would rockefeller because he was why wouldtandard oil, john d rockefeller get involved in a program like this? was he trying to corner the market in travel? most people point to rockefellers wife, who immigrated to ohio. her father was a congregational minister, and their home was part of the underground railroad. sojournerreports that truth stayed there any a nice, talking to his children and spending the night. had amily's last name school named after them. if you go to the campus community will see a painting

photograph of the minister and his wife, and the church on campus was called sister chapelle. i thought was because of all the sisters on campus. it is called sister chapelle because of lauren lucy feldman. once they got involved with the green book, 95% of the businesses were black-owned businesses that supported the green book and supported travels on open road. i think we have another clip we're going to show of some of my interviews from the film. >> where are you from? >> new york city, manhattan. my parents lived in our home when i was born. -- lived in harlem when i was born. i lived and moved in queens. >> your parents met here?

>> they met in kansas, where my mother lived, and my mother grew up. during world war ii, my father was stationed there. that is when they met. then my father was sent to france, and when the war was over they got married and moved to new york. and that is where i was born. >> at the woman's hospital? >> the woman's hospital, which is no longer there, near columbia university. >> and your family would go back south for holidays and summer vacations, weddings and funerals, things like that? >> you go south to her three times a year. we would go for thanksgiving, holidays mainly.

christmas, and we would visit my mother's family in kansas. this was before interstate highways as well. >> to lane, blacktop highway spread >> exactly. mountains of west virginia. >> what about food? issue spend a lot of time cooking? >> yes, we would take a shoebox with fried chicken and potato salad would go bad really quickly, see you again at first. -- so you would eat that first. cook,her was not a great but my grandmother would access up -- fix us up. >> ok. -- when did you first become aware that accommodations on the road to your family? >> i feel like i always knew it.

my father used to take me, sometimes he would take me before my sister was born. i always knew that we cannot stay places, or he places. i do not remember. i guess my mother packing a lunch, it was just natural. i traveled from when i was two years old on. >> in the bathroom stops were frightening? >> they framed me. this is what you say. don't do anything accidentally. once we get past washington dc, that mood changed. >> you remember your father using the green book? >> i do remember him using the green book to find places to eat. the thing was to find the black section of downtown, and then we

would use agreement to find places to eat, and at other times when we traveled beyond my parents -- beyond, occurrence like to travel, they thought it was helpful for our education. we took a trip from new york, across country to the grand canyon, california, and down to mexico. we went that far. the waystarted out: all to florida, and that is when i remember him using the book to find places to stay. they passed the civil rights act. i think they passed that in july. i remember staying in the sporting, rooming houses, and at one place we stayed in florida, the owner paid my father to go stay in a hotel, a regular hotel, because they had fighting and dogs being sick on them, and

they had fought for the right for us to say there. that whole trip was a trip. we were the first blocks to go in the white hotels. and in texas we did that. people got up and left, the whole thing. it was an emotional thing. >> especially for a young child. pleading withas your father to go stay at one of these hotels, your father resisted? >> my father was resentful of stay in that he cannot those hotels before, and he was adamant he was going to continue , orupport african american at the time negro establishments . he said i will not eat and there's establishment, i will not patronize them in any way. after the guy sat him down and told him the specifics, the , andfices that he has made

said i need your business, but are you begging you to go, my father did it. and the rest of the trip we stayed in regular hotels. >> that is emotional. remember the first time you went into a regular hotel, checking in? , and had gone to mexico our experience in mexico was way different. we were welcomed, and as a matter of fact my father was a chatty guy and he ran into this man who let us stay in his penthouse. we come gout, and experiences in mexico, a wonderful time. the mexicans were talking about the european americans and how they get drunk, and have bad manners, so we come across the border in texas, and this i remember really clearly.

hotel, we go a into the dining room, and we walk in. my mother had us really dressed up, looking our absolute best. we stepped into the dining room, and silence. it was a big room. silence. everybody stopped talking, everybody turned to look at us. it was terrifying. not smiling, scowling. some people got up and walked out of the dining room, when we walked in. my parents sat us down and ordered food, and we ate, but it was not a fun memory. it was scary to me, and very uncomfortable. you mentioned you were driving in north carolina, and the sheriffs car passed you by, turned around. >> i remember another incident where we were going to visit my

father's family in north carolina, my grandmother, his uncle. we were on the interstate highway. there were two lane highway, as you described, and it was at night. we were driving down the highway, because it would take longer than it takes now to get there, because she had to go through the mountains in west virginia. towards us is coming in the opposite direction. as we drove past, he makes a swift u-turn. my father had a new bjork, and he was very conscious of the new es, and in these small-towns, they know everybody there. he gunned the motor, to out run them, because we were afraid that if they stopped us, they

would kill him or harmed him in some way. was hysterical that he was out run these police , which he did. fast, cut hisy lights, and took a side road. we sat under a tree until the sun came up. he saw their lights go past, back and forth. they cannot figure out where he was. it was really frightening. mr. ramsey: what year do you think that was? >> i was really young. 1950?msey: the >> definitely. my sister was 3, 4 years old. i was maybe 70 years old. that was -- i was 87 years old. that was a while ago.

mr. ramsey: for you afraid to go to sleep? >> i was. mr. ramsey: and he just got back on the road? hours, their lights stopped going back and forth, and we left. my mother was really upset. mr. ramsey: father kept traveling after that, years of the future? >> he was a great guy. mr. ramsey: you never said he did not want to go? >> we never said that. was a person of some stature, with some rights. mr. ramsey: he was a citizen. >> exactly. and they were wrong, not him. mr. ramsey: will your father's name? >> richard irving. and my mother's name was betty

wright. she is almost 90 years old. she is in florida. they retired and moved to florida. she does not live here. that was amazing. [applause] mr. ramsey: that is paula. was in harlem, and that was right across from the polo grounds on edgecombe avenue. and if you familiar with edgecombe? i was going to interview a gentleman who was in the military used green book, traveling across the country. and paula was just sitting on the bench, just sitting there. she asked what we were doing,

fillingentioned we were some people about the green book. she said my parents had a green book, and that is how we got pollock. we had no idea she and all these stories. we have another clip of her that is very dramatic, i hope you get a chance to show it. have a greatou book, heart of the green book, or your family members who need green book -- family members owed a green book, or heard of the green before now? $.25t to an auction, and a gradebook sold for $22,500. now it is a rare book. it was the size of a jet magazine, it would fit inside car.ar compartment of your once you got a copy, you would keep it forever.

some people would make copies of copies, like they do not. -- now. victor green did not mind that at all. he would print about 25,000 books a year. carrier,full-time mail and he had to go to hackensack everyday. once he got advertising, he was able to move his operation out of his home and he moved into 200 west 35tho street, front of a small paradise. music about the famous establishment, and he was there for many years. down the hall from him was this postal union that started in tennessee. they were in room 208, and he was in room 215a that was his energy, that was his workforce. they kept the book going.

even at civil rights bills were wanted toople still stay where they fold comfortable. there was pushed back in the beginning. people do not automatically open the doors and the businesses. there was pushed back. but victor green was a guy who felt like something needed to be done. he did it very quietly, and when he passed away he fell through the cracks of history. i had never heard of the green book, even though i am old enough to remember that time of jim crow. i remember seeing the water fountains and the signs and things of that nature. to a in atlanta, talking second grade class, and i mentioned that it was old enough to remember that great a little -- remember that. a little cross me if i had ever seen a dinosaur. [laughter] mr. ramsey: and so i told them i

was not quite that old. but the books were there. i had never heard of a green book, so i'm going to go back a little ways. back in the 1970's i moved to california. i was going to write screenplays and do all that. i was taking courses at ucla. i was out there for a couple of years, and nothing was working out for me. i was having a lot of fun, but nothing was working out. my parents told it come back, so i said ok. but it did not go back to north carolina where i grew up. i flew to st. croix, lived there for a couple of years, i lived in st. john, the virgin islands and aching back. and when facts health and got married. but when i was in california i met some people. amet a black eye --

black guy named tony and his sister patricia. you fast-forward 33 years, i am theome depot to buy landlord for my youngest sons we can start cutting the grass. [laughter] this guy walks of behind the fsu look like calvin ramsey. i turned around, and it was tony, one of the guys from l.a.. he's had come by the house, i married patricia and we have 8 children. they have a son named little tony. in ar later, he was killed car accident. the police stopped to help him, and someone run over the police officer and little tony. the police officer's legs are broken, and little tony is killed. we have a funeral, and the grandfather comes down from new

york, patricia's father. it was his first time in the deep south, 2001. , ilooks right at me and says was looking for a green book. he still needed one in 2001. he started explaining to me what it was, and i had not heard of it. so i went over to emory university, they do not have any copies. to the morehouse, and they had two copies. so i made copies of copies. that is how the green book fell on me. i wrote a play, and it is a children's book. there was a lady who had a children's book. can you hold it up? the dedication page of the children's book, i dedicated the book to little tony, the young man who was killed. can i hold it up?

this is the story of an eight-year-old girl named ruth, and it is 1953, and she travels from chicago to sell it to see her grandmother. book to little tony. this tells where does what she goes through -- tells what she goes through on the trip, and she knows nothing about her color giving her any issue, until the first stop. talks thatember that your parents or grandparents you about how things are. this talk on this trip and her whole life changes . but she grows from this. kids, when i talked to

they see it as a fairness issue. ruth is not being treated fairly. them, andw it affects then we talk about other forms of discrimination, not just color. talk about sexual identity, we talk about religion, we talk about body shape, we talk about learning ability, physical ability, because discrimination is not just color. it is other things as well. that is what we talk about with the kids using the book. clip onwe have another paula that i would like or you to see. i do get is pretty dramatic, and you might get something out of it.

