as we said, even now, machines to eliminate stupidly there are in the pilot stage. until they are ready, most braceros are a necessary supplement to our cruise. in spanish, braceros means a man who works with arms and hands, but an american lingo, they are called lifesavers, and they are, not only to the farmers, but today housewife, the grocer, the transporter, the candor and a processor into all of the other industries whose output and very existence are so closely interlocked independent on the continued supply of such crops. ♪

monday, executives of the american cable association matthew pocar and talk about the future of the cable industry. in the fcc's plan to open the market for companies to build set-top boxes and the regulation of the internet. networksd all of their will require that they be carried on the most widely distributed level of service and so does everybody else. we had up with a bundle of bundles that everybody has to take. disaggregate the bundle and 70 people as they wish. most consumers do not recognize that if that happens, the price

of the individual channels or the bundle of channels is going to skyrocket. >> do you agree with the commissioner? >> the fact is that our members are provided choice through competitive set-top boxes, apps, choices for consumers, and really, the imported, again, coming back to the customer, being part of that relationship with the customer to determine what is it that they want most and how can we provided? announcer: watch the communicators on monday night on c-span2. solving in, american history tv features long beach, california. it was named in 1888 after the length of its beaches. c-span city tour visited many sites, showcasing the city's history. learn more about long beach all weekend here on american history tv.

standing inrrently the south gallery of the historical society of long beach . on the table in front of me are of an iconictos event, the discovery of oil in 1921 and how these pictures demonstrate how that changed the nature of the community over the next 40-50 years and helped produce the modern city of long beach. currently getting ready to open an exhibition about oil in long beach. gold." we hope to be able to educate citizens in and beach and children visitors about how important oil was in the development of the region in the 20th century. newle in the oil industry there would be oil everywhere

along the southern california coastal area because oil has been discovered in the central valley of california earlier, , andills above los angeles so when oil people came, and also, what is basically downtown los angeles, discovered oil in the 1890's -- and so people who had done that took one look at the long beach area, huntington beach, and they knew there was oil. as early as 1913. people began to look at the possibility of oil. the problem is that it was deep. driven technology do not allow them to go that deep until after world war i. in 1919, a bunch of things happened to bring this together. , now youa canal opened could put products like oil on ships and send them through the panama canal. elements oftioned the fleet on the west coast in

long beach cottage of the bed. navy ships were located in san diego, san francisco, but san pedro bay also that a huge contingent of naval ships and that meant a need for fuel and oil and repair facilities. the navy comes to our area. ofld war i created a sense the u.s. being global nation and being interested in global affairs. 1921,il was discovered in it came together. this is signal hill. oil wasl show you how almost overnight becoming a major ingredient in the development and growth of city. this will get us on our way. the interesting thing about this signal hill strike is that before this happened, signal

hill was an agricultural community. a very small community, a few hundred people, many of humor japanese-american farmers who leased land from rich companies have grew cucumbers, blackberries, flowers and when the oil came, does people were overwhelmed. he lost everything. as you can imagine, laxronmental protection was . . oil companies would come, open a well come and get as much oil as they possibly could. and have very little concern about environmental issues. waste oil would run down the street into long beach. this is why would the people who lived there decided she would try to get people's losses taken care of by the oil companies and she fought for a number of years

to get the oil companies to pay reparations to land that was lost and eventually, she prevailed. she got the oil companies to pony up $0.5 million to deal with losses. the signal hill is important for .he next 25 years in 1936, oil was discovered in the long beach harbor. this is the famous wilmington field which will produce even more billions of barrels of oil and so oil companies will come to the area they would authenticity for example that he 5% royalties and is basically about the city council to remake the city from a small seaside community that he thousand people now long beach could pave -- pave the streets -- water lines, police department, fire department, and really, developed it into a modern city. revenuech took so much

from the early oil production in the 1920's-19 30's that it one point, the city council was thinking of canceling city taxes because they had so much oil revenue in there was a -- there that -- there was a post that said it was the richest small city in the world. -- there was a boast that said it was the richest small city in the world. afterfight will breakout world war ii in 1945-46-47 which the student california will demand a larger share of the oil revenues. the government will try to restrict the ability of the state and the city to control offshore oil drilling and he will lead to major fights that go on for years. the end result is that: age of oil revenue comes to an end pretty rapidly in the 1970's. by night --

long beach is basically giving up its oil revenue to the state of california. all of this early oil production, all instruction being so wasteful and so environmentally-destructive, of course, we will have to give way, 1960's, to more safe and productive, more efficient oil production. -- in6, long beach will the oil companies will begin to construct artificial islands in this will allow oil instruction from the harbor from the wilmington field. this is one answer to that issue of how to make oil extraction less environmentally destructive although there are problems also with the oil line is, as well. you drive around southern california, long beach, signal hill, you can see the remnants of the oil production days. the oil wells do not look like this anymore. we do not see very much of this anymore. because this is really the old

days. now we see modern oil facilities with electronic pounds, very quietly, efficiently producing oil in wells around signal hill and long beach. in the same way that the gold and may northern california important places like texas, alaska -- oil was very important here in southern california, especially in places like huntington beach in long beach in the central valley. announcer: our cities tour staff travel to long beach, california, to learn about its history. learn more about long beach and other stops on our tour at c-span.org. tour.span.org/cities you are watching american history tv on c-span3. next, a panel of academics and

archivists sure the message they used to preserve audio from radio, film, and television. some of the collections discussed and closed the in your historical archives, vox pop radio, and television recordings, native american radio broadcasts and orphaned , meaning nonmainstream productions discarded by their owners. this part of the national conference hosted by the library of congress in conjunction with the radio preservation task force. it is about one hour -- 1.5 hours. >> i think we are ready to start. good morning. at thefaculty member university of virginia and i will chair this panel. keeping everybody more or less on time although we are starting a little bit late.