cam competition. were recognized for producing winning videos, including the first prize student cam documentary. these three won $3000 for their documentary on infrastructure spending. we also made a stop at woodrow wilson high school in washington, d.c., where two received honorable mention for their videos and were awarded $250 each. three others won $750 for their winning videos on money and politics and poverty and homelessness in the united states. cableial thanks to our partner, comcast cable, for hoping -- helping communicate these visits -- helping facilitate these visits with the community. you can view all of the documentaries on studentcam.org.

>> on lectures in history, georgetown university professor maurice jackson teaches a class on the philosophy of w.e.b. dubois, an author and civil rights activist in the late 18th -- late 19th and early 20th centuries. he described his early life, role as an educator, and relationship with other activists of the time. this class is about an hour. maurice jackson: today we discuss the works of w.e.b dubois. we just entered african-american history month. odson established this for three reasons. one was because of frederick douglass' birthday, the birthday of abraham lincoln, who established the emancipation proclamation, and also the birthday of w.e.b. dubois, born february 23 in massachusetts. my wife was pregnant with our

second child, and she went into labor february 22. as we went to the hospital, i said, dear, if you have this child tonight, he will be born on george washington's birthday. if you hold out a couple of hours, we will have a dubois baby. you can imagine what you would say to your husband 10 or 15 years down the road. you would maybe call them names. but he was born on february 23, so we do have a dubois baby. talking about freedom, in a course like this, there is no person that exemplifies the struggle of freedom in america and in the world more than w.e.b. dubois. he became famous for his many -- many writings. let's look at his life and his sayings. his early years, born in great barrington, massachusetts.

he was born there. he was born to his mother and father. his father alfred left the family not long after he was born. his grandfather alexander was of haitian background. he spent some time in santo domingo and ran a store in great barrington. his grandfather had some goings back to haiti, some mixture, but we just don't know. no doubt some german mixture somewhere along the line. said, when asked about his makeup, he said, i am a little german, little french, little haitian, a little dutch, but thank god no anglo-saxon. what would he mean by that? the anglo-saxon were the original people who trade in slaves. therefore, we can see a bit of his early life, the early life and the early years of dubois there. purchased af 12, he

uley'sf "mcauley -- "maca history of england." he read it five or six times. it was like encyclopedia britannica, you could say. he went from page to page reading the history of the world, history of the ancient world. it instilled in him this great pride. in great barrington, there were no other blacks, maybe one or two other families. he was a precocious young man. very early he became attuned to , the study of books. he did not want to let his mother down. she wanted to educate her son. her only child. in a school with many whites, he excelled more than others. and you know how it is with children. people accept each other. races and cultures don't really matter that much. it is how good you can play the game, how you can play jump rope, how you can bring your mother's cookies to school. all those types of things.

he had never had a racist incident till one day he goes to school and kids are passing out cards, like reading cards, exchanging with each other. and this one girl would not exchange, accept his card. then he saw his first racial incident. if you are african-american or spanish or some other ethnic minority who has come into this -- who can be considered oppressed, you most likely remember you had a racist incident. i remember the first time i did. it was in the south. my brother and i were walking. someone was driving a pickup truck. and he said i smell a gar. he said, what kind of gar? he said a n -- you can imagine the rest of the word. generally people making racist epithets are going away from you, never coming toward you. he early recognized that. it is good to recognize this early. so, he excelled in school. his mother told the story that

once he wanted german textbooks. he did not have the money to buy them. he would work a little stores in the morning and things like that. lucas, he wasd, somewhat meant to -- mentally challenged would be the best word. he had some difficulty in learning. they became best friends. his friend's mother bought him a set of german books. mother woulddubois' never accept anything else, but she did this for her son. he learned early on in german, and people in town saw how talented this young man was so , they wanted to make sure he went to college. he was from great barrington, so he would want to go to harvard. that was his dream school. they took up money. the people who own the stores raise money for him to go his first year, but not to harvard. they could accept him as a smart black man, but not to a premier -- to their premier institution. he went to get years to fisk university in tennessee, and he

