owens did. before the summer of 1936 was over, america's greatest hero, as famous as anyone in the country, single-handedly brushed the notion of not see superiority, and confronted racial prejudice at home. when exhausted and broke, he withdrew from the final leg of an exhibition tour. owens trained as an athlete, but the circumstances and stage pushed him in other directions. social and political. i am looking forward to exploring those directions and exploring this story tonight with our guest, the author of the new book, "triumph: the untold story of jesse owens and hitler's olympics." please join me now and welcoming me to wbfo and the university of buffalo, our "meet the author," guest, jeremy schaap. [applause] jeremy: thank you.

bert: i would like you to read the prologue from the book, for later discussion. jeremy: my pleasure. i shall begin. just before 9:30 p.m. central time, in 1955, a handsome townhouse on chicago's south side, owens sat back in a straight back chair. he slipped back his hair, what was left of it. he put finishing touches on what had been an all day job, rewiring his old home. in a few minutes, he would be talking live on tv about his celebrity. more than 20 million americans watched as he spoke from a studio in new york, first with owens and his family, and then leonard bernstein. the 42-year-old father of three, jesse owens wade 25 pounds more

than he did in 1936, when he turned in the most indelible performance to the olympic games. conservative jacket, flannel slacks, white shirt, and dark tie, he could have passed for a 50-year-old. not that he was not in good shape. he was, a few months earlier he only less0 yards, than one second than his personal best. he held the personal record in the long jump and relays. records he said in the mid-1930's. for his part, he was readying himself for another half-hour. with murrow'sd it other show, in which he had talked with senator mccarthy. had grown significantly since 1936. here, murrow thought was a legitimate hero.

it was emblematic of his enhanced stature. in the 15 years since his athletic career ended, he struggled to find his way financially. he had made more money than the vast majority of his fellow fordcans, dry cleaning, motors, and for the state of illinois, but from the olympics it never materialized. competition, he raced against horses, famously in havana, defeating a bay gelding. 1938, at a game, he raced football outfielders. a also campaigned for republican presidential candidate. in countless ways, he sold himself, but never had much to

show for it, until now. by the time owens sat down to he was well on, his way to becoming an institution. he would tell his story to appreciative audiences around the world. in the years after his olympic victory, his achievements in berlin had been overshadowed by by 1955, ii great but at the end of the first decade of the cold war, he was finally getting his due. he was in demand as a banquet speaker, and making good money because he had been you -- useful to industry and government as a symbol of opportunity that america promises and sometimes delivers. he disputed the sentiments of paul robeson, who famously suggested that african-americans would not and should not fight for the united states in the event of war with the soviet union. owens's in contrast, held an

example of what black americans could achieve, despite the prejudice he had suffered his entire life. he agreed with jackie robinson, in his testimony before the american house un-american activities. he said blacks are too invested in the american experiment to support its enemies. days after appearing on person to person. he went on a goodwill tour of asia. a correspondent in south asia to make friends for the united states. having fought the fascists with his lateness of foot, he would now fight the communists with his charm and rhetoric. some media journalists confused him with a judge and united nations mediator. with was the interview

murrow. finally at 9:30, with a cigarette clenched in his left hand, murrow began the interview. he said it jesse owens was recognized as the greatest track runner in the last century. adolf hitler's reaction as he watched a twentysomething year old black man from alabama run in the master race into the grnd. he declined to correct murrow that he was 22 years old, and not 23. after several minutes of amiable in good he looked enough condition to get out his old track shoes again. his wife and three pretty there was then opportunity to talk about the

olympia. he asked his warmest memory of that august in 1936. owens had been out that question perhaps hundreds of times. , i remember a boy i competed against in the broad jump in we developed a friendship. we corresponded for years until the war broke out and i did not hear from him at all. owens looked down and away from the camera. ae boy he referred to was silver medalist, a pureblood it area in.ood it se had not yet answered murrow' question. he said the greatest victory anyone can have is to stand on the victory stand far from home, and here the strains of the star-spangled banner.

