight model of surveyor in final system test prior to shipment to keep kennedy -- cape kennedy. is designed to make a soft landing on the moon and provide a wide friday of scientific data and survey areas on the lunar surface as possible landing sites for manned missions. this flight model surveyor in the prototype which preceded it underwent qualification testing throughout 1965 under the management of the jet propulsion laboratory. the spacecraft was subjected to

vibrations tests. it went into a simulated space environment in the solar thermal vacuum chamber. shipped tope was keep kennedy. -- cape kennedy. here it was used to test out launch procedures. it was tested in the california desert, where it underwent compatibility testing. on november 22, a most significant milestone was passed in the surveyor program. a test vehicle performed successfully in a combined tether and dissent test -- desce nt test in new mexico. the goal was to observe the capability of the spacecraft.

you will note that once the vehicle was released from the balloon, there was no discernible displacement in or roll., oyaw, it responded to the commands of the flight control subsystem. after release, it automatically adjusted to be planned dissent directory at a constant dissent-- descent directory and a constant descent rate. in effect, the spacecraft maybe simulated lunar surface landing and was recovered by parachute at an altitude of 500 feet. from this first successful performance of the model, we can

conclude that the design is adequate to guide a spacecraft to a gentle landing on the moon. the system will undergo further testing. many problems, managerial and technical, were overcome during this year of qualification and test. now, a surveyor spacecraft is nearing acceptance for the first mission in the most difficult project yet undertaken in the space science and applications program. vehicle hasch completed the first phase of its development with a successful launch in august come a carrying a surveyor dynamic test model. centaur is now qualified to meet descentr direct dissen requirements.

it should be completed in late 1966. beyond the moon, the planetary program in 1965 saw successful completion of the mariner mars mission. four had to be launched under the pressure of the timetable of celestial mechanics, providing only a short window once every two years during which a mars mission could be launched. the first attempt was unsuccessful due to a faulty short. in november 1964, mariner four was successfully launched with a new shroud on time for its historic journey to mars. way, mariner four give us our first look at interplanetary space between earth and the orbit of mars. it sounded much like that between earth and venus, with

one big exception. a notable peak in the impact rate of cosmic dust activity was recorded on the monitors of the men object -- mariner project. this returned 20 million scientific measurements during the course of the flight. , when 307th day of flight it passed me on the effective range of data transmission, it was 191 million miles from earth, a standing record. its life will extend beyond 1967. it measured no evidence of radiation belts, such as we have near earth, and no scenic and magnetic field -- significant magnetic field. this suggests that mars, unlike earth, may have a solid core.

1965, as the fly like, tracking stations of the deep space left around the world and the scientists at mariners control cord needed a command that turned on the cameras. manner for began to take pictures. there were 22 and all. -- in all. picture data was stored on magnetic tape for later playback. as it moved behind mars, changes in the radio signal passing to the atmosphere of mars was recorded. experiment showed the martian atmosphere to be thin and revealed the existence of an ionosphere. incture information digital form came in at 6:00

a.m. on july 19, 1965. converted into shades of gray, this was what the first picture looks like. a revelation, comparable to galileo's first field the moon through telescope. there were 22 pictures taken. the last data range of 7500 miles. there was scant evidence of corrosion. that the martian surface may be as it was one billion years ago, with little water present. perhaps the best is this one, showing craters, possibly caused by meteors distributed on mars in a pattern similar to that of the moon. after playback, mariner four returned to reporting on interplanetary space.

the last data was returned on october 1. we may be able to resume tracking in 1966, hoping for more good data when it moves near to earth in 1967. the mission answered many questions. the big one, "is there life on for the voyager exploration. voyager is designed to explore mars by automated spacecraft. landing capsules may be adaptable to other exploration. in 1965, the first part of the design definition for the voyager spacecraft system was completed by each of three contractors. the voyager spacecraft system will orbit mars to make measurements similar to those made by earth satellites. intendedcraft is also

to carry instrument capsules which can land on the surface of mars to make a direct biological, meteorological, and geological measurements. in 1965, tests began with a new tool to guard against contamination. rooms, like this experiment of facility, instruments necessary for planetary landing may be assembled. this is assured by a flow of clean air from ceiling to floor and continuous monitoring. meanwhile, explosion continues with a new series of pioneers. pioneer six was successfully launched from cape canaveral by improved delta vehicle.

this carries experiments in cosmic rays, magnetic field, solar plasma, and radio propagation. it will send back measurements from up to 100 million miles away in the regions between the earth and venus. man in space made significant contributions to cited knowledge grade during the gemini flights, astronauts performed a wide array of scientific applications and technology experiments. most spectacular has been the color photography from the gemini spacecraft. for the grass like these have immense potential for the study of geology, water resources, glaciers, oceanography, meteorology, for street, and even agriculture.

