of california, santa barbara inke recently about chicanos los angeles in the early 1960's and 1970's. i will conclude this special panel and book presentation with .y own recent publication in the last two years, i have published two books on the chicano movement. one is a volume entitled "the chicano movement: perspectives 20th century." to the the contributions book are the revised papers from the conference. i blessedlude those it from other scholars to provide a more rounded coverage of the movement. the volume is part of the new

direction american history series published by routledge a professorated to from uc san diego. book. to discuss this includes 11 entries organized around three thematic sections. committee struggles this community struggles, youth movement -- everyone at this conference contributed to the volume . let me move on to discuss my "the movement." an oral history of three major activists in the chicano movement in los angeles during 1970's. 1960's into the

that's give them a hand. [applause] hand.'s give them a [applause] prof. garcia: i participated in a special panel. gloria cannot be with us at the conference. she is courageously battling an illness. she is with us in spirit. as i mentioned in my introduction, this book has a long history, but i'm very relieved and pleased that it has now been published by the university of california press in 2015. i started this in the 1990's by

ul andiewing ra eventually glory. my earlier work had dealt with the earlier generation. i had first written about what i the first mass wave of mexican immigrants into the u.s. in the early 20th century. i was also curious about the history of children of these immigrants. to understand the second-generation, i did several books with emphasis on the relationships in the community the chicanoior to movement. this included biographies, oral

histories. spanning theon great depression, world war ii and the cold war organized the first major civil rights movement among mexican americans in the united states and established a legacy of civil rights and social justice. i wanted to push the envelope further and moved to discussing the chicano movement. this was my historical generation and i'm a product as well of the movement. we became chicanos because of the movement. case, a chicano, in my there my schoolmates, first names had been transformed because the teachers had transformed them. andcisco became frankie maria became mary. sistershers, the good

could not change my mario name. i always felt this advantage because my school friends had new first names. we discovered our baptismal names. i was just mario. i was already had of the game. -- ahead of the game. [laughter] prof. garcia: as many of you about my movement first started with castro. it was beautiful to be chicano that day. thekids walked out of schools in the largest high school strike in american history. i wish he was here with us today. i know he will live in our memories for the rest of our lives.

in my new book "the chicano generation ago this book is unique in that it includes three stories, giving it a radio contexts that reflect the movement -- the chicano , this book is unique in that includes three stories, giving it a variety of contexts that reflect the movement. this text is intended for you, the reader, to observe or in this case, read, reflect on it and then hopefully take up the struggle. i'm very fortunate to have selected these three individuals as the protagonists of the book. how did i select them? raul is a natural. he is the renaissance man of the movement in los angeles. he was involved in many stages and manifestations of the movement.

he was a college student who walkouts.anize the through his leadership in the la the magazine, he publicized antiwar movement. along with demonstrators who found themselves across the silver dollar cafe and to those who stored photos that led to the -- at that time, the most prominent latino journalist in the united states. he further spearheaded the organizing of the party in los angeles and was involved in many other movement activities that i cannot possibly include them all. in theimages of raul

book itself. here is raul at the time of the walkouts. one of the organizers helping to organize the students. raza come on christmas eve of 1969, had a demonstration at the recently constructed saint bezos onrch to force their demands cardinal mcintyre. police moved in, including undercover sheriffs acting as ushers at the time. 21 were arrested. raul was one of them. as well.ruz some went to trial, some were sentenced to three months. raul was not sentenced at all. you noted, how did

serve time? he said, i guess i'm a better catholic than you guys are. [laughter] with garcia: this is raul those historic pictures he took of the silver dollar cafe on -- august 29,970 1970. the police unleashed an incredible, brutal attack on the demonstrators. three people were killed that day. raul just happened to be across the street. this saw the tear gas and cars onbuildings and fire and support and witnessed the two county sheriff squad

cars position themselves and they moved into the bar and he started taking pictures. he took these historic pictures , onee sheriffs'attack showing the deputy, thomas wilson just before he shoots into the silver dollar. he hits the journalist in the head, immediately killing him. raul does not believe that. conspiracy theories. it was an attack on the moratorium itself. theory,onspiracy leading to many conspiracy theories.