make a lefty you turn and see the stars and stripes rising higher and higher. louderher they rose, the the music. that was the greatest moment of my whole athletic career. they moved the couch and coffee table where they belonged, owens and his wife moved the memorabilia back to the display case. they had been taken out temporarily for murrow and his audience to see. all the tokens of his youth. them 19 yearsed earlier in germany, the eyes of the world fixed on him in an atmosphere charged by in and incendedhird reich -- third reich. nothing diminished the horrors to come. but for those paying close enough detention, it revealed

potential truths. democracy worked on democracy, and the western europeans kowtowed to fascism, owens perfected himself. jeremy, to begin, if we look at track and field in the minds of american sports fans in the 1930's, it is a different place than today. is a track and field today dead escort. people barely pay attention. there are many factors, the drug scandals going back before ben johnson that goes before 1980, with ben johnson and steroids.

mosany ways, it was attractive to world societies -- rural societies. running and jumping are things young people did when they did not live in cities, and could run and play in that way. horse was one of our most popular sports, and now, it you are hard-pressed to see coverage it -- of it in the mainstream press. it is linked to this country's rural roots. in the 1930's, when jesse owens was competing, it was up there horseracing, and college football as the preeminent sport. people showed up to see jesse owens competes. when he broke a whole bunch of world records at a famous meet

in 1935, it was front page news everywhere. rogers,such as will wrote about him every day in the papers. his achievement was recognized universally, he became an overnight sensation. 1950, thecently as associated press pulled 393 sportswriters for their definitive news century sports the most named him significant athlete of the first half of the 20th century. were track stars, more than any other sport. if you were to do another poll for the last 50 years, 393 sportswriters, if we came up with one track star in the top 18, i would be surprised. mentioned that meet in 1935, 1936 amended his celebrity

and place in history. but his athletic reputation, the cornerstone, was laid at that meet in ann arbor in 1935. jeremy: what he achieves in ann arbor at the big ten championships, that is the starting point for me in the book after the prologue, it is so remarkable. people i respect, sports historians, who care about the history of sports and the great moments, many of them still consider it the greatest single day of accomplishment ever. when you think of anything anyone has done, will chamberlain scoring 100 points in hershey, pennsylvania. four home hitting runs in a single game. , consecutiven pitches in 1977 world series. jesse owens championship in ann arbor, with a sore back, he

spent the night before the finals getting rubbed down and hot since. he had fallen downstairs fulling around with some friends. he gets out onto the track, and in the space of less than one hour, there was some dispute whether was 55 or 45 minutes, but it was less than an hour, he breaks five world records and ties another. that was in four different events, the 400 yard dash, 200 yard dash, hurdles, and broad jump. the records were remarkably durable, in fact, broad jump record he set, he jumps 26 feet, eight and a quarter inches. that is half a foot farther than any human being has previously leaked. farther than he would ever again leap, and the world record until

1959. bert: you mentioned he was at his athletic heat, yet he was still improving. in what ways? it or not, ase great as he was, he had been a star since he was in high school. times thatrkable made him among the fastest people in the world since he was 17 years old in high school. but he never had a good start. quite get out of the blocks when he was racing. blocks were a relatively recent innovation. he could not get a quick start. over the. period of -- over the months, it became an international story that he could be beaten because he was not great at getting a good start in a race. that is why, as great as he was

, and all the records he said at those distances, he was a much stronger 200 meter, 220 yard sprinter. at the length of that distance, you could compensate for whatever poor start you may have had. much of the jesse owens at story is tied to his relationship with good coaches? jeremy: i think a lot of it. there are two coaches in his life. there is the coach who discovers him when he is in elementary school, even before he gets to high school. .harles riley i have this picture of him in my mind from research, i've seen photographs of him. 50 years old whehe first sees jesse owens, but he looks like he is 70. white hair, extremely frail,

short, ways may be 100 pounds. ybe 100 pounds. pennsylvania, a mining town, known as the switzerland of america, the richest town in america because of such a high percentage of millionaires in the mining industry. he was not from the rich side of town. he spots in jesse owens, literally as he is running around the schoolyard, a remarkable talent. enthusiasts,sports left track in particular, horseracing. sons do not share his ambitions, athletically. he becomes a father figure to jesse owens. the first white man, really, who embraces -- jesse sees as colorblind. jesse meets them shortly after treks northward from

