university museum and see dinosaur fossils. rod sheets talks about how the fossils were gathered from utah and surrounding states and changes the way fossils and bones are displayed. >> when you can hide the armature the animal looks more alive in the sense that you get the feeling that these are bones but it brings life to these bones. >> reporter: and jay spencer fluman tells how they began setting up satellite communities and 33 mormon families established the settlement. watch c-span's cities tour saturday at noon eastern on book tv and sunday afternoon at 2:00 on american history tv on c-span 3.

the cities tour working with our cable affiliates and visiting cities across the country. up next on american history tv's real america, space for women. the 1981 nasa recruitment features interviews with women employed by the agency in a variety of specialized fields. the film was directed by william grieves and narrated by actor ricardo -- >> there are many things in the history of the world that were once thought impossible.

>> as the earth speeds around the sun over 60,000 miles per hour we are coming to realize more and more that many obstacles are a reality. merely opportunities. and we are discovering freeing ourselves forces us to learn more and more about ourselves and the world it was in.

>> for an awful long time, 2,000 years, people assumed that there was a skism, intellect and emotion. until recently we realize how much time we influence the ongoing physiology in our bodies by what we think about it hinges on an organism reflected to some extent. >> at the space administration a number of scientists are deeply involved with technology. >> i have studied ways in which people adapt, adjust to stressful environments. and working within the space agency affords a rather unique

opportunity to see people working at the limits of human capability. if it's possible to understand the ways in which people adapt to the unusual environment of zero gravity, sustained weightlessness, sustained long duration manned space flight then it is possible to understand how people adapt to unusual environments on the earth. >> there are many lessons to be learned from nature and the universe through which our world spins. the fact that the world is changing rapidly and at a rate faster than our most sophisticated inventions can perceive or record. the development of the human mind becomes increasingly

crucial to our survival. >> when i began to study in graduate school was cyber sematic health. if the mind can make you sick it can make you well. it is the basis of the research that hundreds of researchers are working on within an area called behavioral medicine. >> what are we measuring here? >> ekg here, but you remember that major simptms were heart rate changes and significant contradiction of vessels in your hand. if you keep your breathing paced you should be okay. >> dr. patricia collins is a psycho physiologist whose specialty is behavioral medicine. one of a growing number of women working at the highest levels of

responsibility in the scientific community of nasa. research would help to unravel some mysteries of survival in outer space. ♪ long before aastronomy became a science people gazed -- starting again. >> i write and produce the nasa space story, special reports and the space notes which are radio programs that go out to about 2,000 stations throughout the nation. i find it is important to disseminate the information about what nasa does through these radio programs. there are many different things that are going on at nasa every day that the press does not

cover. >> nasa presents a look back at voyager 2's encounter. i enjoy the actual interviews with the scientists. i find sometimes it is difficult because they tend to speak in very scientific terms. >> are we going to do this first? >> i write his part sometimes in such a way that he is sort of explaining what the scientist says so that everybody can understand it. >> i do not have a scientific background. as a matter of fact my major was art history. i did get into the production area in puerto rico doing program for the university. so i would use a lot of sound effects in our program just to make the program more

interesting. >> thousands of tiny particles. >> i was the first woman to ever do this job. i find that a woman as well as a man can do a job which is so exciting, so challenging. we are also doing a very important thing in terms of disseminating information not just about nasa, but about space itself. and i think it is important because it is really documenting the space age through radio. >> it's beautiful. >> five, four, three, two, one. we do have separation. it is now on its way. >> it was in aurally days of the

space shuttle when it was first testing wings that women and minorities began entering professional ranks of nasa. one of those women. >> the orbiter is coming in over the run way at edwards. should have touchdown momentarily. >> the more you think about it, the more it apparent it becomes to future survival. on this space ship called earth we are learning to respect our intelligence in whatever form or color it appears.

for the first space shuttle destined in mid 1970s director of space shuttle operations was a pilot. he has been reported to position. it was from him that the first female received introduction to the enterprise, nasa's first space shuttle. >> highest temperature and you will notice the tip of the nose. >> in the 21st century the ranks of space travelers must be

filled with people of high intelligence and great stamina because challenges of outer space would be many. each one of those challenges would represent opportunity for human growth. space lab will fly on board the space shuttle. when shuttle launches all the people flying in it, the astronaut crew, mission specialist and pay load specialist will be on this end of the shuttle. once it is in orbit the pay load specialist and mission specialist working with experiment will move from this end of the shuttle into the compartment. this features a pressurized module where scientists will be able to work. this allows for them to do

experimentation in space that has never been done before. i'm part of the team which is called space live data processing office here. the purpose of our office is to put together a data processing facility that will capture and record and process all the data coming from the experiments on board space flight. i'm originally from the philippines. i have a degree in mathematics and physics from the university in manila philippines. with my background in mathematics and physics it was easy enough to pick up the kind of knowledge and experience needed to work in the beta processing field which is what we do here. when i first started, i think the opportunities for women were not as well publicized then.

