emancipation are at work. freedom's rising voice. let me live my wife, let me live in peace, let me be free say the people. >> watch more from the 1968 republican and democratic convention sunday at 10:00 a.m. eastern on our weekly series, "road to the white house rewind." american history tv, only on c-span3. historian james robertson talks about robert e. lee's ties to virginia in the various military campaigns throughout the civil war. he also compares his life after the war to other generals and veterans. discusses his role

in the anniversaries of the civil war. this 45 minute talk was sponsored by the shenandoah valley battlefields foundation. >> it's always nice to be the keynote speaker. you can speak in a disjointed way and everyone says this marvelous. i'm going to do a disjointed speaker speech for you this morning, if i may. let's start with a couple of reflections on the confederate battle flag. if politically correct people were capable of understanding history, which they are not they , would complain not about the southern cross banner, they would complain about the stars and bars. the emblem of a government, with slavery as its backbone. the battle flag is different in another sense. a soldier's home was the

regiment not the brigade, not , the division. in the regiment he served with friends and neighbors from the same area. what did the second, fourth, fifth, 27th, and 33rd virginia have in common? they all came from the southern part of shenandoah valley. as you all know, those five immortality ind a unit called the stonewall brigade. four of the six brigadiers were killed. in all, during the war, 6000 men would serve in the stonewall brigade and at appomattox, 210 were left, none above the rank of captain. every regiment went off with a flag. the flag was not a national banner. those flags borne by the 18th

virginia, 26th new york, fifth alabama, were insignia of state allegiance and state esteem. i think state pride, state existence has to be a player here. people were actually surprised to learn that this can drive sometimes reasonable folks to the point of reaction. this explains much of the negative reaction to the confederate flag. folks don't understand its meaning. the biggest mistake made by those who wrongly interpret history is that they view the past with the lens of the present. you cannot do that. at must look through visors what how little he people saw at any given time. to truly understand the events of yesteryear, likewise one to look through those blinders. to see only what the participants saw at that time and that moment. i'm an agreeable guy, but what

gets me going is when people say, if general lee had done this act gettysburg, not done this things would have been , different. if lee had had 150 years to it, he would have done some things differently at gettysburg. that is grossly unfair to lee and others to assume that you know better than they did. isay, the nearsighted view that an all-powerful federal government had always dominated their lives. people don't understand how the south took on this goliath called the central government. the power concentrated in washington was illusionary. it came from time and circumstance, and the civil war was the big hump for the federal

government. had you lived in 1860, the federal government would have directed your life one way. it delivered your mail. that is the only contact you had with the federal government. u.k. saxes -- you paid taxes to state and local commies settle disputes in state and local courts. we had no familiar flag. the average american had never seen the american flag. we had no national motto. we had no national anthem. there was nothing nationalistic about this country at all, especially the 16,000 men in the united states army. nationalization begins with appomattox and has not stopped since. speaking of the outbreak of the war, i'd like to make a comment anguished decision about which way to go in april of 1861, when he turned down every soldier's dream, supreme commander of the army, in order to go with his native state.

we virginians talk all the time about our history. talkobably as i probably to much about it, but i'm not apologizing. we do so because we have so much more of it than anybody else. in 1787, when a nation was proposed, virginia was already 180 years old. we celebrated colonial thanksgiving a decade before the pilgrims got the nerve to cross the atlantic ocean. i wish those people in massachusetts would get off that cake. in 1860, the united states was 70 years old it was not old , enough to have wisdom. think the anguished at

all. his primary duty was to his family. his family had been virginians for over two centuries. the old dominion was lee's birthright. in graduate school, i learned that antietam was the turning point of the civil war. the claim that gettysburg was a high water mark, but facts and reflections say otherwise. the war had been going on for 18 months when the bloodiest one-day battle occurred at sharpsburg. thereafter, 2.5 years of combat would follow. that hardly signifies a turning point to me. gettysburg came in 1863.