alabama to cleveland. he retains this relationship with riley throughout his adolescence and back through the olympics. coach, who guides them at ohio state, larry steiner, -- snyder, he is like a big brother. he competed in ohio state himself. differentltogether kind of influence on him. what are the things larry snyder did to make sure jesse owens was team captain at ohio state? that was a time when african-americans were not allowed to live on campus. how unusual was that distinction? one.y: he was the only

it would have been ludicrous that anyone else was selected team captain after what famous this jesse achieved. nevertheless, he could not live on campus. columbus, ohio, where ohio state is situated. jesse was a such a highly respected teenage athlete, the issue of where he would attend college was debated in the black press. many observers thought he should go to a school that displayed progressivism. some said he should go to a historically black school. ultimately, jesse goes to ohio it helped him locate a job for his father, secure athletic scholarships. but he had to secure our jobs to make and meet. state, and aso

much as he is living a segregated life there away from the main body of campus and white student body, larry snyder makes every effort to integrate him and his other great competitor on his team, david , and make him feel welcome. it jesse in college competes against usc, the associated press refers to him as a super athlete of modern times great is this debatable in 1935, given joe lewis? arbor, theer ann records he said, what he achieved there in under an hour, made him a phenomenon. laurels are thrown at him from every corner. he starts reading the clippings

himself, he follows up that with a series of similarly spectacular performances. he is, at this point, only the second most popular african-american athlete in the country. an undefeated heavyweight phenomenon. he is coming along at a time in boxing when the heavyweight division has been bereft of a true superstar since jean turney's retirement in 1928. lot of people are extremely enthusiastic about joe lewis, especially the black community. even the white community embraces joe lewis, in a way that jack johnson, was not embraced. but joe lewis has not won the championship yet. him ald be hard to call super athlete of modern times.

point, he is an undefeated challenger. owens is already the best in the world at what he does. it is a sport that matters a great deal too many millions of americans. rivals on theut track itself? the amazing thing about jesse owens's summer of 1935, begins in ann arbor with this spectacular achievement, six records. then he goes to the west coast and wins nine out of nine events in which he ventured to read the springs and the jumps. he dominates the ncaa championships. then, his personal life intrudes. he realizes pretty quickly that

being a celebrity has some drawbacks. forarticular, he is exposed courting a beautiful young woman in los angeles while he is out there. this is at the same time he has a fiance and a child back in cleveland. there are threats made of a breach of promise suits. by the time he gets to the aau championships in nebraska, he concentrate anymore. he loses badly there in the sprints. a finishes third behind ch --w named ulysses co peacock. andses goes on to beat him four consecutive sprints. physically, owens is a beautiful

young guy. he is a light come on 160 pounds, perfectly perforce -- proportioned. is a football player, thicker and bigger. peacock start eating him, race after race. it was clearly fatigued. at some of the writers recognize that. other people, including charlie paddock, the great american's printer of the 1920's, said peacock has got his number. goes from being a favorite in the olympics, to being downgraded to a long shot after peacock defeats come on several occasions. columnist in the there -- they were writing about him losing race after race. owens himself is quoted as

saying, i think i peaked in may. ulysses is getting stronger and stronger, i don't think i can keep up with them. there were analyses of whose star was better. peacock was a very serious challenger. bert: you are listening to "meet the author," this is your station wbfo. we are working from the university of buffalo campus today. we are speaking with author jeremy schaap, and we are discussing his book "triumph: the untold story of jesse owens and hitler's olympics." buffalorising.com is proud to support programming on wbfo. celebratesng.com buffalo and our citizens. they have retail locations rapid city, and available online at buffalorising.com. if there was a real threat to jesse owens's prospects, it was

not just peacock, but a growing boycott movement. time that therst politics really intruded upon the modern games? it was, except in the sense that there were no olympics in 1916, because of the first world war. that exception aside, i would say so. of my knowledge, it was the first time there was serious talk of a boycott. in thecott was not just u.s., but great britain, france, around the world. there were a lot of democracies debating the idea of whether to participate in the olympics taking place in hitler's germany. the debate made more complicated, by the fact the games were awarded to germany in 1931, before hitler came to power. people had a wait and see approach as to what would happen.