excelled. he had never been down south in his early years. -- he had never been down south. his early years there became very important to him. he left and went to fisk university. this is livingston hall, the main hall on the campus. even when i went there, many, many years later, a young man can walk out, they can never go into the dome because it was all girls. fisk became famous for the jubilee singers. the school opened in 1866. he went there later. the jubilee singers, as we talked before, were the authors of the modern versions of negro spirituals. in fact, the school -- the choir traveled throughout the world and sang many songs. we will come back to that in a moment. but at fisk, he learned something he had not seen

before. he went down south and he went to other parts of tennessee. there for the first time he saw poverty, the poverty of his equal. he saw blacks who could not read and write. people walking around barefoot. he saw people who had to wash their clothes outside with the boards. he saw the experience of people, none who had ever gone to school. at fisk, he excelled. he finished a four-year course in two years. then he applied to harvard and then was accepted, where he was encouraged in rigorous study there. at harvard, he studied with the great philosophers of american history. albert bushnell hart was one of

the great philosophers of the 19th century. s thelked duboi importance of learning tax and -- facts and writing well. he won a prize in his senior year. he wrote about jefferson davis and the south and the rise of slavery. from there, he applied to graduate school, but first he wanted to go to germany. he wanted to go to germany for several reasons. first, because of another school , the way one would learn empirical knowledge. as anybody ever seen the movie "-- has anybody ever seen the movie the facts?jak," just he said, show me a fact, and i will interpret it myself. the quakers says, i don't need the word of the preachers. i will find out for myself. dubois was very much this.

he spends two years in germany. he wanted to get a doctorate in germany at hamburg university. but his german peers resented him because he was smarter than them. they protested. he did not get his doctorate there. at the same time when he was in germany, he had a different feeling. he saw the racism of his fellow students. as he walks around in germany, he does next areas that racism. -- he does not experience that racism. later on, he talked about the ss of things.ne in germany, they studied economics at hamburg university. trading economy is the betterment of ideas based on the attitude of people. later on, karl marx, in his theory of the critical economy, use of economic structures understand the modern world, using a series of -- theory of

its -- we've talked about that before. in the context of race and pan-germanism, he saw the race as a positive force in history. being black was not a negative. it was a positive. it was who he was. he wanted to explore that. later on he came back to look at that. after he left germany, he went back to harvard and completed his doctoral studies. in his last years, his writing, he takes a job at another university. he had looked at many schools. he could not get a job. they taught classics and modern language. by the classics i mean greek and , latin. he also taught science and biology. he developed two lists when he was there. he was a young man in town. he was wearing the top half, as a german would. he wore three-piece suits all is nice -- his nice

shoes. he is invited to dinners almost every night, and he is a young man. so he is thinking maybe about marriage or his future. so he sees these young ladies, everyone inviting him to dinner, so he made two lists. on one list was the young women who could speak french, what else? could cook, could serve tea, and set a table. and then another list, those who had grandchildren. as he made the list, he had one woman that was on both. it sounds a bit silly, but it is actually true. this is a woman named nina gomer. soon he married her. not long later, he had children. in the process of doing this, he finished his doctoral thesis at harvard. his doctoral thesis is a classic.

"the suppression of the african slave trade in the united states of america." what this study did more than any other, everybody developed a list and documentation about the way the slave trade worked in each and every state and where slavery comes from in other regions, the first time it had ever been done. he dated based on his empirical knowledge and going back through every colonial constitution. said, he wanted to bring scholarly inquiry into truth, which many schools of thought were doing at the time. the nasher school only took to preserve america's history. another school was the empirical school, which was to reflect the .dea of british imperialism later on, the progressive school, which sought to include africans in the equation, not just as slaves, but as men and women. so, he wrote this book.