it's 51,000 casualties were appalling. leslie b might have been out of the picture -- let's leave the might have beens out of the picture. jefferson davis maintained from the beginning that the hostilities that the south should wage what he called an offensive/defensive strategy. confederates would defend their homeland using inner lines of communication. when an opportunity came, southern armies would counterattack, even to the extent of invading the north. davis reasoned that in a war, three things will happen. side a will win, side b will win, or the war ends up in a draw. side a is the south, it could win. iside the is that -- side b

the north, it could win. what about if the war ends up in a tie? nobody has won strategic hold over the battlefield. has not one side won? the south won because it still exists. as long as the confederate flag is flying in the breeze, the south is winning. as long as one soldier is still taking potshots at a yankee, the south is winning. this is what davis thought the war should do. let the north hammer away. utilizing the advantages of defense, the south would hurl back the attacker. or it would make an assault when , the situation was promising. federal losses would mount slowly. federal morale would slip away. the north would ask for peace. the confederacy would have its independence. that is not something unique. the first part of that 1-2-3-4 scale, we saw in vietnam. we hit them with everything we could bring out of our arsenal and they would not quit.

mount. opinion began to we ended up stopping the war the will to continue just slipped away. scenario -- in the spring of 1864, the south came as close as it would come. despite two failures and northern invasions, morale was high. brothers, fighting for pride in themselves as much as their state and country. confederate victory was quite possible if the southern soldiers could hold off and come -- hold off sam graves in virginia and sherman in georgia. throughout may and june, men fought and blood flowed. southerners sherman engaged in an 80 mile campaign.

two months of rather cautious maneuvering found the union army in front of atlanta, and seemingly intent to stay there, while the southern army underwent a change in leadership. union efforts in virginia were more complicated and far more bloody. but for a time, the end result seemed just as empty. union generals were driven in flight from the shenandoah valley, thereby relieving pressure in that vital region. benjamin butler cemented his incompetence as a field commander by getting his army of the james hopelessly isolated. the widely heralded grant was soundly defeated in the wilderness, being back in pennsylvania, and almost massacred. managed to slip across the

james. 100 mile overland campaign contained the most casualties of the war. northern morale plummeted. they denounced the grant as a bullheaded butcher, sacrificing the army to no purpose. they declared, patriotism is played out. we are gone. another union official proclaimed, "each hour is sinking us deeper into bankruptcy and desolation." atlanta stood defiant. grant was no closer this summer -- the richmond that summer than george mcclellan had been two years earlier. while northern republicans made excuses, northern democrats began searching for an 1864 presidential candidate who would quit this awful war. indeed, in midsummer president

, lincoln admitted publicly that he expected to lose the fall's presidential election. jefferson davis's offensive-defensive strategy was working. the union army was held back at every corner. if the two southern armies could hold their own until the november elections, northern public opinion would end the civil war and the confederate dream would be accomplished. this is the high water mark of the war. it lasted three months, the time it took for northern military might to effect a complete turnaround. the union navy got the first 5,dlines, when on august they seized and all-important port in mobile, alabama. a change of commanders in the confederate army in atlanta proved disastrous. john b. larson attack sherman. soundly defeated in each

abandoned theod deep south. coldly --a, grant on leeput a stranglehold . grant kept widening the length of his lines. this, in turn, stretched lee's smaller defenses. more importantly, grant's strategy took away from the only effective weapon the southern journal had, mobility. as long as lee could maneuver, if he could get in positions he could use his forces to his advantage. the gray foxes paralyzed, in a sense. for the next nine months, grant was quite content to let his associates handle the siege. those associates being hunger, filth, disease, exposure to the elements, constant bombardment, fatigue, loss of spirit,

increased desertions. all of these slowly suffocating the army of northern virginia. grant could never feel secure until confederates were deprived of all use of the shenandoah valley. there had always been a geographic avenue pointing straight at the heart of the north. in addition, the valley was immensely fertile. it produced grain, meat, fruits that by 1864 were essential to lee's army. that region had to be utilized. so, grant picked his most ruthless lieutenant to clean out the valley. grant wanted the shenandoah so thoroughly destroyed that a crow flying across it would have to take his own food to survive the trip. sherman's march to the sea has long overshadowed by the devastation of the shenandoah valley.

i need not repeat the statistics. in virginia, what he did is still called the burning. he destroyed a good portion of the valley. on november 8, abraham lincoln won the election. the confederacy's great hope in the spring had vanished. sherman started towards the sea and gutted the southern nation. grant tightened the news at -- noose at petersburg, cutting -- petersburg, and the last southern port fell in cutting february, off the confederacy from the outside world. and thereafter, it was going to be just a matter of time. civil wars are the worst of struggles, because no matter on which side you are fighting, the enemy is your fellow countrymen. destruction you inflict is destruction of your own country.