only one year into hitler's reign, it was apparent to enough people that what was going on over there was intolerable. there were millions of people working very hard to see their respective countries boycott those, and the winter games taking place in germany in 1936. it became a very heated political discussion. there were a lot of nuances to it. again, it is not a story many people remember at all. we remember the boycott in los threats in south africa's games later on. this is the beginning of the

politicization of the game. bert: what about in the u.s.? --emy: that was injured promoted by a jewish industrialist, engineered by a irish-catholic tammany hall, , the president of the athletic union. they were responsible for certifying american athletes. trip, ad for the representative in the community. certifies the athletes and conducts the trials. he is the president of the aau, an accomplished athlete himself. he could've been a horatio like horatio alger.

irish immigrants that work themselves through nyu and nyu law school to become a prominent judge, and worked throughout his racism andbat bigotry. his spoil in this debate, is the former head of the aau, avery comes at it from a totally different perspective. bert: what about moving the games? was that ever considered? jeremy: it did come up on several occasions. bert: what were some of the choices? the two nation's most eager to host the games if they were taken away from germany, were fascist italy and fascist japan. that should have given people tojo andcation -- mussolini wanted the same thing, you had to wonder about motives.

they campaigned quite brazenly to get the games relocated. the games in 1940 were supposed to be in tokyo anyway. 1937, a take the games away from tokyo after the , and helsinki,na those gains never took place either. there were also plans for so-called people's games in barcelona. -- i the republican forces should not say the republican forces -- those people who favored the republican side in the spanish civil war, which was just getting underway, were behind. brundage ended up touring germany as the boycott debate was going on. what was that for like, and what did he learn? predisposeddage was -- what happened, the boycott

movement got so far, and so much political will behind it, not just mahoney, but nine governors, u.s. senators, congressmen, some of the most prominent citizens of the country, that brundage was forced from a public relations perspective to go to germany for essentially an inspection tour. the issue was, how they were treating the citizens, if they were according german-jewish athletes opportunities in the olympic games. brundage goes on a fact-finding mission. he had already written a letter to a publication suggesting that he was predisposed to keeping germany in the benefit of the doubt. it is pretty clear that avery brunda, one of the most powerful people ever in amateur in -- athletics, was a racist. he was an anti-semite. germana germanic file --

ophile. he spent a good deal of time in germany, married a german woman, and died in germany. bert: when the signs of discrimination were so obvious, the nuremberg laws had taken effect, german-jews were stripped of their citizenship, there was not a german athlete on -- jewish athlete on the team what was the motivation to getting the u.s. team to berlin? why do it with the obvious injustice there? jeremy: he was remarkably stubborn. he did not want to see anything intrude on the olympics. there are people who described him better than i am describing him now. intransigent.bly that was his great strength. principled in his own

way. he could not see that it was the who wereeturning -- turning this into a political propaganda spectacle. people preventing it from being a success were turning it into politics. if avery brundage were alive today and saw what the olympics had become, the commercialization of the game, he would be appalled. some of that you can say is admirable. he was not like a lot of the amateur officials, simply did not want to see just the rich kids compete. he had been a poor kid himself. he believed in this idea that the games must go on. and the head of the international olympics committee in 1972 in munich, the most

were, words he uttered the games must go on in the aftermath of the massacre. bert: it is still 1935 is the debate is going on. you pointed out no one could foresee the horrors awaiting germany. is the subject of german discrimination against jewish athletes, was anyone in the press talking about discrimination of african-americans in this country? jeremy: that is the great irony of the whole thing. story hasowens of been distilled for such a long time, 70 years. the cliff notes version, grandson of slaves, sons of sharecroppers, goes to hitler's germany. there were so many opportunities that were more complex than that.