it came out in the harvard series --novaro inaugural series. it became a classic in its own 683, "african slave trade, 1 -1870." he finishes the study and becomes dr. dubois. he applies for other jobs. not too many- places to go. dubois was an erudite man. he liked concerts and museums. he applied for jobs, and lo and behold, he got a job in philadelphia. in philadelphia, he got a job working on a study of the city. what he was to do was to study the plight of africans in that

city, to look at the social economic -- socioeconomic conditions and get an idea about them. it begins the first empirical sociological work of its time. it is the spirit of what we call urban sociology. he went ward by ward. you have heard of in new orleans where the ward, the lower ninth. he went into the eighth ward and spent hours and hours. here is a man and tuned to all of the great languages and empirical learning, and he goes door to door. there should be four people doing it, but they only have one. this is a study. this is where he went map to map interviewing people, and it set the stage for what we see now with modern interviews, as you know, when people want to see the type of people who are going to vote, they do it. now they can say working class

whites are voting for donald trump. i don't know why they would. african-americans in the south, they can look at the numbers and say many will go for mrs. clinton. they can go to vermont and other places and see who is voting for who based on roles -- polls, based on a study of ethnicity. dubois was the first to actually do this, ward by ward. it became a book called "the philadelphia negro." "the philadelphia negro," he pays great tribute to the role of the quakers. he educates the blacks in philadelphia. this man became the modern founder of the antislavery movement. the beauty of him is was that he founded the first school for -- continuous school for blacks in philadelphia, one of the few in america, the african free school.

the other book, suppression of slave trade, revolution was put -- a resolution was put forth a resolution was put forth the call for the quakers to bring an end to slavery in america, so he's -- he had great appreciation for that. next year, he got a job and he moved to atlanta, georgia, to work at atlanta university. he taught sociology and empirical studies. empirical studies could mean statistics, some forms of science. he taught greek and latin. his son burghardt gomer du ois -- du bois. did anybody watch the "andy griffith show?" gomer pyle had that name. it can be a southern maine. -- name. in this case, it was a northern name. he had a son that was born. you can see how beautiful and precocious he was.

you can see the kind of dress, looks like a young girl's dress. that is the way of the victorian-style. dubois is very much a victorian. the child is sick. he takes them throughout atlanta. no white doctor would help him. it had been common up until the late 1860's in some places. he could not find a doctor. his son died of disease, which he could have easily been cured of. dubois wrote one of his great works on "the passing of the firstborn." while dubois is there studying this, he noticed other things, other tragedies occur. one is the tragedy of lynching. he is walking somewhere and he passes a place, and there is a klan display. he comes upon a jar.

it looks like pickles in a jar, which you have seen. instead of pickles, what are they? they are the knuckles of a human being. i can remember being in the south in the late 1960's and early 1970's and i have actually seen men's body parts put in pickle jars outside of southern klansmen buildings. it was a token of oppression, the fear we have spoken about. the same year he sees it, he starts documenting certain incidences. 1868, 291e was born, blacks are lynched. you can see the numbers in atlanta. we have talked about lynchings before. dubois continued scientific research. he gets a post at work to begin a study of the american negro,

as you see it. , anid it with murray african-american printer from a prestigious family, who is at the library of congress. he started putting together exhibits of the achievements of african-americans. 500 photographs and many pictures of scientific progress of africans. as he is there at the paris exposition, he wears the clothes he had worn in germany, top hat, three-piece suit, vest, pocket watch, pocket square, very much the victorian. as he is there, he uses the series to contradict and chastise and criticize --, which we have spoken about. we have spoken of the cotton states exhibit a couple years before and the famous saying, cast down your bucket where you are, cast down your bucket. pick it up, your hands

can operate in two ways. in all things economic, they can be as one, but in all things social, they will be separately the five fingers. thing know there is no like separate but equal. we was bigoted about it, -- we will speak a bit about it, more on the paris exhibit. his903, he publishes magisterial work called the ofgro bible, magic souls black folks." he becomes the permanent desk preeminent voice. he writes for dial magazine and atlanta monthly. as you look in the book, you can see he does something unique. he has a verse, which is a verse of a negro spiritual, and then he would have a column -- poem