mr. ramsey: we got a few more minutes. >> yeah. i have one more story, actually, because traveling to kansas took several days. because youing, cannot stop anywhere except the rooming houses. book,mber from the green one occasion where i got sick. i got a high temperature, and my parents were trying to -- and i remember they had the book. there were trying to find a place to stay. we were two or three hours from the nearest place. we would have to go all the way back to st. louis or something, and i was really sick. motels that went to

eedy, andy kind of s bank if we could drive around back and stay in the hotel for the night because i was sick. and i think the book might of had the nearest hospital you could go to. i remember consulting this and trying to figure out what they were going to do. i think they decided we are better off just trying to keep going in the direction we are going. mr. ramsey: no motel would let you? begged and he says we cannot. there is nobody here, but if they find out they will never have customers again. a number offor hotels, and finally he went in crying, which for him was please, my daughter's sake. mr. ramsey: and that did not

work either? >> now. they had to drive through with me sick. alternating. my i remember it, because father was crying, begging with me in his arms. you can see my daughter is sick, please rea. they went straight through to kansas. mr. ramsey: that is incredible. and my sister was not born. >> i remember that. mr. ramsey: that is a great start. >> that really made an impression. and even though they had this book, these places -- when you get st. louis out that far, these places were not that close together. mr. ramsey: and you had information to put in this book from the mailman.

he was a mailman himself. he lived right around the corner. and he looked about for the small paradise was ok to, and worthy i hope is. worked as are, and mailman for 40 years. >> everybody is this book. everybody used to this. mr. ramsey: that gives you a different flavor about what life was like on the open road as far as children traveling with their parents. pleasant, always comfortable, and there was an area of cities and counties

called sundown town, where you are not supposed to be there after sundown. victor green made it clear to avoid those at all risk, because that is what paul and her family fathero the night her outran the local sheriffs. they were in the sundown towns. there, thereaught were violations of the county in the state. ask me some free to questions now, if you have some. yes sir? what to do you say to the so-called african-american about economics and where they spend their dollars? thank you. mr. ramsey: one of the bad things about the movement was that it one time there were a lot of business i.

es. it was 95% african-american control and owned businesses that provided the services. after the integration, those businesses no longer existed because the customers went elsewhere. i was walking the that watching a document or last night on negro baseball. and one of the managers was talking about how great negro baseball was. after jackie robinson got in, they to draw 40,000 people per game, and it got to a point where it was down to five or 6000, and less than that. the league did not exist after that. neil felt like it was needed, and it was an opportunity by far. it was all about inclusion. so he felt like it was still a good thing. >> a two-part question.

did the families and businesses who were listed in this book feel like they were in any danger for being in this book? were there other people in the towns where their homes or businesses were that would persecute them for listing in this book? and do you know of any of those circumstances that occurred? >> no. the green book was on like the underground railroad. it was out in the open, and was keeping things separate and equal. really, it was with the law of the land. this is what people want it. they wanted people not to come to their places. people were not in any harm's way by being in the green book. , i think, carriers extended themselves, because was not part of their job description get people to do something like this. i think they were in the most

difficult position. yes? >> i have a quick question. how did people get their copies of the green book? did the letter carrier's mail them, or how were they able to get their copies? ansell -- before ansell got involved, chris paul mason, a lot of these guys were masons, and the pulling porters have them on the trains, and eastern stars. it was getting out there. they were getting out there. thank you for your research, mr. ramsey. i have three questions, but i will make some quick. with her information about mexico? was there information about sundown towns?

regions soldr mostly books -- sold the most green books? >> the northeast had most of the listings. what happened after world war ii a lot of american soldiers were studying abroad, living in different places. places where they did not have a lot of jim crow issues, the americans were importing jim crow to new regions, like to the caribbean. canada, paris. it got to a point where victor were had to list laces ordinarily beforehand was not an issue. but after the american gis started to go to these laces -- to these places where they said we do not associate with these people back home, we don't want to do it back here, i've talked to people from jamaica who set a

one point they could go through the front door, and it got to the point were large hotels and not to do that. victor green opened up the caribbean, he started doing things in bermuda. -- and then he had his own little travel guide as well. >> added to interview people for the? -- how did you interview people for the film? mr. ramsey: i had a play that was running. after the play, i would be a lot

of running children's books, and people would be telling the things. whether they had a green book or not. i did a reading of the play in d.c.eud -- in washington, a friend talked about his father having a green book. ernie green stood up, he said that aily had agreed green book -- his family had a green book. i did not know paula all. even if they did not have a green book, they still have the stories that had -- they still have these stories.

, she remembered -- shee to her way remembered the dirt came to her wedding -- remembered victor came to her wedding. now, they are getting a little more excited. he is being part of their family -- she is being part of their family. doctoralvening, i am a student. i'm curious about the role of higher education. law wasey: my father in a doctorate in georgia.

he went to morehouse. down intennis the -- tennessee.s those black colleges serve as --els for a lots of people for a lot of people. were really an oasis for travelers. atlanta.couple in this gentleman had gone to harvard. he was teaching for many, many years. when he heard about green book, he was taken back.

all thesed come in meetings, but nobody ever talked how they got there. he felt hurt that nobody confided in him about the travel situation. today, people never talk about it, how they get from your to their, just how it works. sad.s also pretty i talked to a gentleman from georgia tech, his family was out of ohio. tired, he was dead he was a black hotel

following the rules. little boy was telling me this tory. -- this story. i get folks telling me these the great bass player, ray brown, who was varied to to ellat world -- to tell fitzgerald. >> thanks. , when jackie rob was height by the dodgers, they did this and training -- their spring training. i heard that catholics used to

south.ouble in the white or black catholics? [laughter] mr. ramsey: i don't know. i think the color kind of trumped everything you -- trumped everything. once, in indian kid asked, "if i -- traveling, what would ice what would ici see?" was, you know, it was there. , if now, when i am driving i see a name brand rest area, i pull in.han -- poo

i keep driving somewhere that is more appealing. it is like a memory, you just can't get rid of it. >> i was a little bit late. i apologize if you've already said this, but was there one of nationally or regional ones? mr. ramsey: it was yearly, done by state and cities in the state. utah, you name it. these mailmen, they were good about sending information, and he got it, way before the internet.

he was producing this publication. there some more in the back, i think. >> you asked if we had immigrants and their families -- .n our families were any things like that in the book as well? i want to make sure they have the proper table etiquette. the ones that integrated these places, in the black community,

, the onesucated class who had gone to college and the educated people. time,ar stories all the wouldometimes restaurants ask for a black, professional family to come in from the community. it would be an example of things of that nature. i would talk with people about their family history, settling in hells kitchen, the caribbean. they were italian, maybe the bronx lower eastside, jewish.

they would have a place of warship, a place to work. that is what southern blacks did, coming north. the caribbean blacks, i have spoken with, from jamaica and other places, they got here working on the panama canal, some of them. they got entry into the united states, and that was like their own big story. that is our own story, they are here, and the migration continues. green book really was a math. african-americans were traveling they have got things of

that nature, if they were not going to school, and they were the ones going to the state. there was a lot of movement, a lot of movement. another? ok. ramsey, for, mr. keeping this whole storyline -- story alive. library has public scanned this and put this online, and basically a number of different green books. mr. ramsey: i think we are going to show some of this.

another question over here? >> excuse me, sir. the year the dodgers trained in havana, they stayed at the -- at a different hotel. the black players stayed at a boarding house. jim crow laws were brought by americans into cuba. mr. ramsey: yes, sir. the caribbean players were not accustomed to that. from a sports writer

jacksonville, florida, and every year, this is where the yankees moved further south. they had spring training in jacksonville. he asked me to write a and they kindk, of wanted to do this themselves. every year, they would say, come home, and a your room. -- stay in your room. [laughter] mr. ramsey: he had a yankees uniform and a picture of all of it. it was a bad thing and a good thing. >> he mentioned the sundown towns.

there was a book i read that was interesting, because a lot of communities are to the north, not down in the south. pennsylvania, los angeles, they were known as restrictive covenant, but still known as sundown town. it was not only in the south. his research there is that even into the 1980's, several areas would not allow you into certain communities if you are of color or jewish. -- i grew up on bergen beach. you did not see a person of color unless they were walking with their backs between the house. house inetween their the street. in brooklyn, it was restrictive. you're not allow their if you were white.

when i came into the city and other parts, downtown brooklyn, this man come out of there, and they said that is just a way to -- just the way it is. we are not talking very long ago. there was a section of the beach called the "pink " where all the black scope. -- blacks go. they still go there, because they say that's how it was for grandparents and elders, home. you might go there and see anybody out there, spike lee, j gregory. this is their turf. some people don't like the term "inkwell."

but that's how it was. was there someone else? ok. wondering ifas this was mostly used for people who were looking to travel or for a within their owns these -- own cities? mr. ramsey: travelers. people in their own cities, they knew. the travelers didn't know anything about this, not the family traveling by car. the supreme court has rulings, where the states made their own laws. their own rules. people do not like riding the bus.

when blacks became more affluent and mobile, like they were in charge, they started driving. that is what victor green was eliminate. that is pretty frightening. the green book eliminated a lot of it. it took the edge off. >> how is the green book reproduced? was a printing press used? mr. ramsey: victor green owned it. it was his company. there was a jewish gentleman who

printed the green book, and he remembered victor green coming to the shop, to present and get it done. there are people in the printing business and shop that did not want to print the book. leonard,leman, howard said he would do the job. all of the books are online, now. the new york public library has all of these books she ties -- books digitized. own, i thinkour she has a question. >> for african americans who did not have family in new york, who were coming to new york, to stay, how difficult was it doing 1939 -- during 1939? mr. ramsey: i'm pretty sure they

slept and eight in their cars -- to ate in their cars, went the bathroom in the woods. they would stay with their families. i remember everybody in our had a cost in the closet -- had a cot in the c loset. you had people everywhere on the floor. exciting.it was but that is how it was, urban camping. york,e listings of new you have got niagara falls, rochester, b -- poke yo the beauty shops.

everything. of this is a better way to look at it. inn.is the dewdrop brian -- do you see mrs. brian? woman,the lady, the whoever really took control of this green book enterprise. they wanted to make sure travelers had a place to go. a lot of folks think it was all doom and gloom. but it was a sharing of love. it was good, it was laughter, it was celebration. meeting friends, telling

stories, good times and bad times. that love of one another, being show that friendship, things of that nature out there. you would tell young folks today, and people would help them, open their homes up. that it went on and on, for years. it did not matter if you are lena horn for sally horn. when you travel, you are in harms way. -- harm's way. i don't know what those numbers

are. that might be military time. [indiscernible] mr. ramsey: it did? ok. mm-hmm. the federal savings and loan association. you had queens, brooklyn, the bronx. this is amazing, compiling all of this, getting about their -- getting it out there. >> we have time for two more questions. what was the charge for the book? >> it went from anywhere $.25 to one dollar and $.25. $1.25.

victor died in 1960, and his wife kept it going for four more years. we have time for one more question. do you see the need now, for a green book? is there a need now? a --amsey: well, there is you know, it is funny. the gay community, for a while, had their own network of places to stay. gay travel, where they felt safe, they had a green book, in a way. d.c., sheone lady in is kind of connected to a lot of african-american people who own s.eir own bed and breakfast a lot of black people doing business. it is a niche market.