debate is really interesting in the sense that principled,y americans of saying we cannot go to hitler's germany in any way to help legitimize this holy ly evilgime -- whol regime. jesse owens could not check into hotels in virtually any american city. not just in the deep south. he could not eat in restaurants, or stay at the same dorms at ohio university as his teammates. the argument struck some as the you'reof hypocrisy, telling us we cannot go to hitler's germany because of the way he is treating this miniscule jewish minority, and yet, it is the way we are treated as a black minority. this was a debate that went

back-and-forth. weigh in the athletes on this? how do they feel about the debate? jeremy: jesse was only 22 years old as this was taking shape. the first time he was asked about it, he said if what you say is true and they are treating the jews as poorly as they say, we should not be in germany. we should not be over there, supporting their economy are giving them this opportunity, this propaganda opportunity. but larry snyder pulled him aside, and says are you crazy? you want to boycott? is your only chance, especially as a black american. how wealth are you going to make an adequate living to support your family? rise to au going to position in society better than

your father or grandfather? olympics,o go to the and you will be the anti-boycott forces. besides, what difference will it make? the games will be there anyway. this is the argument jesse listens to. at the same time, he gets impassioned plea from people in the boycotts community, including the head of the and of begging himacp, not to go to the olympics. he says that bigotry anywhere is intolerable, and you should not in any way condone it. passively, just by attending the games. pleas.istens to the and like virtually every other athlete who has a chance to be on the olympic team, rejects them.

that is what athletes do. they want to compete. there were jewish track start to went on the team to berlin. also, jesse recognize on some they say we are subhuman and they are the master race, how am i going to disprove that if i am not there? think that was foremost in his thought process. foremost was, i am in natalie, i compete, this is my chance. bert: this is your npr station, you're listening to wbfo. we are at the university of buffalo north campus. i want to invite some of the audience and get them involved in our discussion. audience member: what gave him perseverance?

i think owens is remarkably cool under pressure. has been in pressure-packed situations before. he was one of these guys who found a way to always rise to the occasion. coaches, larry snyder and charles riley were very important in that regar and his mother was important in that regard, as well. she had instilled in him at a very early age the notion that he could be special. he was one of 10 children. there was no reason to believe that he would be able to fulfill her hopes for him. but, she did at a early stage in his life give them a constancy that remained throughout.

good. was also really that gets lost in discussion. he was just really really good at what he did. it is not like a sport like baseball, football, if you are a track star you measure yourself against a stopwatch. a graphically compete against everyone in the world. just someone holding a stopwatch at the other end, and the numbers did not lie. he knew who he was. and barring some kind of significant injury, there was no reason anyone should be able to defeat him. fo poisoning was his biggest fear, more than competition. is fascinating reading newspaper accounts of the games themselves, the events themselves. there was a skeptical observer, and you point out in your book,

"triumph: the untold story of jesse owens and hitler's olympics," although they had packed away their uniforms and anti-somatic posters, they could not hide what was in their hearts. this made wolf shiver. did western journalists miss what wolf saw? jeremy: it is interesting because as you point out, this was 1936, not 1938. the nuremberg laws stripping jews of their basic rights had been enacted the previous fall. but, there was hope even among germany's jews, that things would get better, not worse. that hitler had reached his nadir with nuremberg laws, and things would stabilize. this was an illusion that the jews were suffering from an western democracy as well. in 1936 he marches into the

rhineland and goes against the treaties of versailles. beforeis was two years the annexation of austria, czechoslovakia, before krystalnacht. theirws would not have full rights, but they were not murdering people in the streets. but there had been people covering the regime in its first three years, and they could see what was happening. a writer in his diaries saw it at the time. a british diplomat said it was crazy to go to the games. another american communicated the same thing to the state

department, but there were a lot of smart people who chose to think that things had gone is that as they would get. bert: i want to take another question from our audience. audience member: and the lipids, he had already won that 220 in the broad jump, before the relay. could you explain a little bit the decision to drop two jewish guys whose times were best end up, so that that for some would have one. to drop them and put another fellow as a sub? complicateds a story, and it has been miss told for a long time. if you want me to get into it in n three golde wo medals, and everyone expected he was done. expected to compete