on the other side, very much in the tradition of dubois, in his own words, very much like this. you see the poem on one side. his famous poem was one of -- favorite poem was one that dr. king always read. this was by james russell lowell, the great poet. the most famous lines are "wrong -- "truth forever on the scaffold, wrong forever on the throne. yet that scaffold sways the future, and behind the dim unknown, standeth god within the shadow, keeping watch above his own." and of course, king used to say that. "wrong forever on the throne." what does that mean? "truth forever on a scaffold." what is a scaffold? if you are an artist, you know what a scaffold is. the framework. it's like the latter -- ladder. it is something you stand on. i used to work on on ships. i would go out in the ocean, and there was a scaffold. it is cheaper to work on a ship out in the ocean.

if you've gone to the washington monument, you have seen the scaffolds. the men and women go up on the scaffolds to help. do it now. in all days, if they were painting a building made of hard plaster, men would go on the scaffold and paint. if you watched anyone paint the chapel, theytine would go up on the scaffold and lay on their backs. michelangelo lay on his back for a long time. so what is he saying? truth forever on the scaffold, wrong forever on the throne. what is he saying? who did the scaffold represent? the average human being, the working man and woman. wrong forever on the throne. the throne represents what? what does the throne represent? the high and the mighty, the king, the ones whose works you -- words you must always follow. but the truth will last forever and a lie will stand alone. see, they are playing with words.

he used -- think about the souls of black folks the dualness of , people. with this, he wrote this book. it became known as the negro bible. it was written in three parts, historical, sociological, and deeply spiritual. it included some of the negro spirituals you see before you. and you can see the names the names -- the names of some of those if you look on the side there. "nobody knows the trouble i've seen, nobody knows the trouble i've seen." anybody know the words? "my sorrow." but before that, "nobody knows but jesus." in the original, it was "nobody knows like jesus." there is a difference between "like" and "but jesus." the civil rights people later on changed the words. if you said, "like jesus," that means somebody else does know the troubles. if you say, "nobody else but jesus," only jesus knows.

if you say, "like jesus," you are saying other people can join you in the struggle, you have not given up. if you say, "but jesus," you only look for salvation of freedom in heaven. so, the words, "steal away, steal away to jesus, steal away home." "steal away to jesus" means what? to heaven. but "steal away home" means to steal away to freedom. and others. "swing low, sweet chariot, carry me home. if you get there before i do, tell all god's children i am coming too." it means if you get to heaven before me, you tell them what? but if you get freedom, it means i am coming after you. so he used those beautiful terms. he wrote about the meaning of the spirituals. he called them "sorrow songs."

but he called them sorrow songs because they tell of death, suffering, and unvoiced longing toward a truer world, of mystic wanderings and hidden ways. dubois spoke of sorrow songs. frederick douglass spoke of them differently. he said, "often, a people who are oppressed sing, and they seem to forget about them. i'm happiest when i sing, but i can be sad when i sing." you look at the different songs. people would sing the blues. do they sing the blues when they are happy or sad? you don't always sing the blues when you are sad. ray charles, "i got a woman way 'cross town, she's good to me. she's good to me. she give me loving and money too, nothing she wouldn't do." is he sad? is only sent one time, and that's when his wife catches him with the lady over town -- he is

only sad one time, and that's when his wife catches him with the lady across town. he has the blues. sometimes you listen to country-western music, which i do on sunday morning because it is good. nothing but the white man's blues, different forms. and now -- in his book, he takes on booker t. washington. booker t. washington of course is the leader of african-americans at the time. dubois says this. "easily the most striking thing in the history of negroes since 1967 is the edit -- the ascendancy of mr. booker t. washington. they gave astonishing doubt and -- his career of booker t. washington. with a single definite program in the psychological moment when the nation was a little ashamed.

