history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span3. to join the conversation, like us on facebook. eastern connecticut state kiofessor thomas balcers describes how congress in the early 1800s bonded across party lines. however, leading up to the civil war, friendships and alliances disintegrated. hour.ass is about one prof. balcerski: welcome, everybody. it is me, your professor. i'm excited to offer an election on the political culture of the antebellum congress. the outline, we start with a review of the party system. i will introduce a concept to

you of political culture. i will compare that to something we have encountered before, political parties. the bulk of the lecture is going to be presenting new evidence on the antebellum political culture. i have three major areas as evidence to talk about today. one, tobacco culture. two, political friendships. three, affairs of honor. class,e often do in the we are going to start with the image on the screen. i'm going to ask you to tell me what you see. this is lady washington's reception from 1861. take it in. who can point out something you see right away that strikes you?

>> lady washington is on a platform. prof. balcerski: how high do you think she is? off the ground? >> like a foot. prof. balcerski: that's a good piece there. what else? >> everyone is dressed up fancy. prof. balcerski: like you are today. exactly. very fancy. how about a third thing? go ahead. >> it looks like they are fairly close together. they may be dancing. they are all close together. prof. balcerski: very good. i should say about lady washington's reception, she is standing center stage in an elegant gown. there is someone else we

sometimes think of as important in the background. that is george washington here in the center. he is sort of overshadowed by lady washington. the title was, "lady perception," a formal reception that was held and hosted by the first lady, martha washington. she was standing on a platform. and you notice the opulent attire. frankly, this was a scene that could have taken place in a european court, as much as in america. the next image i think you will find more familiar. this is county elections from 1851. what do you see here? how does it differ from the last ?mage ta

>> you see a guy at the top left. prof. balcerski: there's actually more than one drunk person. good. speaking. prof. balcerski: stump speaking. vote for me for president. anything else? >> it is working-class people. prof. balcerski: that is all good. you are seeing a diversity of people. you're also seeing the white male electorate. this is going to stand for democracy. it is a diverse thing. the whole town.

note the african-american to the left of the picture. children as well. although it would be the white male voter, the constitution encompasses many and women, whites and african-americans alike. it is not a question about whether one can participate or if one can participate more broadly in politics. when we think back to the people who stood in as politicians, two people come to mind. from the federalist party alexander hamilton. from the democratic republican, thomas jefferson. they could not be more stark opposites. the federalists stood for a strong federal government. a strong financial and manufacturing base. and hamilton was their leader.

versus the democratic republicans who were wary of centralized government, who were wary of encroachment on personal liberties, who promoted farming and commerce among small villages instead of large cities and manufacturing. jefferson, the enlightened figure was their leader. that is the first party system. it is so-called because of what follows. the first party system was an earlier moment. one of the key issues was the embargo. we see from this cartoon that the embargo is spelled backwards as oh grab me. the artist is representing the turtle bitingarge

at the british trying to break the embargo. it was a foreign policy measure designed to make it so that britain would have a hard time trading with the united states. it was one of the policies that doomed them to a second war with great britain. that's part of the first party system history. the way the federalists and the republicans clashed, where hamilton and his legacies, and jefferson and his successors came into power and faded from the scene. who they left the politics of the united states to were these guys. the men of the second party system. we have totally new names for the parties. although some issues changed, these are the new leaders of american politics. andrew jackson, a tennessee democrat. on the right, henry clay. between clay and jackson we get two very different views of what

america should look like to show -- and i have two political cartoons to show how and the second party system new issues were emerging. the question of the banks. this is the second bank of the united states. we see andrew jackson holding a cane which he walked with. he is trying to battle back the many headed hydra, the mythical creature from great mythology. -- greek mythology. on the heads of the hydra is an individual representing the bank. the most prominent was nicholas biddle, the president of the bank and who became an enemy to jackson in this process. this is something of a satire because jackson would kill the banks.

