films. over the next few weeks, watch for our airings of portions from the 1975 church committee hearings investigating the intelligence activities of the cia, fbi, irs and nsa. look for all of our programming every weekend on c-span 3. coming up on c-span, american history tv in prime time features programs marking the 100th anniversary of the pulitzer prize. first, american artifacts with pulitzer prize winning photographs. after that, the pulitzer prize centennial celebration. each week, american artifacts takes viewers into archives, museums and historic sites around the country. we visited the newseum's pulitzer prize photograph gallery in washington, d.c. where a john singer sargent portrait of joseph pulitzer on

display to mark the centennial. we'll hear about the hungarian immigrant who created a newspaper empire in the late 19th century and the prizes that carry his name. and we'll see a selection of pulitzer prize winning photographs and learn the stories behind the images. >> my name is patty rhue ale ane are standing in the photographs gallery, which is one of our most popular gallery at the newseum. the portrait behind me is of josef pulitzer, the person whose legacy created the pulitzer prizes. he's also probably one of the foremost journalists, publishersover modern history. joseph pulitzer kind of an incredible american immigrant success story. he was born in hungary, he came to the united states at age 17 to actually fight in lincoln's cavalry during the civil war. he had been rejected by "self"

european armies. he was -- had a sense of adventure, came here, was not very happy in the army but when the civil war ended he romed around a bit and finally landed in st. louis where he got a job as a reporter for a german language newspaper there. he subsequently purchased another german language newspaper there then expanded a bit, purchased the st. louis newspaper, the st. louis dispatch, merged it with another newspaper and created a real powerful newspaper there in st. louis. he then expanded his empire to new york taking over the new york "world" which at one point in time was the most read newspaper in the western world. he took its circulation and increased it tenfold in the time he was there in about a year's time. joseph pulitzer interesting because he didn't just influence the journalism of his time the things that joseph pulitzer instituted in newspapers are seen in newspapers today.

that's why he's such a powerful force. sensational imis the one toward that is often linked with joseph pulitzer and we think of sensationalism today as tabloid journalism but he was using sensationalism to right wrongs. he told stories in a dramatic, clear way so that his readers, many of whom were immigrants and people who weren't very educated possibly not even english language speakers. he used things like illustration on front pages, used wood cuts. he didn't invent the use but he understood how powerful they could be as a tool of visual communication. he increased sports coverage in newspapers. sports coverage before that was primarily the sports of the elise but joseph pulitzer wasn't about communicating with the elite. he wanted mass circulation, massive numbers of people who-to-read his newspapers and be forred by them. he also did a lot for muck raking and challenging people in power. back in the 1880s his newspapers

did stories on police using their billy clubs against innocent civilians. does that sound like anything happening today? very interesting. he didn't personally write but he commissioned stories about a young woman, a teenager in new jersey who died of a botched abortion. when a young girl accused an off duty police officer of raping her in a dance hall basement, pulitzer newspaper championed the girl's story because the policeman was bragging that his powerful friends were going to get him off. pulitzer's newspaper championed the girl, helped support her mother and ultimately the police officer was convicted so his use of sensationalism was for a cause. joseph pulitzer was a very passionate person, insashbly curious about things and had a bit of a sort of nervous -- i guess nervous aspect to his life. he had vision problems. he had sort of these issues

throughout his life. i mentioned he had been rejected by several armies in europe that he tried to get into before he came to the united states to fight in the civil war for the union. his vision grew poor. he ultimately had to step back from his work as publisher of the new york "world" and the st. louis papers in about 1890 but he skill tonighted to have his force felt, to sort of be managing from afar. so it was a part that made his work very difficult for him at times. john singer sargent is the foremost portrait painter of the late 19th century and early 20th century so he is the person who is painting portraits of the powerful, the influential, the prominent people of the time so the fact that he paints pulitzer a powerful statement to pulitzer's lasting importance in our society. you can see in the portrait, you can look at one eye and it seems that the eye is cloud sod you get a hint of the vision