he was concentrating his energy elsewhere. his program of industrial education -- the south and the submission of silence of rights." and so he challenged that of booker t. washington, to accept things as they are, go slow, participate in industrial education. the best way to establish a difference between booker t. washington and w.e.b. was this poem written at the height of the black movement. said booker me," t., "it shows a mighty lot of cheek to study chemistry and greek when mr. charlie needs a hand to hoe the cotton on his land and when miss ann looks for a cook, why stick your nose inside a book." what is he saying?

it's a struggle between industrial education and advanced education, the right to knowledge. and dubois and booker t. took on this with glee. it is interesting about booker t. because even though he did not agree with your boy -- with dubois' programs -- and during the early 1900's when booker t. was looking for a job and he wanted to come and become assistant principal of the public schools in washington, d.c., of the negro schools, and booker t. washington undermined the effort. but when he was at wilberforce years before and applied for a job, come to find out one of his classmates, margaret, who had been at fisk, was booker t. washington's second wife. booker t. washington second wife. the first wife had died. booker t. washington offered him a job. this was before dubois openly disagreed with this policy. a year or so later he founded

something called the niagara movement. that was the forerunner of the naacp. they met in niagara falls. they were joined by other great leaders, ida b. wells would become the great writer against lynchings in the south. they all wanted to refute the idea of booker t. washington as submissive. it was time for blacks to fight. dubois did three things for education, the right to vote, and the right for participation in the american political system. and so, all of these people came and met in niagara at the canadian border and founded an organization called the niagara movement. you can see the date, 1905 to 1909. in 1909, they had a meeting at harper's ferry. that represents what?

it is a place where john brown had his raid. they are black and white because the people founding were white philanthropists, and many black leaders. they founded this in 1909. they find the magazine, the crisis. and there, dubois is there. and they find the naacp on the 100th anniversary of lincoln's birthday. about inter-racial, and the legal struggles of the grant versus u.s. case. and the grandfather clause was a notion that if your grandfather did not vote, you could not vote. so the rights of african-americans all over. the magazine is called "the crisis," a magazine there.

"the crisis" magazine starts with many different issues on many different topics. next year, he publishes his seminal book john brown. he said it was his favorite. he wrote it from head, no documents. it was a tribute to joghn brown. the naacp founded at harper's ferry. he said i have lived the life of a slave that, he died in slavery. who was the better man? for douglass, it was john brown. he said it was his worst book, but his most enjoyable book. many books have been written about this man, john brown. next year, he goes international, he founds the pan african movement. this is a movement to bring forth africans and people from

africa, the caribbean, blacks in latin america and the united states together for a conference to speak about the oppression of black people. he wrote a plea to the nations of the world signed by all of these leaders. to develop policies, to decolonize the african countries, bringing quality to blacks. stop the lynching, stop the terrorism and the colonization of haiti and ghana and other places. by 1919, he cannot call for an congress. it was called in manchester england. they have the first in america in new york. woodrow wilson would not allow other delegates to be there. we did not want delegates to come in. by 1919, many africans fought in world war i with the french forces, senegalese and other

forces. james fought with european forces, they come back to america, they got great dignity in france. in america, it was the same as before. this is the first gathering of people of color period. -- international gathering of people of color period. during the same time, where one i started,ld war dubois for the first time felt this really. he thought for americans to close ranks. what he said is not the time for civic education. it is time to fight against the german forces. and blacks criticized him. they said, put down all our struggles so we can close ranks for an army and the people that do not accept us at home? they created a great debate amongst the soldiers then, and he had his ideas you see in the crisis.