that whole political story is somewhat well-known at this point. after the bank war, formally the higght party -- the weight party coalesces. indeed it shows the whigs were actively trying to attack jackson. we know he was a man of the people. he was a symbol of american democracy. in this one, the issue under consideration is executive power. at the top of the image, we see the phrase, "born to command." he is a regal figure holding a scepter. you may not be able to see all the details.

in his left hand, he has a ."roll that says, "veto underneath him and under his feet you will see the constitution of the united states as if he is trampling on it. you will see various improvements called internal improvements. things the party stood for like railroads.ls, and jackson is pictured as being against all those improvements. as a whig, this is effective. if there is one thing american politics feared, it was that of a king. remember the american revolution had been fought over this very issue. although jackson himself is thought to be a leader of democratic reform, let's not forget sometimes politics is personal.

i want to ask a question and see if we can knock out a few of them. let's name the characteristics of the democratic party versus the whig party. what do you have? >> democrats. weak governments. against spending. also against tariffs. a tax on goods. prof. balcerski: coming into the united states. excellent. weak government. got that one. and i put up they are against action. indian removal. let's not forget that is part of it. spending. think we have that one. i think you mentioned

antiterrorist. you got them all. remember the tariffs, that was a measure passed under the john quincy adams presidency. what we see are the democrats and a lot of ways, they are the legacy parties of the democratic republicans. there is a continuation through jefferson and his policies and jackson. flipping the coin. what do we know about the whigs. >> the opposite of democrats. for strong government. they are for government action in general. prof. balcerski: that's good. they are everything the democrats are not. strong government.

they wanted certain economic and social goals. the whigs are pro-spending on transportation, particularly the internal improvements like the canals and roads. from the way point of view, it view,m the whig point of it was no tariff of abominations. it was something the united states should enact. and thee jackson democrats are legacy, it can be argued that the whigs secede the federalist agenda of alexander hamilton. although they are remixed, the jackson democrats, they are the next generation of politics. it is this party system that i want to focus on. in order to move us from parties to political culture i want to introduce you to this concept. parties.

i have broken parties into two sets of components. its people, it's the leaders. it is the organization. people. and it is action. you're talking about campaigns, platforms, elections. way to talk about political parties is a group of organized people taking action for a certain result. that's the role of the party. the role of the party is to gain power through all of these things. elections, campaigns. political culture is a little different. it can be said to be a more capacious view of politics. fs, moredes belie

e abstract things like norms or values or attitudes. it includes elements of power, things like symbols and meanings. between political parties and culture, we have a broad view of politics. we can think about how different actors and politicians are both partisan or members of political parties and part of a political culture which may transcend at times those parties or may be limited to those parties. that is the idea and concept i went to infuse the study of political culture, today, a growing field, allows us to get into new concepts. it allows us to go beyond the party mold and look at

interesting things from the antebellum period. i have a few questions to consider during the remainder of the lecture. how and why did american political culture change from the days of the early republic to the antebellum? from the days of hamilton and jefferson to the days of jackson and clay? we want to trace that change. that's the first goal of the lecture today. the second one, what does this emerging political culture reveal about wider american society? i'm going to return to those questions at the end. i want to present some evidence that will help you understand how political culture operated in this period. as i mentioned, the three areas i will investigate today.

tobacco culture. political friendship. and affairs of honor. they are interrelated. not to say that one couldn't affect the other. some are more important than others. these are important aspects of the political culture of the day. when we think about in those terms we see these are ways for us to understand why and how politicians came into conflict with each other before the civil war. the first piece, tobacco culture. this draws on my research i've done. i have not published these findings. but, there are elements of the culture i found very interesting. some compelling images here on

the screen. it's amazing what you can find out there. some of the elements of the tobacco culture i found include chewing tobacco, snuff, and cigars. in the 19th century i should say right now they had not invented the cigarette. if you were doing tobacco you were doing it one of these three ways. tobacco was one of the key ways politicians across parties could talk to each other. i found numerous incidents where sharing a wad of chewing tobacco could bridge a gap that otherwise existed between a democrat and a whig. to convince you that tobacco wasn't just an every day thing that didn't matter for politics,

