and with american history tv, it gives you that perspective. each week, we bring you archival films that provide context for today's public affairs issues. president gerald ford spoke at the nationalf smithsonian museum. leading up to the anniversary. reporter:cience suited for space. program, one of 13 produced with m.i.t.. the episode traces evolution of space suits.

>> in less than five years, an astronaut will be stepping out on the moon. voyage have been a long and into a strange and airless world. he must carry with him a bit of his familiar environment. ♪

>> i am speaking to you from the man. -- moon. this is a mockup of the lunar excursion module. where nasa is testing and evaluating the performance of the apollo spacesuit. it is actually encapsulating a and it may not be a novel idea. applied to going up and , we got a much later start. the man found he was checking

beyond his natural reach. a man flying high speed military planes required anti-force. the spacee move into age, these two problems being relatively tame measured against the support systems. out about the systems that will be used to protect here at theed command space center. a couple of our earlier of the owlgot rid schappert suits. couple of the interesting thing about this suit is are there any

movable joints in this. achieved by as clever tailoring. you can see that it has been sewn into the suit. >> we are able to get a certain amount of mobility. he would inflate and be almost rigid. >> this was a development item

that came from the navy. there are some minor modifications. hands, we have added a different kind of restraint. suitally speaking, the does not differ too much from the department of the defense model. it keeps him cool until it would be attached to the spacecraft itself. the next step is the gemini. in fact identical to this.

this suit is covered with a material that will withstand. although under these circumstances, it is primarily used in case the spacecraft protect- also it would the material underneath. >> this had to support life for him out there. >> that's right. he received his oxygen through this course. it was simply ventilated through him. be interesting to

know about low flow rates. he did not do that much work. he did not do that much harder. it allowed him to scan his interest. side ofwas on the dark the earth. the way to the man inside the cabin, they will not need a suit at all. i will show you what they will be wearing. >> here is our constant where carmen's. wear garments. it is used as a carrier for the

electronic equipment. this is them hanging out now. >> is is all they have on? there is no reason for a suit. it allows them to protect the and atinst low pressure the same time in the event of returning to the earth. they will health protection against the earth environment in an emergency. under normal conditions, we do not expect them to where suits. moon,hey do get to the there is a whole series of problems associated with this. manave to protect the against the thermal loads that

he will encounter. to protect him. and also the secondary objective. we have to protect them against me and -- infrared. reduced. at all we have to protect the man against the very hot and cold temperatures associated with surface of the man. there is a whole series of them. we have to provide them with a life-support system. there is a whole series of items that we can discuss later. here we have an indication.

here we have a mannequin dressed in a liquid cooling garments. it is covered in small tubules. water.e filled with and causing a flow of water through the main branch. we have the ability to pick up heat directly from the skin which keeps the skin temperature down. we expect the- man to work very hard. result, his work rate is so

that we can possibly pick it all up. this he where this thing over that. directly under the pressure garment assembly which is what we have over here. >> thank you. it does look quite a bit different. of our earlier models of the apollo suit. particularly, this an example that was submitted to

us who ultimately won the contract for us. under this design. the man can move and when he moves, he does not disturb the column of air. if he did squeeze air, it would almost prevent him from making any kind of motion. we want to keep this to a minimum. could we see the actual apollo suit? >> yes, let's take a look at it now. me he is walking a little more stiffly.

there is a little over a three and a half pound differential in his suit. it is slightly inflated. is aan see there considerable pressure. the gases are ventilated. the rest of the gases go down to the extremity. >> they will strap on the portable life-support system.

i would like to show you a full-scale mockup. it gives the man all the required essentials. we use our legs for the propulsion. he disconnects the water that goes through in the back. this is an emergency oxygen system. backpack, -- he puts on a harness.

as a life-support system, it creates the life-support. this oxygen bottle shows just one pound of oxygen. lead group -- regulated down to about one quarter. as the oxygen goes through this suit, it brings us back through. a backpack must remove. do is use theo chemical absorption. it removes odors and carbon dioxide. to show you then, the cartridge.