when the two sides are fighting for absolutes, one for union and the other for independence, the war is not going to end until one side has crushed material, mentally, the resources of the other side. the atmosphere at surrender is usually filled with vindictiveness and subjugation. that is the natural course of a civil war. such was not to be the case at appomattox. over three million men had borne arms in the civil war. that theere determined war would somehow, someway they would bring this country back together again. so much has been written about what lee and grant did that palm sunday at appomattox. i think a greater understanding might be gained by looking at what they did not do that chilly day of 57 degrees.

lee could have followed the natural course after the civil war. one of his most reliable associates suggested it. alexander came to lee earlier that palm sunday morning. tell the army to disperse. let the men scatter into the hills and woods sides. fight as guerrillas, ambushing, looting, maintain a small war that will eventually sap the northern will to continue. we can win, alexander said. we can win, if we don't lose. lee shook his head. that was not his idea of the future. we must consider the country as a whole, he said. if i took your advice, the men would be without rations and under no control of officers. they would become bands of marauders. we would bring on a state of

affairs that would take the country years to recover from. no, lee concluded, i must go to general grant and surrender myself and take the consequences of my acts. grant also had to show us at appomattox he had done what no other general had been able to do for 3 years. he had, at last brought the , legendary gray fox to bait. himt could easily charge with treason, humiliate him publicly force him to pay , painfully for the casualties lee had inflicted over the years. grant could have sent all the confederates to prison and some to the gallows. the shadowed south was helpless in stopping any of these probabilities. but grant himself had known personal defeat for a good part of his mature life. he could empathize with how lee

felt. further, and likely grant had a , sense of history and the judgments that come of the future. they tell a story, that, if not true, or to be. a much earlier president lincoln had visited grant at the city foreign headquarters. two men had conferred on the climactic campaign about to get underway. as lincoln walked of the gangplank of the ship taking him back, grant was supposedly standing onshore, munching a cigar, asked the president, what do you want me to do when i catch him? lincoln answered, let him up easy. let him up easy. and that sam grant did. , lee was visibly surprised at the leniency of grant's terms of surrender. even today, they seem unbelievable in the face of so much killing and so much destruction.

the south would remain -- retain -- officers could retain their sidearms. some 25,000 rations would be issued at wants to lee's starving army. southern soldiers would sign paroles and go home. and, and this is the key, so long as they did not break the law, they were not to be molested by any union authorities for any reason. a grateful lee could only state that this will do much towards the reconciliation of our people. both lee and grant wanted a bad war to be followed by a good peace. lee's decision to cease fighting spared the nation from guerrilla warfare that would have forever shattered any dreams of union. grant's generous offer made it difficult to hang lee and other southerners in postwar retribution.

in that springtime afternoon, two notable soldiers serve their country well. until april 9, 1965, the word appomattox had no meaning. it belonged to a virginia river and county. after that sunday, appomattox would be a great word that announced a moment when sunset and sunrise came together. it took a long time in virginia , as well as in georgia, for the civil war to end. reconciliation, like a beautiful work of art, requires time and understanding and much personal effort. in the half-century after the passing of the war, former enemies found themselves linked. -- linked in what the author called a mysterious fraternity. engaging men of blue and gray began gathering for reunions on the fields of battle.

they found themselves no longer enemy soldiers. they were all survivors of a terrible time. they shared the same sympathies for the younger men they once were, and for the sacrifices that each had made. of all the thoughts of war, those remembrances offer the least controversial grounds upon which they could relate. thousands began to realize that they had not been enemies at all. they had been brothers in suffering. this mutual respect was the gateway to a lasting peace in our nation. the soldiers would not forget, but they could forgive. they never apologized for what they had done. the yanks never asked him to do so. the war was bigger than individual animosity, and human commonality drew them together.