let me read you this quote from an english observer who came to the united states, who went to washington, who checked out the scene. he said, the habit of chewing tobacco is prevalent in the state. it entirely confined to the poorer classes. senate, doctors, attorneys chewed tobacco almost as generally as the laboring classes did in the old country. more especially in the western states, it is no unusual thing to see judge, jury and the gentlemen of the our chewing and spitting as liberally as the crew of a homeward bound west india man. you have judges. everyone is chewing and

spitting. it is incredible to think about. if you were sitting in the congress you would be hearing the spittoon as clearly as you would hear the politicians. this is really incredible to think about. this is a nasty habit. it is called snuff. this is from a book from 1840 that i found called a pinch of snuff. here is what this office says. a man's character may often be judged by the manner in which he takes snuff. we detest the miserly on -- ungrateful attitude in which some people be their noses. a liberal elegant hand may be

known in this work at a distance too great for the fact it serves to be seen. she is taking a pinch of this fine tobacco and she is putting it in to her nose by way of a snort. when you take it you would sneeze horribly. the second thing is you would get the hit of tobacco in your system. what i found was the most common user of tobacco of the entire u.s. senate was henry clay. this is the guy who is the leader of the whig party. henry clay was more known for using tobacco than any politician in the antebellum

senate. we see william griffith king. these men it turned out had a major incident. it almost led to a duel. it came when senator king asserted the character of andrew jackson is our president, that of his editor francis blair would compare gloriously to that of mr. clay. this was him making an attack on mr. clay for his character, as a jacksonian supporter. it was said mr. clay consider this as placing blair inequality with himself. therefore, pronounced it false and cowardly. get ready. a dual is about to happen. it is a bad word.

both men went so far as to arrange for seconds. in the process clay realized he , is over boards. the two men come to reconciliation. on a personal level they had not apologized to each other. this is how clay does it. there are no hard feelings after the formal apology. clay approached him and said king, give us a pinch of your snuff. and they burst into applause. they knew this was clay's way of saying i'm sorry. this incident demonstrates political actors could rely on a common cultural practice to bind most partisan divisions. what do you think of this example?

i thought it was pretty incredible. >> is there any remnants of the tobacco culture today? prof. balcerski: a good question. we think maybe it is just henry clay. what i found out i cannot believe it. when you walk into the congress today in the gallery there are boxes that are filled with snuff. any member could take it because you can't smoke inside a public building but you can take snuff. >> i actually was watching an old television performance of one of my favorite musicians. it was 1970. it was offensive for him to tell nuff commercial on

the air. times of change. prof. balcerski: we are going to snuff that conversation. we will move to political friendships. maybe this will be more friendly of an audience now. tobacco shows we can all get along. it also shows if henry clay, the ter that therea is, can reconcile over tobacco, maybe there is hope for america. political friendships were a deep part of the antebellum congress. here, i and drawing on my research and others, who talked about a washington brotherhood, for sheldon and my own research i find there are key elements that define the brotherhood. boarding houses is a big part of it. politicians live together.

thinknal organizations, the freemasons. democrat and a mason, or a whig and a mason you , are still a mason together. taverns. politicians like to drink. going to a tavern and talk about over things they bonded. social clubs. smoking cigars, having brandi. this was a thing of the antebellum. and lavish parties. washington was nothing if not a place to party. it typically was the case that there would be balls. this is the case where the first lady would help to arrange those parties. .moking cigars comes up and, more. what we have here is washington