in the 100 and 200 meter dashes and long jump and give everyone else a chance. after he wins his gold medal, the third gold matter -- metal, -- medal he campaigns for the relay team. that has not been written about in a long time, probably 70 years. in the archival research, it was right there. nothing i had ever read pointed this out. he wanted to run, he wanted a fourth gold medal. ultimately, the two chief judges, dropped the only two jews on the team, on the day of the relay. they are replaced by owens, and

twocould argue either athletes. dean cromwell was the coach at usc. to become ago on legendary sportscaster, one of the finest gentleman in the industry. he always asserted it was anti-semitism that brundage jewsred, cromwell had the removed from the team so as not to embarrass their german hosts. i don't think it is quite that simple. sam soler, the other jew removed from the team felt differently. out formwell looking the guys who ran for him at usc, rather than anti-separatism.

jesse owens did not think it was anti-semitism. there are a million different ways to look at it. certainly, dean cromwell would go on to conclude there were no bans on jewish athletes. but he wanted his runners to win easy metals -- medals. he justified his position by reports that the germans were hiding their best runners to surprise the americans. that is demonstrably absurd, you cannot hide world-class runners. their posteriors kicked in the individual races. job to put they best four guys i can out on the track, especially because i am

hearing the germans have hidden these guys. that does not make any sense. by 400 relay, he picks guys for the trials, and the guys to finish first and second, are not on that relay. they both had to be black. already the golden the bronze medals. brit had won the silver medal. yet, neither of those guys ran in the relay, and the u.s. loses by a full two seconds to great britain. that is a long way to say he was not consistent logically. the controversy of that meeting where he announces that the two jewish athletes were off.

said, i could not find any record of him having said that, he got up and said let sam run. that makes more sense to volunteer someone else's position as well. ralph metcalfe would become jesse's best friend. he said that jesse did not say a word. i tend to believe that jesse, after having campaigned always to be on the relay-- about 10only have minutes left, and i want to go to two other events. the relay was a lens unprecedented fourth gold medal. but the idea of the snub from

adolf hitler, where is the fact and where's the fiction? jeremy: this is another one that is hard for me to be sustained on. cinct on. people think adolf hitler snubbed jesse owens, but that is not true. it is true that hitler did not recognize him, did not go out of his way to congratulate him, did not find a way to a knowledge his achievement. the sub story, as jesse owens said at the time, was false. what happened was this. on the first day of competition, --won gold one medals. he congratulated them very publicly. won. two finns

and these guys look more aryan and blonde than the germans themselves. he congratulated them very publicly. the other obligation going on that day was the high jump. medal was clearly going to go to an african-american in cornelius johnson. them,mpetition runs along not because there is a jump off americans, one white, one black. hitler leaves before the competition is decided. rain, he leaves, and now there is an uproar. he did not want to have to congratulate a black american that would have won. if anyone was snubbed, it was

cornelius johnson. said there was no offense intended, i was just scheduled to leave. it might be true. i don't think he was looking forward to shaking johnson's hand, but it could be true that he was simply adhering to his schedule. in any event, the head of the olympic committee is so concerned about controversy, that he reminds hitler he is forbidden from congratulated anyone unless he congratulates everyone. hitler is displeased at this point. he agrees not to congratulate anyone. by the time jesse owens wins l he is honoring his pledge and not congratulating anyone, including jesse owens area still, the sub story is huge. newspapers in the u.s. make it banner headlines, 48 point type across the page. jesse does everything he can to

say no, i think he waved at me once. i would swear he waved at me. some writers think that hitler did kind of big knowledge them. , american reporters black reporters covering the olympics, they report a whole story that jesse was honored by adolf hitler. it is the opposite. jesse went on for a long time telling him he was snubbed. did he say the real snub came from president roosevelt? jeremy: he did. that is another interesting fact. i was unaware of it. 1936 was the tipping point in the african-americans from allegiance to the party of lincoln, the republican party, and roosevelt. jesse owens was behind the curve. like joe louis, he was against roosevelt in 1936.