-- nothing wrong with it nothing wrong with it, just, i don't know about -- it is not the same spirit of the green book. now, it is a luxury to stand up -- to stay at a black bed and breakfast in florida or chicago. there is a network out there for that. >> maybe one more. i saw a lot of hands. [laughter] i was curious about the hotels in new york. my parents stayed at the algonquin. mr. ramsey: you know, i think there is a difference. --n i interviewed all of

, thurgoodd paula marshall stayed there. called up is a building 555, where robison and count basie stayed. nat "king" cole could've stayed with his backup. he can play downtown, but not stay. know, i guess it happened, a guy ended upo, buying a building and sold the penthouse to lena horne. calvin, did you know the

west face? calvamsey: my website is inalexanderramseysenior.com which is kind of long. [laughter] if you have a child in your life, thinking about getting a green book. a lot of adults have it for themselves. illustrator.is my he won the correct scott king award four times. ta scott king award four times. equals -- green book chronicles is the

documentary. thank you all for coming out, i appreciate it. [applause] calvin. you, [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] mix saturday, march 19, american history tv will be live before theater in washington, d.c., where john wilkes booth shot president abraham lincoln in april of 18 625 -- 1865. we will also be holding a symposium on the presence life career and legacy. att is an saturday, starting 9:05 a.m. to time, live on c-span3's american his television did -- c-span3's american history television.

is good, if i can be sappy have officialto partnership -- a professional partnership over 15 years. >> she has great vision in terms of editing, something i don't have, something i never really spent any time on it -- time on. a, chieft on q and white house correspondent peter baker joins us to talk about their careers and their upcoming plans to move to israel. >> it is going to be a great adventure. susan and i have taught for the washington post and done the overseas thing together. but we have never spent any time in jerusalem or israel. we are looking forward to learning a lot. it will be a real adventure. that part of the world has so much history and is part of today's issues.

we have never actually lived there and we are looking forward to it. i look forward to changing the world and continuing at politico. we are continuing to expand here in the united states. we are looking at creating and launching new things, and i came to politico 2.5 years ago. it has been exciting, new the war of ideas. >> tonight on q and a. >> campaign 2016 continues on tuesday, with primaries taking place in missouri, illinois, and swings rates ohio, nortel and, and florida.

live coverage, candidate speeches, and fewer reaction will begin at 7:00 p.m. eastern time, taking you on the road to the white house. >> next on the presidency, benjamin griffin talks about the influence that tom clancy and other reagan had on each in the 1980's as the soviet union and the cold war moved to the forefront. the new york symposium on foreign affairs held this event. >> now, let me introduce than griffin, who graduated from the united states's military academy in 2000 -- in 2006. he served as a squadron 2007 2008, andom as an assistant for grade

iraq inence officer in 2011. he is assigned to the academy of history, and his awards and decorations include the bronze star, the oakley cluster -- oakleaf cluster, and the unit accommodation. currently working on a dissertation at the university of texas at austin that explores the role of tom clancy not -- novels on the security policy from a reagan. he holds a bachelor of science in united states history, a master of the arts degree from the university of arizona, and a mastery of history from the university of texas.

he resides in west point, new york, with his wife and two children. please welcome than griffin. griffin. [applause] mr. griffin: thank you for the kind opportunity to speak here. i know it is friday in new york, so there are plenty of things that you can do. the fact that you came to listen to me personally means a lot. note that everything i say tonight is my own opinion. it is not necessarily reflective of the opinion of the united its military academy. there is kind of this fetishization of the military here, so we will get to that as well.

as air force one was traveling toward reykjavik, ronald reagan decided to take a break to move back and socialize with his staff. talking about things like missile numbers, he topped -- talked to his staff about a new thriller, "red storm rising." he read the book on its release and used it as research for his summit with mikhail gorbachev. a lot of people who read that took it as a joke. how could the president using this work of fiction as research for a serious topic? arms control. with the head of the united states's enemy, the soviet union. but many of the stores contain

more than a small amount of truth. "red storm rising" perfectly encapsulated how ronald reagan viewed the cold war strategy and why he believes we would prevail. -- believed we would prevail. personald of a wargame, and the conclusions he drew from it would impact the upcoming negotiations with gorbachev. to a greater willingness to reduce nuclear weapons, but not -- and not to give up the freedom defense initiative, star wars. perhaps more than other understood that fictional narratives have power in the policy world, and would often explicitly went public actions in policy to popular culture. i am often going to mention west point in the speech, so we will start with this. he had given a speech at graduation, and talked to the

widespread respect people were expensing for the united states military. he talked about how they had shortchanged the military. resentmentingering of those in uniform. he was to be compliments of his , and notedistration the rising quality of those coming to the military. in particular, he noted the large pay raise. that is not the entire explanation for why we are seeing a higher quality of soldiers join. he said there was a new spirit in the land.

language of his first major foreign-policy piece shows the shaping of narratives was critical. the secretary of defense shows how conscious the choice of link which was in his work. weinberg wrote the president of the speech needed to increase the appreciation and honor american people felt for the uniformed services, which was a matter they had discussed before. a telling paragraph shows the nations lack of respect is a national disgrace. they singled out hollywood for theicism, saying that anti-military message in hollywood was reprehensible. hunter," "kent state,"

some well-received movies about the vietnam war that paint a less than positive, to be gentle, image of the military. todoesn't exactly pay much american servicemembers. concern he largest had was about alienating but it shows how strongly linked to these were in reagan's mind. is a theme he would touch on in his farewell address. in the 50's and 60's, people could get a sense of patriotism from popular culture. movies and television celebrated democratic values and reinforced the idea that television was special. reagan lamented that this is no and though the

he didn spirit was back, a lottery institutionalized. "rambo," andt like gun," which dominated at the box office and were basically recruitment for the military. films likeere "platoon," that indicated to reagan that there was a lot of work to do to cement a positive narrative with an culture. recognized the linkage between the cultural mood in the implementation of policy. in how heayed a role approached policymaking, and use stories to indicate the shorthand for the policies he wanted to enact. tom reed recalls that during meetings, as they discussed the

cold war strategy, the reference to gary cooper, from high noon it -- high noon. he wanted the u.s. to be a global marshall kane. done, henflict was would walk away as the sunset in front of them. red storm rising convinced did nothat the u.s. necessarily have a need for nuclear forces, because the u.s. could defeat the soviets in a straight up tank battle, a regular fight, without having to escalate weapons of mass destruction. in thisxpressed connection explicitly to margaret thatcher, following reykjavik. thatcher was surprised and a little bit upset at reagan cost willingness to get rid of nuclear weapons.

concerned about the imbalance, telling them that they cannot possibly eliminate the weapons. becomesthat, europe destabilized and nothing could keep in check soviet advance. reagan is dismissive of his friend, the prime minister's claims. he recommends that she go ahead and read read your rising, to read "red -- and storm rising," to understand. [laughter] mr. griffin: clancy was an unlucky person to serve as the official spokesperson for the reagan administration. his novels were characterized as summer between exponential and incredible.

he would just have to settle with a book jacket with his name on it, something that a lot of people have had to settle for. but he defied the long odds and proved exceptional. behind his death, he would leave an estate value of $82 million and -- $82 million. he graduated from loyola college. his co-author, larry bond, notes was nearly blind without his particularly thick glasses. a lifelong republican, he voted for reagan for out of the five times that he could, and the one time he did not was in 1980, where he cast a vote for george h.w. bush. asked for god's forgiveness, noting that nobody is perfect. he obviously strongly supported the policies of reagan. he once requested a signed photo

of the president from william broomfield. clancy as aized faithful republican, and the white house responded positively, in july of that year mailing him a signed photograph he had a long -- photograph. his proximity to annapolis proved advantageous. he used this opportunity to build his knowledge about new whendures and capabilities officer in particular, commander gregory young, provided much of the assistance and technical detail the clancy's novels are famous for. he developed the tactical miniature game, harpoon, used by the military as a training. after playing the game, it was easier to train -- to explain

the concepts in his books to anyone. begin working on novels in earnest until 1982, planning red october as the middle book in a trilogy. he started working on a tree in 1982, having finished a draft of red october. he planned to three other the early draft of hunt for the red october within a nine-month period. from 1986 to 1989, he had a bestseller every year on the new york times bestseller list. his first book past publication was unusual. hunt for the red october was the first original work of fiction that his press had ever released. best-known book from

then was the blue jacket manual, given to all male recruits since 1902. that request came to their attention by hand delivering a letter to the editor, which they delivered in their letter, perspective. this is the first time clancy received compensation for anything he had written. he was very lucky with his timing, because we had just been decided, to start publishing fiction as long as it was wet, or dealing with the navy. to offset the cost of publishing the book, the publishers sold the paperback rights to berkley books for $35,000, something the clancy's editor said was decent, but not great for a first-time author. in july of 1984, it hit the , a real career change for the 37-year-old insurance agent.