physiological and biological experiments in which the astronauts were subject or experimenter demonstrated the effects of the space environment on man and other forms of life. some 30 experiments are in preparation for fourth -- for earth-orbiting apollo missions. these future manned space experiments will require specialized scientific training. in 1965, 5 scientist astronauts were selected. they have started their training. , curtis owen garriott schmitt, harrison edward gibson, and joseph kerwin. many projects within the complex bioscience program relate to

manned spaceflight. lunar and planetary explorations , or deep space probes. the compliments of the bioscience program in 1965 touch upon all of these variables. the first flight model of the bio satellite is now being built and tested. the manager of the biosolids program has assisted experimenters in preparing 13 experiments for the first bio satellite flight, a three-day orbit. time lapse photography shows the test cycle for some experiments. the effect of weightlessness on movement will be studied using the pepper plants. evidence --al embryological growth will be studied on frog bigs.

experiments will be flown to study the combined effects of weightlessness and radiation. bacteria, mold spores, plants, and several insects will be used. this mockup of the bio satellite shows the configuration for a 30 day mission. it will orbit the earth for days toof 21 to 30 determine the effects of the space environment on human cells , rats, plants, and monkeys. the physics and astronomy program is of fundamental importance to the national space effort. this is a major element within the program. geophysicalbiting observatory was launched from cape kennedy in 1964. the second went into a nearly polar orbit from western test

range in october 1965. both had trouble in orbit. deploy on the to first. the second had an orientation problem. both are considered failures, but successful based on the quantity and quality of data they returned. operating 15still months after launch. the second was only in orbit a few months and has returned less data, but completed many successful orbits in a stabilized mode not achieved by the first. they continue to get data in the present spinning mode. they have proven the capability to make a broad spectrum of measurements at the same time in the same place in the previously ofe or less separated fields

magnetic field research and radiation research. experience has been incorporated into the design and test of the new spacecraft. they will carry the same pa yload and be launched in 1966. the oribiting solar observatory will research the blocking effect of the atmosphere. they contain a number of complex experiments designed by a government agencies and universities.

osl 2 was launched in 1965 and placed in orbit. abo the 10 experiments ard returned new information about the sun. this included measurements of the solar outlook in the near-ultraviolet x-ray and gamma ray region. osl2 will be reactivated at a later date when slick conditions have changed. osl 3 failed to orbit and was lost in the atlantic. the experiments lost will be duplicated in the fifth osl.

they are in various stages of fabrication and test at the contractor plant. present knowledge of the sun has shown the need for a higher position, higher capacity spacecraft for the study of solar phenomena. last year, and engineering model of an advanced orbiting solar observatory was completed. the stabilization and guidance system is being built. some sensors are under testing laboratory -- under test in the laboratory. astronomy, the study of the universe, achieves new dimensions in the ability to put instruments above the earth's atmosphere. here, they may measure gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, and radiowaves that will not reach the ground. after five years of

exceedingly difficult developing work, the first orbiting astronomical observatory was being readied for flight. the experiment packages have been tested and integrated into the first flight model. ao will contain packages from university wisconsin, goddard space flight center, and other scientific agencies and universities. completedype model altercation tests at the contractor. it will serve as a leader spaceflight craft. markedt year saw a progress toward establishing an observatory in space that can be used by a number of astronomers free from the distorting effects earth's atmosphere. additional export

satellites were launched. of the most important areas of research is the magnetosphere. it has been the result of experiments by early pioneer satellites and confirmed by the first interplanetary monitoring platform. .m.p. alloweder i afterudy of satellites the first in 1963. particular, they are exploring these shockwave and transition region on the sunward side of the magnetosphere, and the extended tail on the night side of the magnetosphere.

april, explorer 27 was put in orbit. it is measuring earth's gravitational field through doppler tracking. in addition, it's transmitters provided to observers and 36 data on the content of the atmosphere. this is a major element in our scientific program. another explorer was the from thesatellite johns hopkins physics laboratory. it is an active satellite containing systems and reflectors. for a detailed study of the earth's gravitational field and a reference for precision mapping. it was successfully launched in november by an upgraded version of the delta launch a vehicle that were being tone for the first time. in 1965, another geodesic

launched-- it will be in 1966. from satellites built by other nations and nasa in 1965. this combined the canadian nasatte b with the explorer in a piggyback configuration. already the results of this completely successful experiment have long -- added considerably to our knowledge. btw or overburdening within approximately one -- the two are orbiting within approximately one mile of each other. the explorer has mistreated successfully another novel attitude control system which should be useful for future missions.