now i see more and more women working in these areas that i'm working in. in fact, we have a contractor that now works for us that is developing the software and a lot of the workforce consists of women. so i think since i first joined nasa to this point there has been a tremendous improvement in the hiring of women in the scientific and technical areas. ♪ >> to achieve this for the safety and survival of a spacecraft depends on excellence both mental and physical of all on board.

how do these space travelers feel about being astronauts. when you were first made aware of the fact that you had been selected how did you react to that? >> you have to appreciate i was in the middle of writing a phd thesis. that tends to swamp out a lot of other things. i was obviously very excited and i remember the whole day quite well. very happy and excited but then the press activity took off at such a tremendous rate that sort of masked over personal celebrations and personal

reactions. it was a busy and exciting day but a great big blur, too. going to school for my bachelor's degree where grades are not given. a critique was written by the professor of how well you have done in the class. >> by the authority vested in my with all rights and privileges there to pertaining. and i congratulate you. >> still i found that my performance in the class was best. my results from the professors were best when my only motive was to learn the most i could. as i say i never aimed for the space program as such. all i really thought about was nothing was worth doing unless you are willing to do what was needed to do the job well. self discipline i think is the most important factor.

and i think it is also important to realize the responsibility that each person has towards all the other people around them. i think we show each other many, many lessons. and we can learn a lot from each other. we can give a lot to each other. that will only reach its highest point if each of us individually tries to do the best we can. that is true for high school exam or phd or astronaut. you can't just do it for yourself. it does count. >> reaching, reaching the highest point. this is the dream that has sailed across the dreams of human mind. that is the point at which we achieve excellence in whatever we do.

that excellence will start here in the objects and structures build and in the many jobs we perform. at nasa there are numerous jobs each crucial to the space program as a whole. >> construction site, making sure they are following occupational safety and health act. we are mostly concerned with investigating potentially hazardous situations on the job for both contractor and nasa personnel. most anything that potentially happens. i became a safety specialist through a specialty training. we go through the process of

applying for the job and then we evaluate it. >> amanda willis is one of growing number of women involved in the various programs and projects of nasa. is it necessary for a person to have a phd to advance in the work force of nasa? not at all. there are so many different ways in which a person can pursue a new career within this organization. how did you dpet your start? >> in high school they have the program where they go around and recruit students that were interested in the secretary field who have had some experience in typing and short hand. i started out in the clerical field with nasa. and by taking the civil service exam and i came into nasa and worked right up through the ranks by going to college in the

evening. >> i worked on the shuttle program since i have been working here at nasa over 6 1/2 years that i have worked here. and it's very fascinating especially when you watch the shuttle just land on target. you get goose bumps knowing that you were an active part in making history happen. the space program has always held a fascination to me. i can remember when they first landed on the moon we sat up all night, my mother was making hot chocolate and sitting there and we were all of us kids sitting around the television set waiting for the people to come out and eat up the astronauts. i have to admit that i never believed that i would actually

be here taking part in all of this technology and all of this going to the moon and unique happenings. >> shirley is an electrical engineer on the space shuttle. how did you become an engineer? >> i graduated from high school that had a senior class of about 38 people. it's a simple texas town of about 2,000 people. so if you were considering a profession you either had the doctor who was a role model or school teachers who were role models. teachers didn't make enough money so my oldest brother was in his sophomore year in college majoring in civil engineering when i graduated from high

school. so about that time he asked me what are you going to do? i said i imagine i will go to college. he said what are you going to major in? i said i don't know maybe engineering. he said forget it. he said i'm a fellow and engineering is rough for me. i don't think you can make it in engineering. i said i think i can. i said how many kinds do they have? he said civil engineering, architectural, mechanical and electrical. i said which is the hardest. he said electrical engineering. i said okay, i'm majoring in electrical-yearing. i graduated in may 1971 with degree in electrical engineering.

>> today women are pursuing a wide variety of careers in space and science. take sue norman. she first came to nasa as a research scientist. since that time she worked in several other fields. her current job involves work in arial and satellite photography. >> we use both arial photography and satellite imagery to help in analysis. there are two youtube pictures which were taken from a side looking angle at 65,000 feet. we use color infrared because it tells us more about the vegetation on the ground whether it is healthy or whether it is disease. these are in the bay area. you can see the mountains in the

background. you can see a little bit of curvature of the earth. >> i think let's see, we have two now. this one is the map of the state of california that shows the places where a satellite path is over. it takes one picture. >> what made you think initially of a career in space? >> there were quite a few. when i was going to school i didn't belong to a very wealthy family. so i really wanted to get a job and go to college and make some money so to speak. they had the space act where they would give students loans if you would go into science. i didn't really have enough money to go to school and my family didn't have enough money either. so by taking science classes and the whole impetus of the space program in the early '60s i was

able to get loans to go to school. that was part of it because they would give me loans as long as i was in science. i felt a natural inclination towards that as opposed to english. i'm not a good speller and can't write very well. seems like what was me was science. i kept flunking english and other types of things like that. >> what about the business of you're being a woman here? do you feel you have encountered problems working here because you are a woman? >> i think the answer is yes. if you are going to be honest you have to say yes. there are not that many women in the professional or scientific field. so you find yourself being a minority in the midst of in a sense not a minority. women are half the population.