several stops on his stump tour, he said -- bert: was there ever a more unanticipated friendship to come out then that between jesse owens and -- corny, yousounds have a 22-year-old poor kid from alabama, the grandson of slaves, and a middle-class, highly educated blonde embodiment of i'd -- ideal. he helped jesse with the long jump, true sportsmanship, gave him advice. between the two of them. he grabbed him by the arm, they

went around arm in arm. one german and this african-american, in full view of hitler. they strike up a very genuine friendship back at the olympic village. great tale ofe sportsmanship and camaraderie, and everything the olympics are supposed to embody, it is, i think their friendship. read from the prologue in the book, you mentioned in 1955 owens was finally getting his due. why was that so late in coming? why did it take so long for him to realize the benefits of his success from 1936? jeremy: there are a few factors. he is celebrated, no doubt about that. people want to write stories about him, want to hold him up as an example of american

strength in the face of german -- opsion -- oprah and pression, but they still don't want to give him a job. they treat him like a second-class citizen. his fellow athletes, less celebrated, make money in the movies. it is also a factor, simply nostalgia. need 20 years to become an icon. there is the immediate afterglow when everyone loves you, then people forget. then world war ii came and people stopped thinking about the limbic for a wild. becomes as, he convenient goodwill ambassador for the united states. the soviet system going around the world, saying look how they treat their blacks and their minorities. we can do better for you.

he goes around the world to say otherwise. bert: i was really trying to focus on the timeline. how much time passed between relay, medal in the between when he was stripped of his status? jeremy: one week. bert: he was forced to take part in an exhibition tour that the aau used to fund the games. contract, always is reliant on passengers next event in a train to eat. the relay, and they say get on a train right now. you have to go to the airport, we are sending you to cologne. he competes they are, czechoslovakia, germany, england, all this while the olympics are still going on. coffers.ney into their

and another trip to stockholm. and there were telegrams from -- york of offers of 20,000 $25,000 to appear. finally, he refuses to go on the last trip to stockholm. bert: you have been listening to "meet the author," on npr, your wbfo. , theis jeremy schaap author of "triumph: the untold story of jesse owens and hitler's olympics." carolyn smarts frost is here. 24,ael wallace on april also went musical fare. "billy the kid, the endless ride." and in east aurora, fred pearce will be discussing his book, "why scientists fear tipping

point and climate change." i would like to thank dennis black, wbfo path general manager, mike mckay and terrorists we, our sound engineer who helped tonight. director, and preshow music. johnny garcia, thank you. production assistance as well. welch, and our sponsors this evening, buffalorising.com, and the buffalo division of student affairs. and thanks to our members at .bfo their financial support makes all of our funding on the radio station possible. jeremy schaapini, , thank you very much for visiting us at the university of

buffalo. jeremy: thank you, think all of you. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> on history bookshelf, here from the best-known history writers of the decade, every saturday at 4:00 p.m. eastern. and you can watch any of our programs at any time. visit our website. you're watching american history tv all weekend, any weekend on c-span3. century and images of george washington. rather than focusing on portraits drawn from life, she

looks at lesser-known portraits of washington that circulated around the country during the civil war. -- civil war period. evening, i am the education manager. the university of cincinnati. bring you toto george washington's celebration of his you -- birthday. the american revolution institute is a nonprofit , supporting advanced study, exhibitions and other public programs, advocating preservation, and providing resources to teachers and students. ,ur current exhibition revolution, portraits of independence. revolutionary soldiers were memorialized for their families and the american public.

of the most sought-after likenesses was that of the george washington, the commander-in-chief of the continental army. how is it that american i am pleased to invite wendy to discuss the pictures of washington that circulated. wendy reeves was curator of america of the print and drawings at the smithsonian national portrait gallery. during the 40 years of her tenure, she developed collections that include drawings, fine art, and popular prints, rare books, caricatures, and posters. miss reeves has curated numerous exhibitions and has lectured widely. her publications include books on 20th-century