dc that is quite advanced along this line. that was not exactly case when thomas jefferson became president. in 1800, washington, d.c. was just getting started. this shows the white house as it was just built in 1800. john adams was the first breath to occupy it for a few short months. jefferson was the first to occupy the white house during his entire presidency. the washington of 1800 was an undeveloped place. there were swamps and muddy roads. in the capital there was little to do. not so by 1850. one of the big differences when it comes to the city of washington is it is actually a city now. this is a familiar outline to us. a few things the modern washington, d.c. has that they didn't have in 1850. i want to zoom in on this part

of the map that shows the important government centers. zooming in on the map of washington in 1850. there are a few elements that are familiar to us. in the circle you see the president's house, the white house. on the other one you see capitol hill. which means yes, indeed the national mall, the smithsonian institute, and the unfinished washington monument. mp has notf the swa been filled in. even by 1850, there was a lot going on in washington the sides the presidency and the capital. look at these other buildings that had filled in. political friendships took place in the in between spaces, in the other buildings. particularly in the boarding

houses. places you wouldn't expect. like right here. notice where the arrow is pointing. a small building, next to a larger one. this is today by gallery place in washington. it's at a place called the old patent office, part of the art museum. i was able to find this scene from the 1840's. here it is. in the background, those buildings in front. in this photo which was titled the old patent office, the point of the person looking at it might be to say what's important here is and is a tall native building.

what i'm going to argue is that building, the building you don't really see. that's the washington boarding house. that's the place where politicians lived. that is the place where deals got done. let's mention one example of an important boarding house pattern and group that changed the course of american history. they lived in a boarding house on the same street. it's for that reason they are called the f street men. there are five of them. they are called a mess because people eat their meals there. like a mess hall. there boarding house was on f street. you have james mason, robert hunter, david atchison, andrew

butler. what do they have in common? what do you see? >> they are all democrats. prof. balcerski: yes. what else? >> they are all southerners. prof. balcerski: because virginia, that's the south. missouri, it is still the south. and south carolina is definitely the south. southern democrats. the party of andrew jackson. what's missing here from the party of andrew jackson, northerners. where are they? why would a group of southern democrats choose to go on the same boarding house? there's a lot of answers to that question. one result is undeniable.

it was this a group that was more responsible than any other group of politicians for the most important piece of legislation in the antebellum congress. that was the kansas nebraska act. this group marched over to franklin pierce's house and demanded pierce support their plan to organize the new territory of nebraska to permit slavery. there it is. southern democrats have one thing in common northern democrats don't. and interest to expand slavery. this is ominous. this shows the politics of the party through this political culture were becoming increasingly sectional. what year was the kansas nebraska act? >> 1854.

prof. balcerski: what year is the civil war? >> 1865. prof. balcerski: that is when it ends. >> 1861. prof. balcerski: the kansas nebraska act is 1854. the civil war starts 18 61. that's only seven years away. look, this becomes the civil war. what do you think of this example? go ahead. >> i think it's more politics. you have northerners battling

for their views. if they all live in one house, that is how they got their job done. prof. balcerski: well said. the power of the domestic sphere and politics. other thoughts on that? remember these guys. the f street mess made quite a mess. what comes out of the f street mess, but comes out of this is my third category. affairs of honor. this is not to say that affairs of honor did not take place in the earlier time. because they did. the most important of all, from the first party system, the duel between ehrenberg and alexander

hamilton. this material draws upon a book by joann freeman. i look at the affairs of honor in the later. broadly speaking they had a few things in common. they were part of a culture of honor. this transcends both north and south. it becomes more of a southern institution in time. the coulter of honor is more associated with the south. honor is very important to those southern politicians like the f street mess. it's associated with reputation. it can be categorized by different elements.

but it is what you were thought of. at this time europe a tatian was all you had. and sometimes it is like our identity. identity theft, the problems that happen when our identity is stolen. think about that as an attack on reputation. your reputation has been this merged. it's about gossip. it's about spreading lies and rumors. they political nature, a personal nature. it's about posting. now i think we all know what to posts means. to post on social media site is to put information out there. back then all the had were is -- were newspapers. they could precipitate an affair of honor if those postings were attacking reputation.