they were living reminders of the greatest test of nationhood americans will ever have. the civil war, i would suggest, really ended july 3 1915. some 2500 veterans gathered at gettysburg to mark the 50th anniversary of the great battle, and the emotional peak in that multi-day reunion came on july 3 at 3:00 p.m. the our pickets's divisions surged forward. northern and southern veterans stood on opposite sides of the stonewall that had been the focal point of the charge. they shook hands. some reached out and hug. others stood and wept at what had been, and what was taking place, because they had survived

and so many thousands of their comrades had not. we say they are all gone now. that is not so. the past is forever speaking to us, and it speaks with many voices. those civil war generations went through an indescribable hell to carve a pathway for the future. you and i are that future. our nation began in 1865. to forget that is to make us undeserving of what we share together, now, and with god's blessings for all time to come. thank you. [applause] >> when you do have a question, please wait until they can get to you with the boom microphone

so your audio can be recorded. >> when porter alexander was telling lee they should take the hills and play guerrilla war, his response was it would not be good for the country, the whole country. was he talking about the whole country meaning like the combined south and north? you think he's thinking pretty much the southern region. james: he was talking about the whole country. lee had such great foresight. i think lee had been greatly misunderstood. i would assert strongly that

between 1865 and 1870, no american worked harder towards reconciliation then robert e. lee. he took over the presidency of a small college. why he would want to get ofolved in the horrors postwar education in the south can only be answered by his three words, devotion to duty. he said at the beginning of his presidency, "i have led the young men of the south in battle. i have seen many of them fall at my feet. i have an obligation to lead those left into a new nation, and into peace." he worked hard at that. he became a living model of what to do, but what not to do. lee was not an educator, he was a soldier. let me tell you a couple of things he gave to high education. he changed the curriculum at washington college. for the first time, we have elective courses in high education. it was lee who established the honor system at the university.

when asked what the rules of the school were, lee responded only that a man be a christian and a gentleman. on the negative side, he would not write his memoirs he would , not attend the unions. he would not go to the memorial services, not even a dedication of a monument to his best lieutenant, stonewall jackson. he would have nothing to do with the war. it was over. now, the problem is to reunite this country. he did such a marvelous job that in 1868, the nation's largest newspaper the "new york , tribune," nominated lee for president of the united states. that hado ironic is, lee been elected, he could not serve. he was not a citizen of america. his citizenship had not been restored.

and yet in three years, this man , who had led the confederate army was a presidential nominee. at his death in 1870, an entire nation mourned. to me, the greatest of the eulogies that came forth came people, julia ward howe, i hope i can remember it. "a gallant foreman in the fight, a brother when the fight was done. we honor thee, virginia's son. " beautiful tribute. five years after the war. lee became an american after the war, and he worked tirelessly for it. it tries my patients to hear people trying to pull him down. he should be an inspiration. we are not supposed to have inspirations today. we are all supposed to dwell on the same level of mediocrity.

cukoo's.llow the >> i grew up in virginia during the centennial as a little boy. the sesquicentennial got a lot of criticism of low attendance, this and that, all kinds of stuff. we want to tons of events and had just an outstanding event, something in atlanta was occurring every day, every night, every weekend. what were your thoughts at the sesquicentennial? i thought it was unbelievable compared to the 100th. james: it did not get the national attention the centennial did. the centennial had 34 state some local, 150 committees. it was a nationwide thing. americans were in the mood for it. you come up on an anniversary and everybody could be involved. for one thing, we were not at

current -- not at war. the biggest thing going in 1957, when the commission was established by congress, the biggest thing going was the construction of the interstate highway system, which in itself was a growing cohesive thing. everybody was in the mood for it. the problem was, it got off on the wrong start. the leadership were more interested in celebrations. big parades and lots of joy. the director in 1961 made the "the southsaying, may have won the war, but winning the centennial, that's not the kind of anniversary it was meant to be at all." john kennedy purged the national commission. the dean of american historians came on as chairman. he was a close friend of kennedy. he ghost wrote "profiles in

courage." allen took over as chairman. the vice-chairman of the commission was from a congressman from the first district of iowa. i was teaching at the university of iowa in the district. they thought i had some cause of potential. in all that chaos i was , appointed. i had to spend the first 6 months traveling around the country mending fences. nobody was speaking to anybody. two was speaking to the third at any given time. we got it straightened out. i think we had a very successful centennial. the sesquicentennial, you've got age against you. the centennial, a lot of grandsons and great grandsons were alive. u.s. grant the third, the son of general grant -- the grandson of general grant, was the chairman. now, 50 years later, you have in essence 2 generations had passed and war is more distant.

life is more complex today than it was then. back in the 1950's, we were comparatively speaking, simple people. now we are so complex. it's hard to concentrate on anything for long in this country. but in virginia, we had the blessing of the fact that the two most powerful political leaders in the state were ardent civil war buffs. the speaker of the house william howell, and the president pro tem of the senate. we found we had gotten all kinds of money. all kinds of thing, and time doesn't permit me to express them. we ended up with the sesquicentennial by getting a new state song. we had had that in 18 years. i take pride in it.