it is completely consumed at the end of the mission. that can be affected. we have to come up with a technique. >> the fan is powered by an elective -- electric motor. pump sits right at this point. >> how you cool the water? >> it except about eight degrees.

the oxygen is coming out of the body temperature. it is best described in maine. the temperature never goes about 32 degrees. is that its here goes directly to the gas phase. the principle of operation here is directly the same. this is a sublimate her. -- sublimator. the water that we are turning into ice that is supplied is coming in from here. to enable it to go from issa

gas, it cools the assembly down. in so doing, it cools out. collects that is very interesting. we have a communication subsystem. we are cooled by. you can talk back to the landlord. i would like to see -- show you the component there. it is very small and very compact. it is continually telling me when it will shut off.

it is also a one-shot deal. many batteries and it is designed with the launch vibration in the vehicle. it is very rugged and reliable. there is also failure detection. we must feel confident that we can bring them back. two of these will be a low pressure. if the suit pressure goes below.

how would that happen? leak, we mayas a be using up too much oxygen. if you are using the oxygen too fast, do something. he immediately text in this system. system is ay oxygen apply that can contain only few inches per pound. can give us emergency ventilation and purging. that will go in this area. another emergency system is this.

>> we talked again at the man spacecraft center in houston. external meteoroid garments. this whole garment provides protection against radiant energy. it also protects them against media rights. this is the most interesting ventilation. it is completely enclosed in a thermos jugs.

and also has a salt layer. for instance, we have micro meteoroids which are constantly hitting the moon. man,if they don't hit the they travel at a large speed. as they hit the moon, they hit off showers of rocks. they themselves are traveling at very high-speed. how big are these? they run from five micron in diameter upward. you can't see them actually.

they run 10 times the speed of a bullet. they are so fast. unusual shoesry that they have. it provides protection against radiant energy. the surface of the moon will range between 250 degrees and -250 degrees. it will be tremendous. it is resulting from the lack of an atmosphere of mound -- around the moon.

on the moon we have no such cut off. we must have this kind of protection. one is for the infrared. like big sun visors. we can actually do quite a bit. d1 to shut off some of these exercises. >> 3.7 pounds. it is very interesting. is it the same as he was up on the moon? it would not be the same, no.

we are at one g. we need to decide how much effort would be associated with working on the lunar surface. we have three ways of achieving this. the first is a 16 g stimulator. it is a series of levers. with one end on it. counterbalancing, we can give the effect. it weighs several times.

we use several roads -- ropes. a third one. a long pendulum is attached to the man sideways. as if he waso walk walking on the side of the building. he is helped by a series of tethers and articulation on his body. pivot bury the point or so as to simulate again. probably the best way of doing is through a flying parabolic ox. test atdone most of our

altitude in the case of this craft. what is a space suit like that cost? it will run at about $150,000. >> there is a suit system that is being developed undergoing the same series of tests that have been imposed on the other suits. this is a hard suit. it is indeed a suit of honor with an exception of the visor

which is a plastic. the joints are covered with crosses. feel that a suit of this type is the ultimate in lunar explanation -- exploration. init is not the final word space suits. research is already underway. no matter what the systems may look like, they will certainly benefit from the experience game. it inay we visited houston texas. ♪

>> i am a history buff. >> i am a history buff. things areng how made. >> i had no idea the history would be popping up.

tracks with american history tv, it gives you that perspective. announcer: next, on american history tv, military historian paul springer talks about the use of cutting-edge technology. robotic weaponry and warfare such as drones and artificial intelligence have revolutionized makingy affairs, previous tactics obsolete. the new york historical society hosted this 90-minute event. >> it is a pleasure to introduce my colleague and friend paul fellowr, who is a senior and has a day job at the military into staff college in alabama and also taught at west point. he is the author of many books in and many coming out on cyber