indeed it often went in this way. gossip and postings. finally dueling. dueling is the last stage in the cycle, and the process of the affair of honor. it was a last measure. there were lots of threats of duels. we saw one earlier. dueling was a last measure. not to say it didn't happen. it did. 2-300 in total in this time between politicians. i want to present to you three examples 31 from this early. of federalists and republicans.

i wanted to start with this one because we get to bring in our own connecticut senator roger griswold. so we have one of our own here. he is born in lyme, connecticut. he was a federalist as many were. he ghost the congress to be a congressman. he's there until 1805. it was a long serving federalist congressman. matthew lyon was from vermont. he was a supporter of thomas jefferson. he became a republican.

they could get along sometimes. they also can get into big fights. what i'm described is the line griswold brawl. griswold had a club in his hand. how did they get this way? it came about an argument over politics. it was during an impeachment hearing of the democratic republican officer that griswold, mr. club was trying to attract the attention of lyon, to engage in the clinical process. he was ignoring him since they belong to opposing political processes. griswold lost his temper and insulted lion by calling him a scoundrel. that is another word like count -- like coward. when you say it everyone gets quiet. eyes pop out.

it's the dirtiest word. you were saying you are a liar. well, it did not go to well for him. lyon declared himself willing to fight, to take on griswold. griswold asked if he would be using his wooden sword, which is a reference to the fact he had been dismissed from the continental army and thus did not have an actual sword. this is when lion's bat on his face. that is a stop there. they broke the men. he made a formal apology claiming he had not known it was in session. but he meant no breach of decorum or disrespect to the house as a whole.

two weeks later, griswold retaliated by bringing in the club. he beat him without the head and shoulders in view of the house. all the congressmen were just watching on. lyon grabbed the tongs. and that is the scene here. they were broken up once again and it led to a house investigation. nothing happened. the brawl was ok basically. this is all part of the code of honor. this is part of an acceptable conduct for gentlemen. apologies had to be made but the fact is it could happen and it did. the that they didn't go on to become a dual is most surprising.

it stopped at the level of a brawl. we move ahead to 1860. we get to another affair of honor. this is more of a loaded gun. this is the benton dispute. we have the mississippi senator who is holding a gun. and on the right we have the missouri senator who has his chest pulled back saying let me add him i have nothing to hide. this one comes from words being exchanged that nearly lead to blows. he calls them at: the nader -- a columinator. benton is a big guy. foot was prepared to respond. he pulled out a pistol. again, the word may not seem that bad but it is one of these words that say you are a liar.

when the gun was taken out by foot you can see he was called back. eventually the men were wrestled away. this is a false alarm you might say. both men were democrats. it doesn't fit into a sectional pattern we might expect when we have two democrats fighting it out. but it is the final example, the most famous affair of honor of all that revealed the breakdown of american politics. that is the brooks sumner affair. in this cartoon titled southern chivalry, argument versus club, you see an assailant holding a cane with his face blocked. attacking a man who seems to be

holding a 10 and perhaps a bill in his hand. that man was charles sumner. the assailant was preston brooks, a democrat from south carolina. sumner considered him a republican from massachusetts. prior to that he had been a wig. charles sumner made a speech in the u.s. senate in which he attacked the results of the kansas the brassica act of 1854 and he went one step further. there was violence. sumner knew this. he wanted to point out there should be blame placed for the passage of the act on a few men in particular. he called out stephen douglas of illinois and he also called out andrew butler of south carolina. butler was a member of the f street mess. one of those powerful southern democrats who had forced franklin pierce to support the

cancer brassica act. sumner makes his speech in which he says and i quote, " stephen douglas was a nameless animal, not the problem -- proper model for an american senator." then he insulted senator butler. he said of butler, " he was having taken a mistress who is always lovely to him, so polluted in the side of the world, the harlot slavery." charles sumner has issued major insults against two men of the opposite party. this scene that took place shows us that the violence in the u.s. senate was starting to escalate. two days later, preston brooks, a congressman from south carolina who was not actually mentioned in the speech but was a cousin of andrew butler from the same town, edgefield, south carolina, he and his compadres