the ship was launched in december. it will investigate very low-frequency radio signals in space. launched by nasa's only all solid space vehicle, scout. scout has been used for nasa, the department of defense, and international organizations. like explorers, the founding rocket is an economical, reliable, and versatile tool. at in 1965, approximately 130 were launched to continue the investigation of our atmosphere and the periodic space exploratory experiment. in february and march of 1965, the year of the quiet fun, 77

founding rockets were launched from the military transport, along the west coast of south america, from colombia to chile. experimenters came from nasa centers, other government agencies, industrial laboratories, and universities. engine roaring] narrator: scientists and government officials welcomed .any of the parks visited the most important of the scientific accomplishments was the ability to conduct our first rocket measurements of the ionosphere from equatorial regions. sounding rockets have been launched from launched station

virginia. in august 1965, an international set up was held there to an american meteorological network. nasa's university program is providing grants nationwide for graduate training, scientific research, and laboratory facilities that support and encourage fundamental space science research and the 1965,ic community. at in doctoral students worked under camps.rading 70 received their phd's during working ind are industry and that university. during the year, the research grants total more than $13

for 45 universities in 27 states. their interim or final results were a significant factor in accomplishment. engineeringe and laboratories, fully or partly intod by nasa, were put several institutions in 1965. another 16 are underway. the academic community joined with the string government in the national space effort. and a national effort it is. and researchers from colleges and universities, engineers and scientists, administrators throughout the country, and the scientists, project managers, engineers, and tacticians at nasa field and launch centers -- this is the team, these are the men who made

1965 a year of success for space science. some of the highlights -- new facilities for communication, meteorological society's for greatly increased weather coverage placed in orbit. froml results technological experiments program for astronauts during manned spaceflight. and there was progress in the development of a bio satellite to carry other lifeforms and garments into the space environment. the nasa launched vehicle for toveyor was launched complete the first phase of its development program. which our year in knowledge of the sun and the earth was increased by the

knowledge returned from floating laboratories and explorer satellites, space probes, and various rockets. our most spectacular successes -- the lunar photographs of the ranger series and the pictures , which gave man his first look at the surface of mars. these were highlights of 1965. we look to the future, to the new challenges and the continuing opportunities in that limitless laboratory -- space. ♪

>> you're watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span 3. to join the conversation, like cspanhistory. at nader: i want to start by corvair from the my book "unsafe at any speed." this is the original. how quaint. , thatas the 72 update started with the progress under the law, and then this is the , thehat just came out effect anniversary. a lot of times this book is described as a book that exposed the corvair, as if the entire book was about the corvair. the entire book was not on the corvair. it was just on the first

chapter. but look at a private letter sent to gm executive tom murphy before he hadong his problems, i might add. [laughter] was -- he was on the way to becoming in most people's eyes the president of general letter tod he wrote a ,om murphy, very private letter which was about 1971 or so. in the letter he said, "the swing axle corvair was put into -- by the way, for those of you who do not know delorean's career, he was head of chevrolet, a fast,

up-and-coming engineer with an engineering touch that marked him as a real, and the hierarchy. "the swing axle corvair was put into production despite the strongest, most vocal plea against it by the engineering staff experts on vehicle handling and suspension." it wasere protests that unsafe and they made function models to demonstrate how the rear suspension would jack and the car would flip over. told me as chevrolet general manager he had to threaten to quit before the corporation would approve replacing the dangerous swing axle with a slightly more expensive safer design in 1965. all of this data was removed from the files prior to corvair litigation. in my opinion, if you must destroy a file because the contents are embarrassing, you are not acting responsibly as a public corporation. i do not think the last has been

heard of corvair handling. much more time-consuming and expensive litigation is in the offing. many people -- truck used for one, objected violently to a direct engineering without in intermediate safety shield. it is well known all engine systems and gaskets will the cheerier rate and leak in times of the car would inevitably carbon monoxide death trap. there's no telling him he people have been injured or killed by these deadly fumes either dulling their reflexes so the ir safe driving was impaired or causing a carbon monoxide death. this would have been avoided public.cern for the certainly we were forewarned by many of our engineers. once again we can expect much more expensive litigation. the fuse sense that the shield ents that the show

been have cost would have relate. that was the end of his career. shield that was a few dollars, less than 20, could happen a breakthrough and it would not have had the problems it was later seen to have. someone said in "car and driver" the corvair isn't a real challenge to driving expertise. i'm convinced just from that just from that in this room are some of the best drivers in america. [applause] >> 70 years ago on november 20, 1945, international war crimes trials began in germany.

american history tv, historian l gives a -- mark hul history of a case. in an eight-month preceding, trial for put on murdering juice, disables person -- disabled persons, and others. we mark the 70 anniversary of trials -- rg command and army general college. tonight's program speaker, dr. the warl, teaches crimes law in