that "clancy reports the reader satisfactorily with a read it is great fun." make the world of soviet submarines approachable." but, they lamented the "cardboard" characters. it was the first round of 16,000 books that was sold out by november. it did well in washington, d.c., making the local bestseller list. it still seems to have in each audience, and certainly wasn't on the path to international superstardom, which would change when reagan intervened. advisor once told them that they viewed books as friends.

reagan devoured the novel, reading 130 that on christmas day and finishing the rest soon after. his identification with the novel goes with his conceit that personal were treasures, because reagan rarely talked about the books that he read. it was strange that he talked so much about red october. he would call the book, "not put down-able." clancy got word that the first paperback run would be 850,000 total copies. time magazine hill the book as a gripping narrative, and gushed over the high level officials that endorsed the book. be noted that the soviet embassy was buying several copies of the book, hinting that it was obviously destined for moscow, where it would be gleaned for intelligence secrets. there was enough buzz around the

book for clancy to appear on good morning america. now as a rising star in the publishing world, he met the man who would define his trajectory, as you see in this picture. so clancy prepared to meet the president. describes stepping over the threshold directly into "munchkin land." andays that the charisma personality of reagan work an order of magnitude over what he expected. he said he could, "charm the pants off of a cobra." he inquired about his next book, that itcy responded would be about world war iii. saidn asked to win, and he , "the good guys." [laughter]

he recalls that of charm could not charge -- that he felt -- withy discussed the book john lehman, who confided that his response upon reading the novel was to ask him "who the hell did this?" robert mary, at the time working for the wall street journal, recalls a lively discussion between clancy and the navy secretary. clancy would note the discussion fbi.had to do with the gerald stonecroft indicated that he could win a nuclear war,

something the clancy did not bite into. despite being in clancy's words -- aser -- dovish fellow, well as the director of the u.s. for agency, charles wick, who as anlater use a letter excuse to try and get more funding for the program, noting reagan's love for the author. there was a growing regard for clancy was in washington, and he established himself as an expert in national security. his other official visits the white house came a week later, for a ceremony of the arrival of the president of argentina and the state dinner in the evening. while awaiting the arrival of the present, he met guests including arnold schwarzenegger. clancy left the white house to prepare for dinner in the evening, and following dinner,

clancy and his wife spoke briefly with nancy reagan. mcfarlane professed his love for "red october" and told clancy that it was absolutely nothing like the national security visor from the book. book.isor from the clancy would not further elaborate. after watching the president and first lady dance, clancy and his wife made their exit, but not before approaching short snigger briefly about starring in a adaptation of "red october." clearly, he would have been very harrison ford.

-- quickly became his biggest public support behind reagan himself. approachedey had weinberger about taking part in the series, which would have found world leaders talking about a book that deserved more attention. weinberger's secretary noted that he had it on good authority that his big boss, cross the river, loved it. he glowingly reviewed the book, gaining considerable insights into the minds and motivations of terrorist's. they would make use of the reviews in the back, lending the -- so it is fairly

remarkable that you have a sitting secretary of defense, taking time out to review works of fiction, as opposed to working on the budget are many issues that come with running an organization as large as the department of defense. what appeals to reagan is the strongest amongst the marshall will gain. cain, ryan becomes protagonist of the novel, very reluctantly. despite working for the cia, he apologizes for every deception, it helped establish him as a character that puts what is necessary. fashion,arshall kane he does not take asked glades --

take accolades for his work and declines in opportunity to go to the white house. instead, he immediately takes a plane to head home, with a gift for his daughter in hand to mark the completion of his original mission. this is the equivalent of marshall kane and amy walking away from town into the dusk. clancy clearly based his character on reagan. a lawyer rather than an actor, ,is present was a collegiate earning convictions to the force of his sheer rigor. as mingecognized blinded by a dazzling charm, that the president could turn on and off with the spotlight. it served as a predictor of the same power that clancy would feel walking into the white house and meeting reagan is the first time. even the soviets respect the president in red october.

he further describes the president as a strange man, very open, but look i'll -- full of guile. friendly. future statement about breaking, including gorbachev's relevant that reagan kept talking concessions without getting much back. he characterizes the president as intelligent negotiator, who out maneuvers his opponents. you would image confirm in his white house visit, and for reagan, the familiarity of the story made -- one of those secret personal treasures. they do not explain why reagan chose to support the book so publicly. raising the profile of the author.

clancy effectively capture two of the most important policy objectives reagan's first demonstration, making it something worth theirs to publicize. so, in his commencement address, he was talking about the widespread lack of respect in the u.s. military. but, just a few years later in his second term, a month after clancy, heh nancy -- delivers an address at the u.s. which i'm forced into knowledge by the subject of my dissertation. his spirit is described as animating the land, and that we had gotten to a point where

there was a new appreciation for the men and women in military service. in contrast to the post-vietnam era, americans could make decisions in a morally difficult environment. this was because not only was the military meeting its recruiting goals, but it was meeting higher on the recruits in the service. the character of the service was superior. increasing folly was essential. new and more powerful weapons give a strong moral compass to employ their destructive potential. feelings personnel with the idea of cutting edge of technology, at the core of reagan's administration and the center of what most tom clancy novels are about. the military was not the only organization. in 1975, the church committee had investigated the repeated

pattern -- visited the national security agency. the excesses of the institutions and was insular records of competence left many americans in doubt as their ability to perform the described functions, and like the military, the intelligence committee suffered from negative for trails, like "all the president's men," and books like "the bourne identity ," depicted intelligence as willing to do anything, including her fellow americans. "the bourne supremacy," was the follow-up to "the bourne identity." gave tohe going crazy the tom clancy, he is in ,redibly negative toward ludlum saying he is ashamed of these

common themes, because he was never thinking of, in a million years, of breaking the law, and it was such a shame that ludlum had to "go down that path." it was all negative review, largely because of the trail of intelligence services, countering with administration wanted to do with aquaculture. reagan saw to reverse the trend, and spoke in virginia in june, 1982. he wanted to betray the agency as working in a way that was lawful and keeping with the traditions of our way of life. he told cia employees that it was his -- their wit and integrity upon which the fate of freedom rested for millions. member, the cia were "heroes of a great twilight struggle."

own gratitudeis praisingilent service, them for their character as the upholding countries freedom. clancy's characters fit into this narrative of competence, and self-sacrifice, that reagan established. the americans and the hunt for red october shared above average intelligence and virtue, and jack ryan, the protagonist, is a serviceman in the marine corps. after four years as a stockbroker, bending his own money and winning big, he becomes bored with making money and begins his career at the cia. withs also a historian published books on naval history, and in addition to incredible success, he is a strong family man, who enjoys a strong marriage to an excellent surgeon, and endearing -- young daughter. he is "the perfect image of family life and the mystic tranquility" that reagan would have wanted to point to.

his virtue goes without question, and despite being a he would rather be a soviet sub commander and risk deception. only his physical appearance is unremarkable. than average, a little bit out of shape, and has been knighted by the queen of england for his role of exports it is speaking is mine to u.s. lords and a senior policymakers. only the president is ever to overwhelm him. he is an impossible amount of thatmation, all the ideals reagan feels as someone should embody. his extreme intelligence and integrity would be enough to drop reagan's interests. as the president shows the fondness for heroes, the war

novels, high noon and marshall kane. all of those things are very important. ryan is not the only character to show these traits. the u.s. have officers are his equals. the u.s. commander is a gifted tactician and man of integrity. you are seeing the blending of the professional competence with high moral character. the cia director, who may have been modeled off of a real director has roots confidence. clancy compares his intellect to the legendary admiral. he notes that greater was a far easier man to work for. commander that finds his simmering is one of the youngest and shows the intelligence and instincts.

the trailportant to -- betrayal is the servicemen in the book. this shows the high-quality recruit reagan refers to at the west point naval academy. out of theed california institute of technology due to a prank gone wrong and it joined the navy to rehabilitate his name. he has an iq of 158. he is extremely confident on his equipment, and also capable of making important decisions and plays a decisive role in locating the october. confidence, every tiny space to the soviets, they are shocked that a u.s.

enlisted soldier can make decisions. this is supposed to highlight the difference between the americans and are trusting of the privates and sergeants, where the soviets only trust the officers. the fbi receives positive attention in the novel. they exposed the role of the staff officer. this apparatus has been put in place in wake of the church committee. inspecting these counterintelligence efforts, they are found successful. director of the fbi and cia negotiate without and promise not to prosecute and embarrass him politically if the senator agrees to resign later on. they strike a double blow. they are able to turn an important soviet asset, monitoring and oversight in this establishment in wake of the church committee.

the characters are unapologetically archetypes. this suits better as a fable. notsimplistic design does escape the notion of the viewers. says it street journal is too good to be true and that everyone is a character. -- caricature. americans in the books are uniformly intelligent, imaginative, capable and discipline, however, he gets the book a positive review and calling it,"great fun. "\ however, reagan's love of the book rested on the simplicity of design. , clancy's workes simple fight the cold war into themes that were digestible. this was ready-made for

consumption by a large cover americans. this is similar to the role reagan experienced in the 1950's. the historian talks about him was serving as a paraphrase are for the presidents early cold war policies. he introduces americans to the b-52 bomber and talks about the virtue and heroism, boasting support for a war as it is starting to decline in america. --fills thes the dust same role. the novelist helps reagan envision the presence -- present in your future vision of the military. clancy's next novel "red storm rising."