we make no ordinary sacrifice, but we make it gladly and willingly with eyes lifted to the hills. this is the great founders of modern jazz. this was out of harlem. the 72nd came out of washington dc. i told you the story they go to france, they are playing with jazz. people look up and say, what is -- the french are looking bewildered. when they see that, they applaud, and the french have never stopped liking jazz. the jazz musicians never stopped liking france. and dubois writes in the criticism and changes his tune. he writes later on people come back from the war, we returned fighting, we returned to fight. we should be victorious.

he is calling for african-americans to join together in 1919, which i spoke to you before many soldiers who fought in the war come home, including washington dc, and are lynched. and the rise of another popular figure comes, that is marcus mosiah garvey, born in queen anne, jamaica. eloquent speaker, very loquacious. builds a base many times more than dubois and others. he talks about black people as african people who never got the right. he walks around in military uniform. the women dressed in white and creates a great, wonderful organization based on one notion. that is the back to africa movement assuming people will be able to go there. where in africa?

we don't know, we don't know where you are from. you don't know what country, what region. oprah winfrey, for years, thought she was the zulu because she wanted to be like mandela. she took a test and found out she was something from west africa. what she finds is she is 100% black. no white blood, no mix and her family. oprah winfrey. pure black, a billionaire, you could not be better than that in my opinion. so garvey was really suspicious. he walked into the naacp office and looked and sees everyone light, right, and almost white. so dubois is criticizing him because he wanted to go back to africa, and they are chastising and criticizing dubois too. we deal with the great differences over political

philosophy things like this. a couple years later, marcus garvey tries to perform the black star line, a ship line that will take africans back to some ports in africa. it fails, the ship cannot get out of port. takes a lot of money running a ship with repairs. it would not get out of the water. during this time, dubois is disillusioned with american society. the more radical answer should be better. he is a contradiction with the naacp. during the scottsboro case when nine african men are pulled off a train accused of raping a white woman, the naacp takes no action because they are very leery of taking on any case. they think they can't win, and they think the people make them feel guilty. they find out the black boys were absolutely not guilty of something they were not involved

in. they become disillusioned with the role of the naacp. they move steadily to the left. in germany, he started reading some of these works, the bible, of course. particular, for a reason. "the origin of species." darwin, thank you. "capital."'s and especially the preface to the condition on political economy. there, he writes about the critique of political economy. he writes, the gist is, people cannot judge itself by a particular era. man cannot judge each other by what they do in that time.

the consciousness determines the man's reading. it is not you that determine the external conditions that form who you are. the conditions of life that form your consciousness about things. one does not have to be a working man to understand the plight of working people. but for working people that do understand the plight of little better. so he had philosophical understanding to look at parts of the world. he looked at the critique to write one of the great books of american history. "the black reconstruction." but he basically said in this book, he treated the black slaves as workers who were exploited. the book them in 1935, reviewed in almost every publication of the country from atlantic monthly to the black press. but it is panned by the naacp and also panned by the mainstream white press. a couple of years later, the

great columbia historian who wrote a revisionist history of reconstruction, gave great praise to this original work because he was chanting the dunning school and others. it led to the rate of whites by blacks. it led to the tearing of south, even though if you look at directors, there were few examples of african-american men raping. so dubois is going back to his scholarship. he has a role, he is back and forth with the naacp. nothing happens until 1937 with the southern youth conference. jackson is now 98, my godmother. you saw these other names. young people in the south, hester jackson from arlington,

louis burling from guyana. all these northerners move down south to fight for democracy. two people are there. it becomes very active in the south. here again is some of the pieces of the founders. the southern negro youth congress is the predecessor to organizations like the stealing nonviolent alternating committee. it is based on the principles of revolutionary democracy. dubois continues to fight and be active and plays a major role as nations of the united in san francisco. he is there because he wants to

bring together a fight to discuss the plight of the african nations, the african congresses. he goes in conflict with mrs. roosevelt. she was the grand dame of the american political society. she would go and work with blacks in the south. she fought for the rights of blacks in washington dc when merit anderson cannot perform at the constitutional whole, mrs. roosevelt is there. when she goes to meetings with blacks on one side, whites on another, she takes a chair and sits in the middle. she becomes one of the great leaders and fights for the diane lynching bill. her husband would not sign this because if he signed it, he thought he would lose votes from the south, and he is going to georgia every year because of his condition of his legs. he goes to hot springs.