when i first came there was one other woman in my group of about 30 men. and no minorities. the present group i'm in as you can see there are a lot of women and just having the opportunity to talk with other women and share experiences at least for me has been really helpful. and kind of fun, too. i think in that sense it is changing. >> the world is changing, changing rapidly. so are those around us. this is sharon, a computer specialist at nasa. how does she begin her career? >> when i went out looking for a job i sent out 85 applications and went to a lot of different companies in the area. a lot of the companies were production oriented and you do one thing to fit the needs of the company. and when i came here i'm seeing

simulators, wind tunnels, animal centrifuges and all kinds of leer jets. that's just really exciting for me to work on it every job is different. i can't say i have ever had a job that repeats a second job. they are very different and i enter a new field every time. >> when i applied here there was a person in front of me there was like the veteran points. they were going to bring me out in a special program where you work halftime and go to school halftime i applied for that and stanford university and got accepted. nasa had a regular position for me.

i came in as regular employee. >> did you find you have encountered any problems working at nasa? >> i would say maybe not having the background that a lot of men have had as children. you grow up and you have to fix a car or fix sterio. i never had that kind of training as a child. i never did anything with circuits until i got into engineering. i never toyed around with it. that really holds me back. getting out there and getting your hands dirty, i am a little slow at. i see that maybe as being a woman holding me back. as far as dealing with people i would almost say they are more willing to deal with me because i'm a little bit different. they want to see what is a woman engineer really like? >> since you have been a part of the nasa team, have you found that you encounter any problems

being a woman? >> more problems by virtue of the fact that i am short. i am the shortest person in my lab. most people who work here are older than i am. the majority of them are men. i really don't have that much of a problem working with people who are older than i am and who are men because as it turns out they realize i am the one directing this program and you can get people to work with you without being pushy and explain it is the best idea or that it's for all of our mutual benefit. being short is a little difficult. do this and that. everybody seems to be taller. i'll wear heels a lot. >> as we approach the 21st century there is much to learn about our world and ourselves.

this learning occurs best in a climate of equal opportunity human intelligence, trust and total commitment can prosper. we become a winning team. >> for purposes of testing equipment we gave that up about three years ago. that is where the water facility will be built. >> space program meets my particular academic needs and gives me something challenging and physically challenging. much more important that may need something. i realize that internet is three quarters of our world. there is the ocean and space and i would like to be a part of that effort. i certainly feel that women are here to stay as part of the space program.

this time all the women were selected as mission specialists. i certainly feel that in future selections that there will be women selected as pilots. i think we are here to stay. >> who is to say who will succeed or fail in any task we earthlings undertake? or is there a difference in the minds of males and females? the women of nasa don't think so and neither does nasa. for it is generally agreed that differences in performance occur when there is a difference in opportunity to learn and to gain experience. >> when i was picked about a year or so ago to be a backup pay load specialist on a dress rehearsal in a space shuttle flight i was afraid at that time because i thought maybe i really can't do it. but as it turned out, i was

picked because of the investigators who it submitted experiments as it will be for actual flight. the scientist astronauts are chosen because maybe there is some particular characteristic of their own experiment that would make them be the best person to conduct that experiment and also because their educational background is varied enough to be able to adequately carry out other people's experiments on board. as we went through the simulation i found out that i could learn what i had to learn and i was doing just fine. >> and so as we approach the

21st century drifting through the university at almost 1,000 miles per minute increasingly we are coming to realize that equal opportunity, intelligence, excellence and teamwork rather than race, creed, color or sex are the keys to success in space travel whether we happen to be aboard a space shuttle or on board our mother ship earth.

on american history tv this july 4th weekend this evening beginning at 6:00 eastern american history tv is live at smithsonian national air and space museum for its 40th anniversary. we will tour the museum and see one of a kind aviation and space artifacts and speak with the museum's director. we will also talk with museum cure ator jeremy kenny and valerie neil. and you can join the conversation as we take your phone calls and e-mails and tweets. saturday night at 8:00 on

lectures in history -- >> julia moore how focussed on her position as a mother which is, of course, what is driving her support for suffrage. her position as a mother to say that women are different than men, that women really can do society better than men have done. >> boston college professor heather cox richardson on new roles women assumed in the workforce and politics and the growth of political organizations run by women that focussed on issues like prohibition and women's suffrage sunday morning at 10:00 on road to the white house rewind, the 1968 republican and democratic national conventions. >> resolute without, strong without being arrogant. that is the kind of an america that will help build peace of this world. >> the time has come for us to leave the valley of despair and climb the mountain so that we

may see the glory of the dawn, a new day for america and a new dawn for peace and freedom in the world. >> former vice president richard nixon accepted the gop presidential nomination in miami beach and vice president hubert humfry accepted the democratic nomination in chicago. monday evening supreme court justices share stories about the current supreme court's food traditions. >> whenever the justice has a birthday the chief brings in some wine and we toast the birthday boy or girl and sing happy birthday. and we are missing our chorus leader because most of them can't carry a tune. >> supreme court cure ator talk about culinary customs. for complete holiday schedule go to c