a third world war, begun by the soviet, of course. crippleserror attack the soviet energy industry, they are forced to attack. as clancy promised, the good guys win, but that is not why the book appealed to reagan. the appeal comes from the fact that there are four major plot lines that matched his vision. this is both in the conduct in results. the convoy operations in the north atlantic and the soviet conquest of iceland. the soviets are tremendously successful, pushing into west germany and seizing iceland. the narrative centers on the gainnaval as they try to resources to turn back the soviet type. nato was able to establish stalemate in germany, getting

enough time for reinforcements from the united states. the scope of the book and use of multiple protagonists, allow clancy to examine how modern warfare would look like. a look at the strength and weaknesses of both sides. ar iii scene inord which the united states wins. approaches its soviet rings about the use of nuclear weapons. this leads to a coup. governmentrol of the and ultimately ending the war. nancy constructed the narrative intentionally -- clancy constructed the narrative intentionally. circuit n the book, a

couldments that the money be used to kill 10 times over. the commander of soviet forces views the secretary as crazy and mad. the u.s.o noted that never discussed and employment nuclear weapons. this is because the technical advantage they enjoyed, serves the same purpose, nonnuclear talents enough forces. the importance of nuclear weapons is important to reagan's own view of nuclear weapons. he reacted strongly to the bombing of japan at the end of world war ii. of nucleartional weapons.

warner bros. said, if you like your contract you will not read this poem and reagan did like his contract so he opted not to read the poem. as he became more politically active, he discussed policy. compared nuclear destruction to two westerners staring at us alone, aiming their guns at each other's heads permanently. you can see the western metaphor make its reappearance. the situation would leave policy option. he said it would be a toxic geopolitical standoff. 1981, he referred to the weapons as the last epidemic of mankind. warrgued that a nuclear must never be fought, and it promising to pursue one of the , a tv movie on the

nuclear war affects on a kansas town, saw to it that there was never a nuclear war. the only way to be safe from an would be to protect those most vulnerable. the willingness to share the technological breakthrough with the soviets harkens back to his earlier desire for the internationalization and is disdain for nuclear weapons, regardless of who has them. many, reagan's defense policy seemed to contradict any notion that he thought to -- saw to limit nuclear weapons. the administration launched a five-point program. this was to relaunch the b-1 program, modernize welfare

force, improve the missile launch by submarines and strengthening western control s.stems for in result of this program 1985, u.s. to their forces were more lethal and technically advanced than any point in american history. the focus on modernization shows a strong contrast. creating a tantalizing narrative of the issue. sharpne is a little less on how to achieve peace. reagan views military strength as essential to establishing peace, and established a strong east and west military balance. reagan as national security advisers created a stark gap between the u.s. and the soviet union.

the overwhelming growth of has given,es indicative of a critical balance of strength. reagan felt the continuation of the policy would only weekend the u.s. and assure soviet gains. describes address, he it as the way a farmer feels about as turkey before thanksgiving. he wanted to demonstrate an equal resolve and strength. he wanted to make sure he was negotiating on april terms of the associate without marking on any significant production of arms. stanceely, his strong came at odds with many of the leading voices in public policy at the pentagon. in the pentagon claimed a

nuclear war was still wi nable. the joint chiefs almost immediately approached reagan, arguing against the elimination of nuclear weapons entirely. they said it was inadequate, and that bringing it up to par what involve tens of billions of dollars over a time of at least a decade. the army chief of staff .xpressed resignation there were doubts that they would be able to put the manpower or budget to bring up the forces. john poindexter, the national advisor,divisor -- wrote to reagan that this would turn the u.s. situation into the 1950's, leaving only a chance of stopping rather than a strong deterrent.

others lineup with the attack stance as well. richard nixon as is -- and his secretary of state henry kissinger said it would reopen the gaps to conventional attacks through the inability for the u.s. to provide special power to match that of the soviet. the national security visor it would ford said lead to absolute disaster. not only opposition coming to the right, on the same issue, chairman of the house armed service committee, argued it would take another 10 divisions to make the framework. beyond united states, nato allies expressed genuine concern about what a nonnuclear united states would mean for their security. european stations were amazed at the sweeping nation that feared

the united states may depart from europe. this brought swift in uniform criticism. without the nuclear weapons, there was little help fighting soviet powers. reagan stuck to his position. that the most out spoken criticism of the soviet over the years, the right-wing, react strongly against the 10 year framework. as the response shows, he was correct. reagan noted his critics were taking his brains out. the secretary did not have. he finally noted if reagan believe that, he should read articles about him and refused to comment on the issue of strategic defense. reagan's appeal fell on death ears.-deaf despite the criticism from his right, reagan was willing to

move forward and engage in tough political battles to ratify the agreement. because he viewed the situation in europe than his critics said, he felt the fall of 1986 were more than a match for the soviet counterparts, making the ballistic missiles and necessary evil. reagan says as much to ask and , reagan posix security came from the fact that the combined gross to mystic process -- product and -- gross to mystic product and the populations. reaching the point where reagan had sufficient confidence and capacities with united states in his first term. bydecember of 1985, he began allotting the administrations record as one of progress and a

competent. it went on to argue that the strengthen of the u.s. alliances prevented the soviet's aggression. the document also says there were improvements in defenses. critically, the document engaged with how to maintain u.s. ability and deter attacks. explicitrea, the efforts of united states should be the main issue. systemsng a nonnuclear needed to win the nuclear deterrence was a major move for the first administration. he asked for 34 new combat ships and one abrams tanks. expanded support for infantry fighting vehicles and the vehicles, basically the

technology we are using today. his first term, the apache attack helicopter, the helicopter were used. ins meant the u.s. military 1986 was a more lethal and precise force them when reagan assumed office. unified commanders said by any measure of common sense, conventional forces were more ready for combat. left the reagan with a strong sense that the u.s. military was strong enough to offset nuclear weapons. clancy's books placed military and a important role. the new technology i mentioned previously plays a critical role in this narrative, though still a classified program at the time, the f-117 appears as the f

119 in the book. to serious logistic problems, establishing and the control of the skies. to aank is response stalemate in germany. critical exchange, a soviet arms regiment faces a company of the united states. the battle goes poorly for the soviets, to say the least in the book. the emigration of u.s. tanks and war hawks cost the soviets one third of their strength. this is not an atypical battle. allies allow them to destroy soviet units at a ratio of 10 to one. forces were able to synchronize activities thanks to

the early warning control systems platform, which gives highly accurate views of the battlefield. nato makes significant use of his forces, which is essential when you are outnumbered. friendly aircraft strikes exactly where they are targeted. battlefield picture and technical abilities to identify locations of transmissions, allows command elements to take down the soviet army. throughout the book, soviet leaders are frustrated by the capabilities of the nato forces, recognizing that the advanced technology place a decisive role. the novel came out at the perfect time for reagan. it is a realistic dared of that the president could use to envision how is policy would play out. it served as a personal wargame

for the present. the use of this novel seems ludicrous, why would you use a work of fiction to inform your vision? indeed, many close to reagan expressed shock and were appalled. margaret thatcher, had a great difficulty responding to his difficulty that she had the book to her reading list. however, the realism of the novelist makes it a bit more feasible. books's research led his to a great deal of authority. the author how he achieved it at a white house meeting. clancy said the characters were the hard part. clancy devoted significant time to researching. "redar as the research for storm rising," he spoke to the human secretary general.

u.n.he huma secretary-general. this provided more authenticity to the way the allies interactive. observeor was able to fighters scrambled procedures, tanks and clancy received a ride on a submarine. clancy would later note that his favorite thing was riding in the -1 tank. he described it as a corvette. [laughter] mr. griffin: the novel that takes the weapon system. recent trips and interviews added greatly, but another important contribution was wargaming. it was conducted by the center for critical analysis. lay on was working on similar

ugh wass, -- larry va working on a similar project, and proposed that the two of them work on a book together. the centralnsformed fight needs into a narrative everyone could ingest. describedrio potentially brought the naval war to the front of the narrative. clancy shows this as an indirect form of consumption, of actual military scenarios. wargame was of the only one to have influence. ghn disliked the navy wargames, because it was classified and made it difficult to use, so he made up his own, a game called par

harpooning. his time studying this and wrote a letter to larry vaughn, and it became a method for validating scenarios in the book. soviet bombers were able to heavily damaged in aircraft carrier in iceland. the purpose of war gaming is not to identify what will happen, but what could. a lot of the games serve as important analytical tools for military planners. longtime ciaa wargamer, the peyton manning of wargames, noted can have an impact. this forces a lot more personal investment into scenarios, and the lessons last longer because of the personal type. the novel does this as well.

you invest more fully into the narrative, so it forces the reader to empathize with what is going on and perhaps remember the policy information or technology over a newspaper article. throughout his career, reagan makes use of narratives. he did this as a sportscaster, .all in chicago cubs games as a movie star in hollywood and throughout his political career. speechwriter highlights how tried to communicate with his use of narrative, whether the story was true or not, it was the message that matter. he was telling parables and fables. a journalist argues that for reagan, every story,

whether true or not had a distinctive purpose. this is because you recognize the power of narrative to forge these connections. once he found the right story, he would keep telling it until he found a better one, which often exacerbated those around him with the repetitiveness. reagan found a story in the works of tom clancy. the books resonate with them in such a way to put aside his typical reluctance. and the national security exploited his popular fiction to ult of national security. in his work, reagan found in a a similarity with his own administration. reagan-clancy of shows that this is not just

official form, but policy comes from complex interactions with culture, individual experience, the public and the policymakers themselves. this provides one example of how they can operate within this environment to define policy success. thank you and i'm going to take questions. [applause] we will go around with a microphone. you,e been asked to remind when you ask your questions, to please stand up. that is so these special recognition software will be better for tracking purposes later. [laughter] >> thank you. that is very interesting. use theseid reagan popular fiction narratives to tell stories to convince people,

and how much do you think he got his views from reading popular fiction? it seems that reagan was an effective leader in so many ways, but sometimes he comes across as intellectually shallow. mr. griffin: reagan is constantly using fiction to connect with the american people. we see this early in his administration. a good example comes from when he is wearing the -- ordering the medal of honor. he is talking in his speech about a mystery novel, which is also a movie that stars william goldman, a close friend and best friend at the wedding. he quotes the part of the novel at the end where a man is looking at the fighters flying off into the peninsula, and asks himself, where do we get such men?