and henry edmondson of virginia, the three of them cobalt. they conspired. they made a plan. brooks had a prepared speech. he probably had a piece of paper in front of him. here is what he said he said. you tell me if he said this. he walked up to sumner at his desk. sumner was writing. he said to have said, mr. sumner, i've read your speech twice over carefully. it is a libel in south carolina over butler. sumner starts to get up. brooks loses control and begins way -- whacking him with his cane. it began to crack upon impact on his skull. we see blood on his four head. sumner was trapped under his desk. as he tried to get out of it, he ripped the bolt from the floor. this desk is preserved by the

massachusetts historical society today. brooks continued to bash sumner until he was on the floor bleeding and unconscious. sumner was out for the count. bricks -- brooks walked off into history. one of his compatriots was to keep other senators away. you see him wielding the cane. you see the ink that had spilled. people who are trying to come to

his aid as much as you see people laughing. some people thought the attack went too far. concerned as well as humored. when you have someone being beaten senseless on the floor of the senate, something was fatally wrong. my question is, you've heard the story now. what extent was it about politics and what extent was it about personal issues? do you make this as a political thing or a personal thing? go ahead. >> i would say any time it gets this heated it is more personal and political. it's probably a combination of both. prof. balcerski: ok. anything else? >> i thought it was political.

one is a democrat and one is a republican. they are on opposite sides. it looks like he takes the political side strong. prof. balcerski: excellent. other thoughts? either way it certainly hurt. this is one of the major episodes in the build up to the civil war. the sumner affair is credited for giving the republican party strength in the election of 1856. they run on two platforms. bleeding kansas, the violence in kansas was caused by terrible decisions by the democrats. and bleeding sumner. that this personal attack

galvanized a political party. i'm one to offer a few conclusions that sum up all this and suggest how tobacco culture, and affairs of honor makes sense as part of the story of political culture and why they are important. and to return to those questions, what has changed since the days of hamilton and jefferson? one conclusion is this. there had been a breakdown of

congressional friendship. it is revealed with sectional divisions in national politics. that it used to be ok to cross those party lines, to be friends. to have those parties. to have those social clubs and different cultural elements and smoke tobacco together. or not. those friendships broke in the climate over sectional division. the most and greatest division was over the issue of slavery. not to be ignored in this moment. i find this is part of my research that the boarding houses became more sectional and partisan in nature. the f street mess, the most powerful and prominent example of a sectional southern democrat boarding house, it was not alone. politicians are beginning to sense they needed to band together.

for their own safety, in washington they knew it was best to stick with their own. this breaks down trust, the personal bond they had once shared. this gets to the last piece. the burr hamilton duel was so infamous. it was one of the few times where american politicians killed one another and a duel. the line griswold duel was unusual because although it was comical, it suggested things had gone too far. when henry foot drives -- draws a pistol no one is surprised. there was a quote that it was the only way to defend yourself against a pistol was to bring to pistols. when brooks beat sumner to the ground people laughed. people said he got what he deserved.

in the south to get one story. in the north you get another. finally to conclude, the political culture had come apart at the seams. ok. i want to stop your and take questions and see what you think. i want to hear from you guys. >> i've never heard of boarding houses. a thousand boarding school. do they still exist in

washington? prof. balcerski: boarding houses. who had not heard of them? not surprised. it's not a term we use much today. it is not in our culture. in fact there are some boarding houses today. i had a bonus light on this. it was this one. i found this article in the new yorker from 2010 about the frat house for jesus. it was incredible to me. it changed my views on what was

happening in washington. there was a group of congressman in 2010 living together in basically a boarding house. you can see what they shared in common was a christian belief. some are still in congress. some have had to step down. the article was talking about the fellowship on c street. it got me thinking about the f street mess. these guys are from different parties. the thing that unites them is more the religious view. it is perhaps not as comparable to the boarding houses of the 1850's but this is still happening.