problems he was having throughout his life. some people say he looks devilish and angelic at the same time. so there's interesting juxtapositions in pulitzer's life. his passion for his newspapers, his passion for communication that you can draw your own conclusions from that artistic interpretation of him. pulitzer always has a passion for drawing the best journalists and having some sort of a way to highlight the best in journalism. at a period in his life he was in a newspaper war and his newspaper -- the newspaper he was sort of fighting against, eric is lags war, were exaggerating things to the point where they may not have been true. joseph pulitzer later comes to regret thats a pact of his career so that's why he decides one of his legacies will be the creation of the columbia journalism school, one of the foremost journalism schools in the country and the pulitzer

prizes where he wants to highlight the power, the best of journalism. so the first prizes were awarded in 1917 for work done in 1962. 1942 the prize for photography is added. in 1968 an additional category is added and you see in this gallery the results of the pulitzer prize highlighting these inkreebl stories photojournalists have done. i would say his greatest legacy is the way he brought newspapers to a mass audience. it's all about communicating and getting information to people. few litzer didn't feel like he should be writing just for the bankers and lawyers of society. he wanted to get his message and information to the masses of people, the working men and women who were crowded the cities after the civil war for work opportunities. so he created newspapers that did just that, that communicated directly with people, with images, cartoon, sport coverages, muck raking, challenging the powerful. all of these things are the

things we value in our newspapers and web sites and blogs today. >> my name is indira williams ban baht and i'm director ff resources here at the newseum. you can see every single image that has ever won a pulitzer prize. we have 40 images displayed along the walls. we are also able to see all of the other images through our thumbnail wall display and in our interactive kiosks. we also have a theater experience where people can see and can hear the photographers themselves speaking about the photographs and how they made them and the story behind the story. the photograph "tragedy at sea won won the pulitzer prize in 1955. the photographer was working for the "l.a. times." he was at home when one of his

neighbors alerted him that something was going on at the beach. he grabs his camera, he walks over and finds this scene. he finds this couple that are looking for their two-year-old son. the little boy had been playing in their backyard and somehow he got out and they realized now that he's gone into the water and he's nowhere to be found. he takes the photograph, grabs the film, heads to the street, gives it to a bus driver, gives him $5 and tells him "go and take these to the "l.a. times."" and so he wins the pulitzer for this image, we know that most of the pulitzer images have immediate and lasting emotional impact. and because we're all different things impact us differently, however this image right here has sort of a universal emotional impact because just like the photographer who had a little child about the same age,

parents in particular find this image very, very impactful because this brings in us both a very visceral fear as well as deep compassion. the sinking of the andrea doria wins the pulitzer prize in 1957. the photographer was working for the boston traveler. the passengers of the andrea-doria were enjoying their very last night at sea as they were on board the italian cruise liner "andrea-doria." they were enjoying their last night and at some point during the night the radar identifies the presence of another ship, the stockholm, but the radar information tells both ships that they should be perfectly fine passing one another. however, something goes really, really wrong, the stockholm runs into the andrea doria and a 40-foot hole is made on to the andrea doria and it starts sinking.

of course chaos ensues, passengers are starting to get loaded into the lifeboats and most of the passengers are rescued although 51 people do die at this disaster. mostly at the moment of impact. so next day, of course, the press starts trying to cover what is happening as the ship is sinking however mr. traffsk engages the help of a private pilot and he does a flyover the ship as it is beginning to sink. the conditions are not very good and mr. trask is not a good flier and he starts getting violently air sick. he decides he's going to stick with it and make the shot, he pulls himself together, starts photographing and then he starts looking down, the ship starts effectively sinking for the very last time going down into the waters and he captures that

photo. and this is how the air sick photographer captures the pulitzer prize. and here the newseum is very fortunate to account amongst its collection the original camera used to photograph the pulitzer prize winning image sinking of the andrea doria and also the original negatives are in the newseum collection. "faith and confidence" wins the pulitzer prize in 1958. photographer william beal worked for the washington daily news. he was a marine combat photographer and he, in fact, was part of the same unit where joe rosenthal was and, of course, we all know joe rosenthal photographed that amazing image of the five marines and navy corpsman raising the american flag up on mount suribachi in iwo jima. however, mr. beal was on the