reagan answers this question, talking about our cities, towns and farms, highlighting this quality of american service. throughout his presidency, he is using fiction to show these ideas. he references his works to the american kipling. he prices fiction over nonfiction in a very strange way. as far as how much influences him, i think he uses fiction as a personal wargame, where he can imagine the near future. how he works through his thoughts of war, modern warfare, needing to make out these various shapes. a more standard thinker is probably going to try to compare them to something he knows, whereas reagan is imagining what they could be. this is how he is different from

a criminologist. because he is imagining what fiction can be, this is a creative approach and allows for different policies. is there any record of how clancy's books were conceived and interpreted back in the soviet union? mr. griffin: publicly they were denounced, not very popular. they are consistently reviewed negatively, reinforcing the stereotype of the superior capitalist nature. -- nation. veryc records, probably negative reviews of the tom clancy novels. i have not seen anything that indicates anything more official. all i have seen are the people that have bought them. there is a copy of one at a human rights convention and vienna and the guy kind of laughs. the on that, there is not much found. >> thank you very much.

a person with a conservative reputation, one of reagan's biographers was a teacher of mine at city university graduate school. when he told me one of the things that most impressed him about reagan, was his mutually know,d destruction, you the nuclear contest. i read the newspapers. somehow this seems inconsistent with reagan's reputation. how does media cover this and issedas that sort of m by so many of us? mr. griffin: you see he is using harsh rhetoric in his first term, something the soviet ambassador called an uncompromising ideological offense. you have to be on even terms to

negotiate with the soviet, and he felt under the current president, the u.s. had fallen behind in conventional and nuclear forces. he thinks that the bombers are not effective, the submarines, in order to effectively reduce arms, he had to build up the soviet's respect and fear so they will want to be equally motivated to reduce this. in tone ina shift the second administration. this is not necessarily because he is a change in heart, but he feels it can achieve what he wants to achieve. while this was going on, i was in germany, and whether remember clearly is there was tremendous resistance during the administration to the station and of the missiles. where did all that fit into this , clancy's vision and

everything, how was that a part of these novels? is there anything that he has to say about that that influenced reagan? mr. griffin: there is very little mention of u.s. protests of policies. the global zero movement is not spoken of, but it is something reagan acknowledges in 1983. he says he supports the goal. it is something they are not ready for yet. while it is obviously a major influence, what is going on in the real world, he does not really replicated much with the clancy novels. the issues that you raise about him mistaking hollywood scenes with reality, supposedly he alleged that he is film the liberation of auschwitz and told them that he had footage of the liberation.

when you raise the question of high noon, it is amusing, that carl foreman was attacked and blacklisted the author of the wayneplay, and a john refused to take the role in the movie because he realized high noon was an attack on the od, and he made an attack on high noon later. it is interesting how reagan uses this hollywood with politics, and i have a different remembrance of that early time with reagan. i remember him and 1981, 1982, 1983, people were feeling we were moving to an unrestricted first strike capability and they were representatives of the reagan administration who openly talked about how we could win a nuclear war, regardless of what you say about his personal feelings and this is something that really scared people and it led to the largest demonstration against nuclear weapons in the

city at that moment in time. i was wondering, in a general sense, how do you look at popular culture in the general in terms of shaping public opinion, looking back at our culture? is norman mailer writing after world war ii where he wants it to be the novelist of the war. "naked and the dead is a different image of war than clancy gives. haveof us, i would say dubious feelings about reagan, and i wonder if all summers was setting in -- alzheimer's was setting in when he would make these ridiculous comments. he did not film the liberation of all schlitz. -- auschwitz. right.ffin: you are

the trend is dangerous. there are a lot of fears that we were going to start world war ii . i. as far as dealing with public opinion, it touches on historical memory, the way we talk about the conflict of four, and you mentioned norman miller -- of war, and you mentioned norman mailer. the vietnam war was a battleground. you have rambo first blood, which are raising this narrative that somehow the service members, the people fighting the war were per trade -- betrayed by the politicians. at the same time, you have full metal jacket, giving a completely different view. this is a battle on how to remember conflict and what do we take from that. if we are taking the apocalypse

now, then we are not going to be as likely to do things to intervene. if we are doing something, the progressive movies, then we are more than likely to do things aggressively. it speaks to the willingness of the public to accept these things. it is certainly shaping it, which is difficult to trace sometimes, so i think you're right. ideawant to extend your about clancy showing the military technology, almost showing a soviet military technology in the best light. october" itat "red shows a violent image of sumner -- sonar camps. red storm rising," they pull off brilliant actions of taking

over iceland and able to knock out an american aircraft carrier in peru. are at leastoviets giving us a 10 foot tall story, where of course, now we know their military was much less capable, which is why they .lanned on nuking us i wonder again, obviously reagan did not know that at the time. conventionalt superiority. this is a conflict between us and the soviets. mr. griffin: technology is portrayed positively. in clancy's third book, the of the unitedhead states, more capable than we are. that serves a purpose for clancy but also for reagan, this fear

that the soviets are going to continue to passes, that they will be ahead of us, that we need best weapons, the best systems, and if we fall behind, it will become incredibly dangerous. there are lines in the movie in the book, talking about sitting off in the coast of new york and we would never know, dad and 15 minutes. it made us feel we needed to keep more money into these programs. you get to the late 1980's, some of the hearings in congress, one of the senators is asking the naval's chief of summary warfare, hey, clancy wrote this article that is critical, what do you think about this article? and the admirable new what it was, immediately, and said, thank you, senator for a lot of me to address this issue. what follows is a very delicate dance, because he did not want to assault -- insult our allies.

he is prepping everything he is saying with i love tom clancy. tom clancy is great for the navy. the senator is agreeing, absolutely fantastic for us. it goes to the sense that they know these folks are good for driving the fetishization of technology, driving interest and deploying them ultimately. >> how are you? mr. griffin: good. >> i enjoyed your rapidfire delivery. film that reagan did endorse in the 1980's, a "if allet movie called the guys in the world..." it was about a cia operation that releases photos of mental

hospital patients and puts them on the front lines. the shock of being on the front lines forces them into the city and they become what -- lucidity and they become him. this progresses the mental health issue. were you aware of this film? mr. griffin: no, i have not heard of it. be reallyupposed to quite boring. take you very much. [laughter] mr. griffin: that is interesting. >> thank you. sir, excellent talk, captain. it shows a lot of investigation. i was in a providence before you got there in 2006 and i was

walock, putting them on to humvees, not putting them on to abrams tanks. are, the heroes that i like hoffman. clancytion to you is, and reagan had a specific view and that led to the training of the military. in 2007, you were not trained very well for the war you got. you did not have an irregular warfare concept, and that caused , or i think that reagan-clancy

viewpoint caused our country to 2005, when wefor tanks, but abrams -4's and those types of weapons for irregular warfare. what do you say about that? theyriffin: a lot of what are lane is the framework for the modern systems and we still use the systems developed in the 1980's, blackhawks, apaches. it is designed in part to respond to what the expectation iifor fighting world war i with the russians. i think yours is a fair criticism. >> ok, i have one question.

i am drawing a blank now. [laughter] >> i swear to god. oh yes, i remember now. you talked about president reticentt revealing or about other books he read, but did historians find out what other books you read, and if so, what were other books that he read other than tom clancy? a projectn: this is of mine that i do try to put together and it has been difficult. we know that tom clancy likes westerns, unsurprising, and he also likes science fiction and little bit. one of the books he remembers reading as a young man, john carter, so he likes those books quite a bit.

he read a book that he credits to reinvigorating his religious spirit. i have not been able to prove this, but i am sure he read -troopers. it is likely that he read the third world war, which is a precursor to tom clancy. scenarioorld war iii written with great realism. it was a bestseller but not lasting like tom clancy. he loved thrillers about air force one being taken over and that kind of stuff. in general, western, science fiction and thrillers was what he would go for. >> thank you. dependentarify your

and independent variables? i was in the area officer during this time, during the joint staff, you hand to imply that the independent burial -- independent variable was clancy's work and decided the reykjavik outcome. it was likeel talking about the danger of nuclear war and the independent variables were the pope and the belief that it was time to end the cold war. independent and dependent variables? mr. griffin: i am not sure it is reason to put forth independent and dependent variables. there are a lot of factors going

into this. the pope is playing a role, the nuclear zero movement is playing a role. it is all of these things combining into a chaotic environment. "reduld be wrong to say storm rising" is reykjavik. it would be one or two of those there. >> the question of simplistic narrative that he put out, obviously he is not a genius, but it is necessary, and if you want to look at someone who has copied it, that is vladimir putin. -- he has copied this methodology and it is working for their local view. he has done an excellent job of convincing his people that he should be where he is and is correct. clancy,mock him in his cowboys narrative but he is being copied. we have nothing comparable to

findingdent is doing -- is doing or comparable to what reagan was doing. you need that kind of current within the public's mind in order to do what you need to do. mr. griffin: i agree with that. i do not mean to mock, i think it is showing a level of savvy of reagan to organize the importance. it is showing a political skill. my name is garth. heard you talk about the power of narrative, and also, i want to comment -- i have interviewed as a graduate of nyu, people