but his wife fights. but they disagree on the pace of dubois, and mrs. roosevelt disagrees on the pace of this. so in 1947, he has this appeal to the world, mainly an appeal to help the colored people of the world. the next year, he becomes involved in a campaign, i guess would be similar to bernie sanders' campaign. the man is wallace, and paul robison. he was the vice president under roosevelt, but he was dumped in favor of harry truman who later becomes president. they founded the progressive party. in the progressive act and entertainment. some are with mr. sanders,

some are with mr. bush. when dubois was in germany, it became in the last century, he sees the movement of the germans, the social democrats. as the progressive party forms, the cold war is developing. americans and russians have been allies during the time, but now they are bitter. the progressive party starts bringing out ideas of corporate control and the right of african americans to vote and women and activists. dubois and others. he also becomes involved in issues around africa. he founded something called the council of african affairs. you will remember transafrica,

it led the struggle against apartheid. this was led by dr. mickelson. he was the provost at iowa university and gave up his position of provost to work for these causes. the fbi found out and did everything it could for him never to work again. paul robison was never for communism. perhaps the first great of the 20th century. here you see his wife dorothy and paul robison and dr. dubois are there. as he becomes active on this thing, the cold war is having a tremendous effect. at the same time, there is a movement to end the conversation, colonization of

vietnam, cambodia, jamaica and throughout europe and haiti and the west. and the organizers have a peace conference and form the paris conference, the paris peace accords. and then, he was a victor with the famous new york city councilman and had this information center. in the protesting, he was there close to the white house. he is castigated because he is accused of being a foreign agent. he is no foreign agent. they demand he sign an oath that he is not a foreign agent. he refused and he is handcuffed when he is indicted in union square in new york. he says i am 83 and have been treated as nothing but a -- and you know the words.

but still sharp, proud with his shoes and his holmberg hat. soon he plays another role in founding this magazine, one of the greatest of the 20th century. a part of it and others became the principal in organizing this. and dubois died some time ago. this new magazine, you can see all the pictures people writing of ghana. it should be john claude. james baldwin, you know, and the great artist.

-- she married her husband of many years. thepublication launches career of people like alice walker and others. and harry belafonte and and others. this becomes the key, freedom magazine, in the country. but he is getting old, he is disillusioned, and there is my godmother. he is in their house. everywhere dubois went, there was a circle. they were known as the talented ten. the idea was that the ten had a black population that needed freedom. he developed this notion with 9 million african-americans at the beginning of the century. now there are less than 20,000

with freedom. there were 700 lawyers by 2015. there were 7000 black educators, 17,000 preachers. preachers, dubois once said they were the most unique individuals. part intellectual, part preacher, he was all things. the preachers, african-americans, the preacher is unique and spellbound individual. he had this notion of leading the race. he did not. he becomes disillusioned. 1961, he decides to join the communist party, write a letter to web dubois. he left early and went to ghana. he went to ghana to complete. there he is with common cumin -- he founded the convention party

in ghana and brought the country to independence. they work and help complete this book, the encyclopedia africana. i had some of those suits. he is married there. egyptian wife. his 95th birthday. they had the freedom hall up there. they had the wedding there. and so he goes to complete this encyclopedia africana, to complete information about people of african descent. finished.ally he had many people in ghana show up.