other side of the island so he wasn't able to have -- he wasn't able to see what was going on or have the opportunity to capture the image. however, ten plus years after that his opportunity came, he was sent by his paper to cover a parade in chinatown and so as he's looking around he realizes this is a pretty big parade and out of the corner of his eye he notices this little boy, tiny little boy, looking at a policeman who is just bent down talking to him. what we can't see is that behind the policeman there is a very large dragon that is part of the parade and there are lots of firecrackers all over the ground and so the policeman is just trying to warn very gently that tiny little boy to just be careful because the firecrackers are everywhere. and he's just trying to make sure that he's safe. so william beal makes the photogra

photograph, the policeman becomes the police chief in washington, d.c. the little boy stays away from the firecrackers, does not get hurt, he grows up, his family moves with him to california and he ends up working in the entertainment industry. and so, you know, this beautiful, beautiful image freezes in time a moment of innocence in a little child's life. "two men with a problem" win the pulitzer prize in 1962. the photographer works for the associated press. it's early in 1961 and the young kennedy administration is in trouble. after the disastrous invasion of bay of pigs, fidel castro is very, very angry. nikita kruschev is pressing his advantage and the american people are beginning to doubt the ability of mr. kennedy to

lead the country. so he seeks counsel with former president eisenhower and they meet at camp david. the press is invited to make some photographs of these meetings and there are a lot of photographers there doing the coverage, pierre salinger, the press secretary for mr. kennedy, is in charge of the whole event and he lets everyone do what they need to do and then eventually he just shuts it down, he closes the lid, as he says. so the reporters start going, everyone starts leaving but the photographer is at the very, very beginning of the pack and as he's crouching down picking up his materials he looks and he hears eisenhower telling kennedy "i know somewhere where we can go and talk." and as he's looking, he sees the picture, he sees the image that he does but he also realizes that in order to make the

picture that he sees, that would be in between the legs of a secret service agent that was standing right next to him. so the secret service agent goes by the name of moose so he goes "moose, spread your legs." and moose says" i can't do that, salinger already said the lid is closed." and he said "moose, spread your legs, i have a picture here, do it." so moose spreads his legs, he takes the picture and the pulitzer prize image is captured. and as you can see, it captures two men with a problem, two men with the weight of the world on their shoulders. "jack ruby" shoots lee harvey oswald won the pew litzer in

1964. the assassination of president kennedy is burned into the consciousness of most americans of a certain age and robert jackson had been working with the paper for three years and he was part of the motorcade covering that visit of president kennedy to dallas. as he is near the book reposito repository, mr. jackson goes down and he starts changing his fame, all of a sudden he hears a couple shots and he looks around, hes here three shots, he looks up and he sees a rifle being retreated from the window of the book repository and he's sitting there on the ground with an empty camera. so he misses covering that historic part of the story. however, mr. jackson continues to cover the story throughout the weekend and he learns that on sunday oswald is going to be taken to the city jail and so he goes and, of course, he's not the only journalist that is covering the event, jack beers

from the associated press also happens to be there amongst others and as they position themselves to be waiting they hear "he's coming in, he's coming in." and they're all ready, mr. jackson prefocuses to make sure he gets some sort of image. all of a sudden he feels someone just get right in front of him and the first thing he thinks is that, you know, this person is going to get in front of my shot and he gets a little miffed about it he's still ready. all of a sudden he hears the shot and at the same time it seems that he hears a shot he hits the shutter and he makes this shot and ruby has just hit lee harvey oswald and of course now there's day i don't say, a lot of pushing, the policemen are pushing all the press trying to get everyone out of the area and it's pandemonium. but somehow they all make it out, he runs to the paper and as he gets to the paper and hands

over his film it's become apparent that other photographs were made that day and jack beers' photo is already hitting the wires so his boss asks him "do you have anything like that? do you have anything that looks like this?" and he said "well, i don't know, let's take a look." and, of course, this is one of the perfect examples of what makes a pulitzer image a pulitzer image because a lot of reporters can be at one spot making -- trying to make the same image and trying to capture the same scene but there's only one pulitzer and in this particular situation this is it. "moment of reflection" wins the pew litzer in 1977. the photograph, robin hood, worked for the chattanooga news