500 cops and federal people also, one of term i know that is very apropos about writing and special cops agree about, is that crime stories, fact is stranger than fiction. crime stories are bigger than life. would, i am trying to say, tangent, didher ever view things as a lawyer on the european side? mr. griffin: yes, i think he was la carre and he reaches out and ask for a couple of points.

has read and is aware of his stuff, but he does not like it as much, because he tends toward a bit more realistic and depressing narrative. it is not a happy story. tailor soldiers fly" is not a happy story. the reality is, the movies don't, the police department ared say, the cia stories more complex than the movies could ever portray. the best movie "saving private ryan," could never show what war is really about but it gives a semblance to what reality is. mr. griffin: i think that is the challenge of any creator, to try to get as much reality and truth

as they can. it is always going to be from a certain perspective. they will view more movies in different ways. it is difficult to get a fully accurate war. for reagan's purposes, he tended to like happy stories. ended story was grave or poorly, he was not going to talk about it as much as those he thought ended well. that would defy a reagan story that he would use rather than one he would not use as much. >> thank you. very interesting talk. inm interested specifically the evaluation of technology you are talking about, and i know the whole focus on the harpoon, the wargames and that kind of thing, and at the time, it is interesting because of the start of the internet and the view of that couple years later, and my

question is, did he foresee the transition from wargames to actually what we are doing currently, beyond craft systems operations of the drones, or was that engineering, were we moving toward that at the time? also, i know you come from the army side and so on, but are the air force, when they are training folks who are on aircraft system operators, do they transition from actually wargame to in fact, technological use of the drum system -- drone system? mr. griffin: the development of but tobegan this time, the question of the air force, i do not know. >> thank you. that was asked, the

outspend, national security advisor a couple years ago was caught on video saying, we baited the russians into afghanistan, and later on, he denied that. he said he misspoke, but this that may have th been a strategic plan to get russia into afghanistan, using their forces and economic power there and wasted. to what extent was reagan's strategy, i understand it was an economic plan not to outspend them, but to basically beings or bullets you will produce, to wreck havoc with the russian economy, and i think that is what he was trying to do. i am curious if you came up with any information that supports that? mr. griffin: they are pretty

explicit about that, the need to make the soviets realized the cost of their operation is too high. reagan enters and, you see it as an early strategy, talking about how much the soviet spends on the war budget. reagan did not buy into the 50% estimate -- 15% estimate. he viewed the spending figure as much higher. as you get to embassy 32, it was very much about convincing the soviets that the cost of the game is too high. idea is to make them pull back as a result, so i think that is a fair characterization. topic back tohe clancy for a minute, i have heard a story that after the book came out, he was visited by someone with naval intelligence wondering how he got his information. is there any truth to that?

mr. griffin: prior to the book being released, they sent it out to a couple readers who were in the navy, involved the submarines and asked to see if there was any classified material because of the high level of detail. one of the readers says there is no problem, and the other one says, you cannot possibly publish this. it is getting everything -- giving everything away. they go through exactly where he is finding everything, open sources, diners and everything were key is finally satisfied to this. told it was not classified. i am not aware of an investigation after the fact, that there was a fairly rigorous fact checking prior. >> i have one question. october" andred "red storm rising," and they are

pretty good. i picked one up about a submarine in the missions it went on, and it was god-awful. it was obvious that someone had sat down on harpoon and just came up with scenarios one after the other. ever worksese soviets' right. they always manage to get away. i was wondering, i find most of his late stuff on readable, and i do not know how much of that he actually wrote or what he just stuck his name on. mr. griffin: it depends which hears you are talking about. you have the jack ryan series still being written with someone else. 2000s, clancy the is the primary author. i am not sure when he starts getting into jack ryan junior looks. some of these are spinoffs. you have tom clancy's power

plays, net to center. they are franchises. he has the name on the cover and someone else writes them. way for another notoriety andn clancy to still get the sales. talken anyone attends a about ronald reagan, there is always a lot of laughter about ronald reagan's desire to criticize him and make him a fool. in fact, the great central achievement to his ministration as far as foreign policy was to lay the foundation for the destruction of the soviet union, and that is communism in europe. i for one cannot think of another leader who has done so much that cost so little bloodshed. his achievements are extraordinary. you think that people are unwilling to accept that central truth and rather

laugh at all of his minor nonsense? is it that they are detached from reality? mr. griffin: obviously it is hotly debated, the history of the cold war, but i think you touched on one of the common attacks on his administration, that he was not really in charge. this goes back to when he ran for governor, that he was just an actor, not to be taken seriously. waspossible breakout role kings row. that was sort of near the tail end of his career. [laughter] mr. griffin: he is just an actor, someone not known as a heavyweight. after he is elected, you have the crisis over the university of california regents, dean dozen excellent -- anti-intellectual move.

this paint them as not serious and anti-intellectual. that will follow him throughout his career, and his leadership style is one that is seen as disengaged a lot of times, and people will come to him and propose different options and both will leave thinking he greenlighted theirs. he tried to avoid crisis and conflict,rama, and created a fixture of someone who was -- picture of someone that was disengaged. persists from his earliest days. >> thank you for the presentation. you mentioned the book on the third world war, which answered differently. there were other world war iii fictions that were going on at the time. maybe you could go back and mentioned some of the other books that were going on this

time, and you did a nice job cutting larry vaghn and the role of the harpoon game and what that >> larry was fantastic. i went to northern virginia and interviewed him. me.estroyed i do not think i even sank one of his ships. that is why you do not play games with the designer of the games. he is a wonderful guy and i am grateful for everything he has given to me on this project. sometimesimes -- >> novels turn out to be pressey the use of

zeppelins by the germans by new york city and nobody paid attention to it. it.unately, leo remembered and he read it between the wars. us, einstein wrote to roosevelt about the use of an atomic bomb. sometimes these things turn out to be pretty important. >> the importance of pop culture is understated in the study of history. it is fun for me to study and it is also somewhat valuable. -- did increase the chance of nuclear war by threatening the soviet union?

>> the comment about the bombing in 30 minutes, and you are right, tensions had hit their peak in 1983. -- there is a possibility of nuclear war because tensions are so high. decides the system is broken. tensions,heightened it is possible. that goes down to him. them an evil empire. ,hen he is at westminster relegating them to the dustbin of history. it is aggressive language. yes, it heightens the

possibility of war in the 1980's. the read quite a bit about breaking of german and japanese codes in world war ii, but i never came across information if the soviet military code was broken during world war ii. >> i don't know. [laughter] >> there is a very interesting 1745-1820, i suggest you look at it. it talks about the creation of stereotypes that lend to national cohesion in that period and the relevance of that to reagan. what i find amusing is that we know from declassified thatmation about wargames

were waged with allied commanders, the exchange of nuclear weapons was off the charts. to the point where in three or four days, hundreds of them would be fired by both sides. thesee are seeing in , writing a book about conventionally stopping the soviets. there was a fantasy about this that we still live with, frankly. i wonder what you think about that. the reality is, when the wargames occurred, in classified settings, they would just shoot things off.mned

that is not reflected in books like clancy does, which are basically feel good things. america wins and the bad guys lose and it is a bunch of bullshit. there is an element of imagination in these books. systems were so much better than soviet one so we would not need to use nuclear weapons. obviously, we never fought a war. wargames, it is also relations. these wargames do go nuclear pretty late. -- pretty quickly. we can look at the performance of technology in the gulf war.

perhaps if it goes -- it is possible. the problem is it is hard to know for sure. you are right, we still have nuclear weapons. i do not think anyone has advocated for a zero solution right now. question. my last going back to the power of narrative and what the gentleman before said about a book leading to albert einstein's talking to the president, roosevelt, about the atomic bomb. what does the power of narrative have to do with star wars -- why was what led it not implemented? >> the first question on

implantation, it never -- on implementation, it it was not feasible to deploy. it was very expensive. the ire really started dying down. reagan was a true believer in it. weinberg was probably a true believer. it as a people used chip. it was something reagan expressed interest in and his early days at the governor. it is hard to pinpoint exactly where he gets the idea. he is the driving force for it in his administration and there is a role that science fiction plays in this as well. when he talks about -- part of his speeches written by a collection of science fiction writers in california. we are seeing a blending of fiction and policy.

designs --at kennedy decides to use star wars. it is a fantasy, it cannot possibly happen. >> my concern is with who won the cold war. the chicken hawks won. the idea of nuclear war, you like the board with a match after the first few games. chapters play out. when i played the game in europe , and i get it at the pentagon, wonhow, the chicken hawks the cold war. the russians are still out there with nuclear weapons.

we had a chance to disarm. what was the lesson we should have learned from the reagan period? was it that the clancy idea was correct? was it that gorbachev, the ones whoere really pushed it? [laughter] >> that is a tough question. a lot of parts to that one. the problem with the end of the cold war is that it defies narratives. people like to say that reagan wins the cold war. people say gorbachev wins the cold war. people say solidarity and pope john paul are responsible. in reality, it is a mixture of all of these things. clearly, you cannot ignore the

contribution of people on the ground in eastern europe. the rise of catholicism in poland. the organization of solidarity and the political resistance plays a role in breaking soviet power. of theens because environment gorbachev builds. economic pressure tied to the they put on them. the soviets cannot afford to resist when the u.s. goes into grenada. wrath.nnot risk the u.s. it is a mix of all of these things. a mix of george h.w. bush going 1991, and1989, 1990, morris yeltsin. -- boris yeltsin

yeltsin. [applause] thank you very much. very happy to be here with you guys. >> you are watching american history tv all weekend, every weekend, on c-span 3. to join the conversation, like c-spanhistory.at on september 14, 1986, president and mrs. reagan made a rare joint address from the white house residence. their message was on drug abuse. nancy reagan, who died on march 6 at the age of 94, urged young people to just say no to drugs. an anti-drug abuse strategy she had been promoting since 1982.