the journalist is still writing a column for the l.a. times. he was showing a lot of police abuse in east l.a.. ,ome believe he was targeted they were looking for him that day and that's why he was killed. theory that he was not killed by the teargas projectile. he was killed from the inside, someone killed him from the inside. what is your evidence? he said, look, when president kennedy was killed, look what happened to his head. it was blown off. if a teargas projectile hit him that size, there would be no head. but, there was a head. you see film of the mortuary later on, you see a head.

raul thinks he was killed from the inside. i don't know that he will ever prove that, but that is his conspiracy theory. is raul testifying at the inquest. isone point, the judge showing one of his pictures and "what is that image on that side?" raul says that is a picture of che guevara and all the chicanos start clapping and so forth. the judge knew that was che guevara and he was adjusting sympathized with the in 1972, when the

party held its first and only wentnal convention, raul there to attend in the key competition between gutierrez beenad been successfully -- was there with his group and you had the guru of the chicano movement, gonzales with his group. they both wanted to be elected of ae national chairperson national party. they needed someone to chair the convention that was not beholden to either group. people said, how about raul? he reluctantly agreed to it.

about hisn the book role at the national party. raul in thecture of early 1970's. phd inter gets his education from harvard. secondings us to the protagonist of the book, gloria. i had not met gloria until i began -- what a powerful story. minister offemale the brown berets in east los angeles, gloria has a unique story. she was part of the first contingent of women to join the berets. because of her leadership and personal strength, she rose to a leadership position, providing

leadership to the women in the group. andite their sexism potential sexual assault, gloria along with the other women became the backbone of the berets. -- they published the beret newspaper. the greatest contribution that gloria along with other women made was the beret free clinic. this was the most significant contribution that the berets made to the community and to the movement. it was glorious leadership as a director of the health clinic that made this possible. gloria was also involved in organizing the chicano antiwar movement and providing an outlet for others by putting together a -- the least known

of my three activists, she deserves a commonplace in the history of the movement in los angeles. this is a picture of the brown wedding. one of the numbers of the brown berets got married at the church of the epiphany in lincoln heights. that's one of the members of the brown berets. gloria is on the left. this is one of those photos that you go into those little booths in bus stations and put in a quarter to get your picture taken. this is from one of those. gloria is honest about one of about -- glorious

honest about the fact that she is a big woman. she was close to 300 pounds. she was bullied. high school and beyond, she said i rose above that. she used her tallness and bigness to her advantage. , people when i did that did not take her on. she also learned that the guys would intimidate the women in the meetings. up toid i always stood speak, never from my chair because i wanted to use my physicality to assert myself and my power and so forth. i encourage the other women to do that as well. the others were also fairly large women.

tank to commandeered a use in the march. as they are in the market, allow people in the parade started "viva lasaying gordas." this is after the assassination of robert kennedy. the berets had a march. you can see gloria toward the back. i have fewer pictures of gloria because it was more difficult to find pictures of gloria. she did not have very much. her story is a fascinating one and a very powerful one. the free picture of clinic on whittier boulevard. get volunteere to

doctors and nurses and students to help out and so forth. the women ran it and she was the director. the guys tried to get all the credit. they would try to take credit but the women did it. they provided all kinds of , references to medication, they did birth counseling or directed people to planned parenthood and support. -- and so forth. it was the women through the free clinic that made that connection with the community. the guys tried to take the credit. worse than that, they would come in at the end of the day and the space to party and do everything and leave a mess and the women were expected to go back the next day to clean it up. -- gloriapaigned as

complained. it has to be sanitary and so forth. david sanchez for whatever reason did not pull his weight. it continued. so, gloria said "i'm out of here." because ofroup left these kinds of conflicts and that is when gloria organizes the chicano antiwar movement with munoz. she later on organizes another free clinic in east l.a. and worked there for a period of time. her mother was a native of california. thata begins to rediscover side of her and she begins to

get involved in the native american movement. that is a picture of gloria with munoz. there was no way i could do a book on the movement in l.a. without including rosalio munoz. this is a photo of him at ucla, to be elected.no he had the courage to take on selective service by refusing to be inducted into the military. ofng the historic day september 16, mexican independence day, he proclaimed that he would not allow himself to be inducted by a military and government that profits on genocide, as he put it, on chicano men by a proportionately