free press. mr. hood was a veteran, he served in the vietnam war and because of that he was able to connect, feel a connection when he noticed these veterans and he could see there was an image to be made. by the spring of 1976, the vietnam war was over but its effect was deeply, deeply, deeply entrenched in the lives and the minds of the american people. some people took something from the war, some people lost something because of the war. our photographer, mr. hood, came back to the u.s. with a new trade, he had become a photographer. the person here we can see in the picture lost something during the war, he lost his legs. and so the photographer is sent by the paper to cover an armed

forces day parade and as he's walking around he notices a group of tiny vietnamese children who are witnessing the parade, me takes a couple of photographs and they're all very cute, they look very, very happy, enjoying their freedom and the beautiful day, when he turns around and he just looks and he notices this veteran. he's obviously in a wheelchair, he's wearing his army fatigues, wearing his army poncho because it's raining a little bit and he's holding his two-year-old son. he's also visibly moved. there are tears running down his face. and he connects with this veteran because they're both veterans and they've both been there. and then he is so impressed and so taken by the immotional impact of the image that he makes the photo and then he does walk over to the subject, he speaks with him and he finds out

why is it that he's crying. and it is because he used to be a football player when he was in high school and at that particular time his high school band was marching by right in front of him and that just moved him to tears. "blizzard new england" wins the pulitzer prize in 1979 and this award is given to the staff of the "boston herald" american. photographer kevin cole is faced with one of the worst storms he's ever had to cover and he's determined to get good images of it. he charters a small plane and in this condition where all the businesses are closed, all the schools are closed. there's snow everywhere, everything is completely covered, he's still determined he is going to cover this thing and so he getting the plane and as soon as they start going he

goetzs tremendously air sick, but, again he's going to do this thing, he's going to cover it. and where they get to the point where the pilot tells him "we just can't stay here anymore, this is not safe" he notices the lighthouse. and if you can look at this -- this lighthouse is 114 feet tall which means that the water is going up about 100 feet and this is impressive. he looks at the image, he makes the image and immediately as soon as he makes the image he throws up, he gets completely sick but he's done his job, he's made a pulitzer prize image and he can go home. something that here at the newseum we're very, very proud and happy to have. this is a tactile experience and it is a companion to the photograph that we just looked at. here if we have visitors that

are visually impaired they're able to touch this image that is in relief. it's been carved in such a way that you can feel the sea foam, you can feel the ocean and you can feel the shape of the lighthouse so that you're able, f you just close your eyes to experience this image in a different way. "oklahoma city bombing" wins the pulitzer prize in 1996. the photographer, charles porter iv files the image through the associated press. charles porter, iv, was an employee in the loans department of a bank. one day he was at work when everyone there at the bank heard a very loud explosion. immediately and because mr. porter was an aspiring photojournalist, he runs to his

car, grabs his camera and runs two and a half blocks to the alfred p. murrah building and as he puts it, it looks like the building -- the front of the building has been completely shaved off and you can see inside the building. of course there's chaos everywhere, there's people running, victims getting out of the building, people just trying to come in and look at it but there isn't a whole lot of press because this literally just happened and mr. porter makes a lot of different photos. he takes a picture of the victims, he takes a picture of a church with the stained glass all exploded all over the ground and then he notices something right out of the corner of his eye and he turns around and he notices a policeman handing something over to a fireman. he turns around and, of course, we see now what he's doing is handing over this little baby to the fireman and as the fireman is holding the little baby that,

unfortunately, passed on, he makes the photo. he makes that image that becomes the iconic representation of that terrible disaster happened that day. we're very, very excited to be part of the pulitzer sentencent and in september of this year we're going to have a reveal of our brand new pulitzer gallery. there is going to be a lot that will be different. the images, for one, that are displayed along the walls will be refreshed so that we're able to include the winners that have occurred after the image was -- the gallery was inaugurated when

the building open several years back so we will be able to have content that is more current and that reflects stories that are still burned and very, very fresh in the consciousness of our visitors. something else we're going to have that is going to be really, really interesting is our winners wall. that is at the entrance of the gallery and every year we display there the winners for each year, however now as -- of course we are going to show the winners but we're going to have also digital capability so we're able to show not only one image per winner but we're also going to show their portfolios. we're also going to be able to offer interviews with these photographers so we're able to see their video interview and all of their images all in one spot so that we're able to share the complete story with our visitors. another part of the gallery that is going to get redone is our