renounced his own u.s. citizenship. the next year in america, the march for washington is being formed. he could not tolerate dubois's radicalism, and he asked him prematurely to take a volunteer retirement. dubois did. he was fed up with that. he is after all trained in europe. he is not a mild man. he announced the death of web dubois. he had played a great role in organizing the march on washington. he announces his death. dr. king, dr. king on dubois's birthday, the 100th anniversary,

held again by jesse jackson and others in honor of the freedom march he is fundraising. he says he was in the first place a teacher. he would teach us something about our past, our emancipation. dr. dubois confronted the power structure. he did not apologize are being black. because of this, he was never handicapped. this was the life of web dubois, perhaps our greatest intellectual. [applause] >> i don't know how much time we have left, but let's have a little discussion of dr. web dubois the next 15 minutes. you will have a sheet i give you with quotes. i found them quite fascinating.

if i were to ask you what shaped this man, when he became what he was, what would you tell me? >> like, because he was educated, especially at a young age, he was able to have a love of learning that was expressed through others his entire life. that was the key to success in both his life and the advancement of black people in america for like, the future generations. maurice jackson: it is not enough just to be black or be oppressed, if you are jewish and oppressed, if you are mongolian and oppressed. it is not enough to feel oppression. you must find a way to fight oppression, so it is not enough to say i have been destroyed. you find ways. knowledge is not just being the property of white. it is knowledge to advance the race. that is why of course the

difference with dubois versus booker t. washington, he said education is the way. and for you not taking advantage of the great stuff you have, you are here for a reason. paying all this money, no matter what it is, to learn and explore. to just leave the campus and go out to the city and learn more about it just for a reason, because each of us has a role in society one way or another. so that was dubois' education. anyone else? >> learn better from what you teach, and he kind of practices what he preaches. maurice jackson: say it again. >> children learn more from what you are then what you teach. it is important to know what he really practices what he preaches. maurice jackson: i have two children.

i was not always a teacher. i was working man was of the time. i drove to the school. i got them into some of these, one of these fancy schools up the street. one of my friends said, maurice, you cannot send your kids there. they may learn, but they would understand about being black. so i laughed at him and said, miles, he will know. he learned about me being. not that black is something all in itself, but you learn from dignity. they learn from the company that comes in. they learn from the affection we give them. the also learn from the demonstrations we go to, the marches. they learn by how one -- how hard their mother works. having to go to school and sacrifice. they learn from all those things. it is not who you are. as you walk around the campus

with your head held high, that sets an example. something else on dubois, what else is amazing? >> i would add that what made him was not only studying all the time, but also going down and writing this stuff about the negro, when he actually went down and saw the condition people were living in. because as i remember it, in the backdrop of ferguson, people thought it was separate but equal. clearly, when he went down there, it was not. maurice jackson: it is the aftermath of some years after plessy versus ferguson. it was the birthplace of american democracy, to see the conditions of african-americans. remember here, dubois is doing

the hard, nitty-gritty work, asking questions, surveying. another question we will look at teddy's corner, the struggles of a person in one neighborhood. that dubois went to. i am doing a study for the city of washington, d.c. i am trying to find about why so many african-americans were forced out. the problem is, the city government and the people that keep the statistics have no systematic way of keeping it. it is a most like they did not care. so many african-americans being forced out and cities changed so much. people deprived of justification yet in some ways are happy with it, because it creates a neighborhood where there are more familiar faces, but what about people who are been forced out? dubois was the first to look at that. education, economics. people talk about poverty. we have poverty in washington , d.c.

you have a kid who is 13, or we will say six or seven, and he or she is behind because they could not go to preschool. why don't they have these opportunities? maybe they are sick, maybe their mother is 20. maybe their mother had a child very young. they did not take the opportunity. and i walk into the corner store where i talked to moe, and moe is from guinea. i get a cup of coffee before i go home. young kids come into the store. they come in to get candy when they should be in preschool, but they are not. so if that person is six, the mother is what, maybe 20, 22. the grandfather is maybe 42, great-grandfather 62. maybe they did not have opportunities. and african-american men, 67% have never been in high school

full-time. they could have arecord, they might not be able to get jobs. so dubois is doing this study. we did not learn as much about the study because we are not engaged in the daily work to understand it is not enough to say what social problems are, one must try to solve them.