-- disproportionately dropping them -- a drafting them. draftganized an anti- organization to assist other two condos how to challenge their draft status. -- to assist other to challenge their draft status. this led to him becoming the key organizer of the chicano moratorium community that organized the largest and missed movement the chicano and the largest protest against the war in vietnam by any minority group in the country. they did that will live in infamy come august 20 9, 1970 when 20,000 or more chicanos marched against the war in east l.a.. 1970 when 99,

20,000 or more chicanos marched against the war in east l.a. noz showing his signs and peace beads. this is later at the l.a. press club, organizing the antiwar movement. at one of theo earlier demonstrations. this is the so-called march in the rain in february of 19 70. -- 1970.

when of the demonstrations that led up to the big one on august when i know that year. -- august 29 of that year. thehe director or head of chicano moratorium committee, he gave his speech to the people assembled there. there were parents, grandparents, children. he met with the county sheriff and told them this was a peaceful demonstration in support. -- and so forth. he concluded his speech and the sheriff deputies began to move in to destroy the demonstration. all of that is in the book. this is at a news conference 29 two protestt

the police action. lio is to the far right. protest the to police action. this is less than the year after the demonstration and l.a. -- in l.a. trip.s a much later came away with in writing this book is a deep appreciation and respect for the personal integrity and commitment of these three activists. they faced many ups and downs and victories and defeats, but political and personal but continued to struggle in one form or another.

ideologues but practical activists who wanted to improve their community. they epitomize the best of the chicano generation. some have tried to disparage the movement. it was too sectarian, to sexist.ist, too one of the reasons i wanted to do a study of the movement was precisely to put a human face to a social movement. -- reals that are also people. it was a major historical struggle in chicano history where men and women made history in helping empower not only the it madegeneration -- latinos into political actors for the first time. opportunities,w

as i mentioned earlier. -latinous of chicano background oh a debt to the -- owe a debt to the chicano movement. such historical figures like munoz and gloria. thank you very much. [applause] >> you are watching american history tv. 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. >> each week until the 2016 presidential election, american history tv rings you coverage of -- brings you archival coverage of our presidential races. next, the 1984 democratic

debate in atlanta between walter mondale, gary hart of colorado and john glenn of ohio, george mcgovern and the reverend jesse jackson. the debate is best remembered for mondale's question on the deaths of the policy proposals. he asked, where is the beef? the vice president finish the primary season with the lead in the delegates but he did not secure the nomination over senator hart until the democratic convention in july. he then lost the election to ronald reagan. the president won in a landslide with 49 out of 50 states. >> good afternoon. i'm the president of the league of women voters. welcome to the league's second presidential debate of 1984. as we've done in previous

presidential years, the league of women voters is sponsoring a series of general election debates. so that you, the voter, can make side-by-side comparisons of the candidates and their views. john chancellor is our moderator for today's debate. john: thank you. when the league last sponsored the debate in new hampshire, there were eight of you. now, there are only five. four of you have not done as well as you would like. let me describe your positions. jesse jackson, if he doesn't get any percent of the vote, he will lose his eligibility for federal campaign matching funds. mr. mcgovern is down to one state, massachusetts. he may withdraw. mr. glenn has not scored a victory and the polls don't put him in a strong position. mr. mondale's hopes have not been fulfilled.

i believe i've heard him use the word "clobbered" to describe one of his defeats. a man with ideas for the future but his opponents say it is tinsel. now, onto the substance. mr. jackson, you have a lot of frontline combat experience in civil rights. now that you are campaigning in the south, you have been hitting the civil rights theme very hard, saying that you're better than your opponents on that issue. does that tend to narrow your candidacy? there are a lot of white voters in new england who did not coalition.ur rainbow have you reached the point where your support will come exclusively from blacks? >> in new hampshire, i got better than four of my opponents. in vermont, we got 8% of the votes. we have an inclination of voting support in new hampshire.