maybe with rising rents we will see more of this. good question. other questions? >> what happened to brooks and sumner after the caning? prof. balcerski: he didn't go home happily ever after. which one? both? brooks. he died. he had a villains ending. he died pretty early. he died in january the next year. he did not live very long. sumner actually lived a long life. charles sumner recovered.

he went through some serious 1850's medical treatment where he had burns put on his back as electroshock treatment. he was probably suffering from what we would call posttraumatic stress disorder. he was a big man who lived with these wounds his whole life. he lived until 1874. he was a senator during the civil war, he was from massachusetts. he ended up writing the best civil rights legislation. he was down but not for the count. he got back up. he served in the senate until his death. other questions? >> you said they still allowed smoking in congress? prof. balcerski: they allow

snuffing which sounds disgusting. i'm not sure if anyone snuffs today. but yeah. what was i going to say about that? i'm not going to ask there are smokers out there. what i will say in doing my research, henry clay really doesn't go away tobacco culture. i have a slide here. this guy is all over product placement throughout american history. there's a cuban cigar called the henry clay. we see this box is probably -- i'm not sure of his chewing tobacco or a snuff box. i found franklin pierce gets shafted here.

he gets made into a pipe head. there is a campaign to put his head on a pipe and smoke it. kind of a misunderstood figure. other questions? i assume you all figure we don't duel anymore. or do we? i just had one other thing. i had a few slides ready for you. it is this. you are on yourself on doing the paces on the duel. although dooling has ended, the rhetoric of dooling has not. i was shocked. i will member watching this in 2004, thanks to youtube i've been able to find this clip. at the time i didn't believe it was actually said.

this say senator from georgia, sell miller and chris matthews. listen to this clip here. matthews is going to confront miller. it will get heated. >> what was the question? it takes a few words. >> get out of my face. i wish we lived in a day where you could challenge a person's view -- >> he almost could not keep a straight face.

america was a pretty nasty violent place back then. next week we have a return to abolitionists and to reform so make sure you check out that reading. any other questions about this chapter let me know over e-mail otherwise thank you for your attention. >> you are watching american history tv, 48 hours programming -- on americany history. on our for information schedule. >> this is the hardest problem i have seen in government because it implicates america's innovation, privacy, the rule of

law, and public safety. we just have to talk about it how do wetand optimize both of the things we care about? privacy and safety? how do we do that? it is not easy. >> monday night on the chris,cators, josh and vice president for policy, the center for democracy and policy analyst at the click between the fbi and apple over whether apple should help the fbi get into the phone of one of the san bernardino terrorist. what thesealk about cases need for law enforcement in the digital age. dustin. joined by >> physical with device intentionally design to be impenetrable. as a result, we believe it threatens the way search and seizure laws were designed to ,perate for reasonable searches can obtain access to evidence threat.iew it as a real

>> apple and we all are concerned about the privacy of information on the device. we are also very much worried that building any tool that allows you to make the security on the device -- break the security on the device is really harmful. night onmonday c-span2. [applause] election cycle, we are reminded how important it is for kids to be informed. >> i think it is a great way for us to be in warmth. >> my colleagues will say i saw you on c-span. >> there is so much more c-span does to make sure people know what is going on inside the beltway.

>> a panel of civil war historians and authors discuss a union general's 1865 campaign through the carolinas, which followed after the famed march to the sea the previous year. the different logistical hurdles . new york historical society posted -- hosted this hour-long event. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [applause] harold: good evening, and welcome. great to be back in the same seat we always occupied. for those of you who have come to a number of our sessions with john and jim, another one of our deep dives into the civil war. we are promised, and promising each other, that we will do more.