movie, our pulitzer movie and we're going to be able to include more and different interviews of our photographers and so our visitor will be able to see new images around the room and they will also be able to see permanently the interview of the photographers as they tell us how they made those images. and finally our kiosks are going to be revamped as well. we will have new interviews, we're going to have different capabilities so our visitors can navigate the content in a much more interactive and more intuitive way. so we're very, very excited and hoping to share these new galleries and these new life that the pulitzer gallery is going to have for us come september this year. you can watch this or other

american artifacts programs at any time by visiting our web site, cspan.org/history. wednesday, american history tv in prime time features programs on president richard nixon and the watergate scandal. at 8:00 p.m., lectures in history on watergate and the white house tapes. at 9:10 p.m., journalist bob woodward and alexander butterfield on president nixon and watergate. at 10:30 p.m., richard nixon's 1974 resignation from office. and at 10:55 p.m., richard nixon's farewell to his white house staff. the watergate scandal on american history tv in prime time. it starts 8:00 p.m. eastern here on c-span 3. this weekend, the c-span cities tour hosted by our charter and time warner cable partners takes you to san bernardino, california, to explore the history and literary

culture of this city located east of los angeles. on december 2 of 2015, 14 people were killed and 22 were seriously injured in a terrorist attack in the inland regional center in san bernardino. we'll talk with congressman pete aguilar about the attack and recovery efforts by the community. his district includes the inland regional center. >> when we talk about terrorism, when we talk about the fight against terror it isn't something in the abtract anymore, it's something that across this country means something because this isn't a big city here in san bernardino that was attacked, this could has been anywhere. >> we'll also speak with san bernardino city councilman about establishing a permanent memorial to the victims of the attack. >> well, it provides a sense of remembrance. it highlights their lives and what they've contributed to our local community and certainly it

always will be a near and dear place for us to kind of provide a place of consolation, serenity. so we're thinking a serenity garden, prayer chapel of some sort in and around this area. >> we'll learn about the family of wyatt earp from author nick cataldo. he talks about thors' notoriety and the connection to san bernardino. the connection the earps have goes back to 1852 when the father of wyatt earp, the most well known of the earps, his name is nicholas erp, he was -- basically left his family -- temporarily, they were living in monmouth, illinois, he heard about the gold rush in northern california. before he came back, went back to the midwest heaven which you ared down to southern california and he passed through the san bernardino valley and he vowed one day he would come back to

san bernardino. and on american history tv, we'll visit the san bernardino history and railroad museum and talk with alan bone, san bernardino historical society vice president, located in the 1918 santa fe depot. the museum contain miss objects related to the city's railroad history. >> cross-examination was completed in 1918 that replaced a wooden structure that was 100 yards east of here that burned in 1960. why the depot was built larger than it was needed is because they decided to house the division headquarters that the location at that time. >> watch the c-span cities tour saturday at noon eastern on book tv and sunday afternoon at 2:00 on american history tv on c-span 3. the c-span cities tour, working with our cable affiliates and visiting cities across the country. wednesday, a look at the obama administration's response to the zika virus. the brookings institution hears

from the centers from disease control and prevention appropriations office. that's live, 9:00 a.m. eastern here on c-span 3. the impact of low energy prices on oil and gas revenue dependent nations is the topic of discussion wednesday at the center for strategic and international studies. energy market experts will discuss the need for reforms for countries facing difficulties, including nigeria, iraq and algeria. coverage starts at 11:00 a.m. eastern here on c-span 3. recently our campaign 2016 bus made a visit to pennsylvania during its primary stopping at grove city college, slippery rock university, washington and jefferson college and harrisburg area community college where students, professors and local officials learned about our road to the white house coverage and our online interactive resources

covering the campaign trail found at cspan.org. visitors were also able to share their thoughts about the upcoming election. our bus ended the week in warring on the, pennsylvania, where it visited a middle school to honor seven ninth graders who won their student cam competition. you can view all the winning documentaries at studentcam.org. this year marks the 100th anniversary of the pulitzer prizes. next, the poynter institute in st. petersburg, florida, hoersed an event commemorating pulitzer prize winner whose work focused on civil rights. congressman john lewis of georgia delivered the keynote address. this is about two and a half hours. >> i am kaniko tomelin, deputy mayor of the city of