president reagan: good evening. usually, i talk with you from my office in the west wing of the white house but tonight there is something special to talk about and i have asked someone very special to join me. nancy is joining me because the message is not my message, but ours. we speak to you not simply as federal citizens, fellow citizens, but as concern neighbors. it is back to school time and one drug and alcohol abuse cuts across all generations it is especially damaging to the young people on whom our future depends. tonight, from our family to yours, from our home to yours, thank you for joining us. america has accomplished so much

in these last years. whether rebuilding our economy or asserting freedom in the world. what we have achieved has been done with your help. with us working together as a nation united. we need your support again. drugs are menacing our society. they are threatening our values and undercutting institutions. they are killing our children. from the beginning of our administration, we have taken strong steps to do something about this horror. i can report that we have made much progress. 37 federal agencies are working together in a vigorous national effort and by next year, our spending for drug law enforcement will have more than tripled on its 1981 levels. we have increased seizures of the legal drugs, shortages of marijuana are being reported. last year alone, over 10,000 drug criminals were convicted and nearly $250 million of their

assets were seized by the dea, the drug enforcement administration. most important area, individual use, we see progress. in four years, the number of high school student -- seniors using marijuana on a daily basis has dropped from one in four, 21 in 20 the u.s. military has cut in 20.ne the u.s. military has cut the use of illegal drugs among his personnel by 67% since 1980. these are a measure of our commitment and emerging signs that we can defeat this enemy. we still have much to do. despite our best efforts, you -- illegal cocaine is coming into our country. one in 12 persons smoke marijuana regularly. regular drug use is higher among the age group 18 to 25. most likely just entering the workforce.

today, a new epidemic. smokable cocaine, otherwise known as crack. an explosively destructive and often lethal substance which is crushing its users. it is an uncontrolled fire. drug abuse is not a so-called victimless crime. everyone safety is at stake when excess of drugs and alcohol are used by people on the highways or by those transporting our citizens. drug abuse costs you and your fellow americans as a $60 billion a year. from the early days of our administration, nancy has been involved in the effort to fight drug abuse. she has traveled over 100,000 miles to 55 cities and 28 states and six foreign countries to fight school-aged drug and alcohol abuse. she has given dozens of speeches and scores of interviews and has

participated in 24 special radio and tv tapings to create greater awareness of this crisis. her personal observations and efforts have given her such dramatic insights that i wanted her to share them with you this evening. nancy? mrs. reagan: thank you. as a mother, i have thought of september as a special month, a time when we bundled our children off to school, to the warmth of the environment they could fulfill the hope in their restless minds. so much has happened over the last years to shake the foundation of all we know at all we believe in. drug and alcohol abuse epidemic in this country and no one is safe, not you, not me, and not our children. this epidemic has their names written on it. many of you may thinking, drugs do not concern me. it does concern you.

it concerns us all because of the way it tears at our lives. because it is aimed at destroying sons and daughters of the united states. for five years, i have been traveling across the country learning and listening. one of the most hopeful signs i have seen is the building of an essential new awareness of how terrible and threatening drug abuse is to our society. one of the main purposes when i started was this so it makes me happy that it has been accomplished. it's time i meet with someone new or receive another letter from a person on drugs, i want to find a way to share the message that cries out from them. as a parent, i am especially concerned about what drugs are doing to young mothers and their newborn children. listen to this account from a hospital in florida of a child

born to a mother with a cocaine habit. a baby named paul lies motionless in an incubator. you need a respirator to breathe and a daily spinal tap to relieve fluid buildup on his brain. only one month old, he is suffered two strokes. you can see why drug abuse concerns everyone of us. all the american family. drugs steal away so much, they take and take. until, every time a drug was into a child thomas something else is forced out -- like love and hope and trust and confidence. drugs take away the dreams from every child's heart and replaces it with a nightmare.

time we in america stand up and replace those dreams. each of us has to put our principles and conscious is on the line whether in social settings are in a workplace to set forth solid standards and stick to them. indifference is not an option. we want you to help us create an outspoken intolerance for drug use. for the sake of our children, i implore each of you to be unyielding and inflexible in your opposition to drugs. our young people are helping us lead the way. in oakland, california, i was asked by a group of children what to do if they were offered drugs. i answered, "just say no." those children formed a "just say no" club and there are over 10,000 such clubs over the country. their participation and courage in saying no needs our encouragement. we can help by using every opportunity to force the issue

of not using drugs to the point of making others uncomfortable. even if it means making ourselves unpopular. our job is never easy because drug criminals are ingenious. they work every day to plot a new and better way to steal our children's lives as they have done by developing crack. for every door we close, they open a new door to death. they prosper on our unwillingness to act. we must be smarter and stronger and tougher than they are. it is up to us to change attitudes and simply dry up their markets. finally, the young people watching and listening, i have a person -- personal message for you. there is a wonderful world where you. it belongs to you.

it is exciting and stimulating and rewarding. do not cheat yourselves out of this promise. our country needs you but it needs you to be clear eyed and clear minded. i read one teenager's story, determined to stay clean but was once strung out on several drugs. what she remembered most clearly about her recovery was that during the time she was on drugs, everything appeared to her in shades of black and gray. after her treatment, she was able to see color. to my young friends, life can be great. not when you cannot see it. open your eyes to life. see it in the given colors that god gave us as a precious gift to his children, to enjoy life to the phyllis and to make -- to the fullest and make it count. yes to life and when it comes to drugs and alcohol, just say no. president reagan: you can see

why nancy has been such a positive influence on all that we are trying to do. the job ahead is clear, nancy's personal crusade should become our national percent. it must include -- our national crusade. it must involve government and private efforts. i announced six initiatives that will do that. we seek a drug-free workplace at all levels of government and in the private sector. we work for drug-free schools. we want to ensure the public is protected and the treatment is available to abusers and the chemically dependent. our fourth goal is to expand international corporations while treating drug trafficking as a threat to our national security. in october, i will be meeting with u.s. ambassadors to discuss what can be done to support our

friends abroad. we must move to strengthen law enforcement activity, such as those initiated by vice president bush and attorney general meese. we seek to expand public awareness and prevention. in order to further implement the six goals, i will announce tomorrow, a series of proposals for a drug-free america. these proposals will toughen our laws against drug criminals, encourage more research and treatment, and ensure that you legal drugs will not be tolerated in our schools or in our workplaces. with our ongoing efforts, these proposals would bring the federal commitment to fighting drugs to $3 billion. as much financing as we commit, we would be fooling ourselves if we thought that massive new amounts of money alone would provide the solution.

let's not forget that people solve problems and no national crusade has ever succeeded without human investment. winning acres eight against drugs will not be achieved by just throwing money at the problem. your government will act aggressively. nothing would be more effective than for americans to quit using drugs. we seek to create a massive change in national attitudes which will separate the drugs from the customer. to take the user away from the supply. i believe that we can help them quit. that is where you come in. my generation will remember how america swung into action when we are attacked in world war ii. the war was not just fought by the fellows flying the planes are driving the tanks, it was fought at home by a mobilized nation, men and women building planes and ships, clothing sailors and soldiers. we are in another war and it is time for us to pull together.

if your friend or neighbor, or a family member, has a drug or alcohol problem, do not turn the other way. go to his help, or hers. get others involved, clubs, service groups, community organizations and provide support and strength. many of you have been cured through treatment and self-help. being friends to others is the best way of being friends to ourselves. it is time, as nancy said, for america to just say no to drugs. those of you in union halls and workplaces everywhere, please make this challenge a part of your job every day. help us preserve the health and

dignity of all workers. two businesses law and does businesses large and small . those who are educators, your wisdom and leadership are indispensable to this cause, from the pulpits of this spirit filled land, we would welcome your reassuring message of reduction and forgiveness. on the athletic fields, you men and women are among the most beloved citizens, a child's eyes fill with your heroic achievements. few of us can give youngsters as special as strong to look up to as you. do not let them down. this camera in front of us is a reminder that in nancy and my former profession and in the newsrooms and production rooms of our media centers, you have a special opportunity with your enormous influence to send alarm signals across the nation. to our friends in foreign

countries, we know many of you are involved with us and we need your success as well as ours. when we come together, united, striving for this cause, then those who are killing america and terrorizing it was slow but sure chemical destruction will see that they are up against the mightiest force for good we know. then, they will have no dark alleyways to hide. in this crusade, let us not forget who we are. drug abuse is a repudiation of everything america is. the destructiveness mocks our heritage. only a divine providence place this land, this island of freedom as a refuge for all the people in the world who yearn to breathe free. emigrants came seeking a safe harbor from the oppression of

cruel regimes. they came to escape starvation and disease. those surviving the holocaust came. they chanced death for a glimmer of hope they could have a new life. one more thing, the freedom so many seek in our land has not been reserved without a price. nancy and i share that remembrance two years ago in the american cemetery in france. in the still of the june afternoon, we walked together among the soldiers of freedom, past hundreds of white markers was our monuments to courage and memorials to sacrificeto. too many are the final resting places of teenagers who became

men in battle. look what they gave. never what they see another day. or miles of corn pushing up against the open sky of our planes. the pristine air of our mountains and the driving energy of our cities are there is no more. they would never again the a son to their parents or a father to their own children. they did this for you, for me, for a new generation to carry every democratic experiment proudly forward to that is something we are obliged to honor. what they did for us, we owe as an act of stewardship to use our freedom wisely for the common good. as we mobilize for this national crusade, drugs are a constant tempation for millions.

please remember this when you're courageous tested. you are americans. you are the product of the freest society mankind has ever known. no one ever has the right to destroy your dreams. write down the end of this hall is the lincoln bedroom. -- right down the end of this hall is the lincoln bedroom. more than anything, that memory drives us to see vividly what ought tot lincoln sa save. america must stand for something. we americans have never been -- tonight, we are asking no more. mrs.