"old virginia" was thrown out by our first black governor, wilder , for good reason. i just thought we ought to have a state song. they said, you do it. i steamrolled the thing through. , insisted from the beginning the melody was going to be virginia's most famous folk some "shenandoah." circumstances, i met one of the great lyricists of my day. mike greenlee. he wrote the commemorative song in sandy hook. he got interested in it. he wrote lyrics for it. if you want to hear it, just google it up, "our great virginia." you can pull it up on youtube.

getting it through the legislature was something i will never do again. truly learned the meaning of two-faced people. some of the strongest backers i had would get a letter from the constituent saying, i had written a great song. they were forced to leave me standing empty handed. i'm delighted to say it past the house, 82-15. all 15 were democrats. it passed the senate, 37-1. the loan dissenter was defeated in the spring primary. i love that. the governor had a big to-do. signing the thing into law the grounds. i'm very proud to say that i am the father of that state song. it is just the fact that, on the one hand, we're father removed. on the other hand, virginia is always aware of its history.

our first project, incidentally, was to prepare a three-hour documentary on virginia in the civil war. we designed and produced it for school teachers. it is three hours long, but it is really 9 20 minute segments, and designed for the classroom. if you are a teacher, you will agree with me. the ideal class is to talk 20, show 20, and wrap up in 10. we put the civil war in nine categories. background, slavery, causes, battles, leaders, the home front, etc. it cost us $400,000, but it's a beautiful film. as i was telling someone this morning the problem with it is, , we sent 3000 copies free of charge into every school in the commonwealth of virginia. every school in virginia has it.

but the problem is people keep stealing it. the commission is just constantly replacing dvd's. i hope i have answered your question. it was two different atmospheres. today, it is hard for americans to concentrate much on anything. even getting tired of the presidential campaign, i think. at least i am. >> this is a what if. maybe you might not be amenable. if lee had been in better health and survived another 10 years, in terms of the reconciliation process you described, what you think his affect would have been on, for instance specifically the enforcement of the 14th and 15th amendments and the former seceded states? james: i have to think he would have continued to go -- everything was going for him. the enrollment in washington college had tripled.

they were getting more applications from northern boys. the educational thing was going strong. lee's feelings were becoming somewhat contagious. no need to re-fight the battles. they thought it was discourteous for the people that died for him to capitalize on that. he just completely divorced himself from the war. he would have nothing to do with these postwar activities, which in a sense, is a blessing , because all these battlefields would have no memorials. i think his willingness to forgive and forget were good. there's no question that lee was not happy in those years, particularly 1867, when we know he got angry with the passage of the military reconstruction act, march 1867. it put the south under military occupation. lee stated publicly, this is a

gross violation of the surrender terms between general grant and myself. remember that all confederate , soldiers would go home. unless they broke the law, they were not to be molested. that military reconstruction act turns upside down. it had upset him very much. this is one of the major criticisms i make of grant. grant was a wonderful general, a lousy president. he sat and did nothing, as reconstruction unfolded. if you want to argue about what you think granted, i will do it later and you can buy the drinks. in was quite disappointed grant's indifference to it all. the fact that troops came marching in. he simply wrote, there's nothing we can do about it but make it worse. grit your teeth, let's plow through it. thanks, i am sure, will get better.

i think if lee had continued to live and reconstruction had run its course, i think he would be remembered even more for what he did. always a member, he is a lee. lee in virginia, whose roots go down 250 years, when lee said, i cannot hold my sword against my family, my state, my birthright, inis talking about virginia the face of a nation that was barely 70 years old. >> doc robertson, i'd like to ask a what if question. i will buy them or heard an answer to this. give us your best answer what you really think would have

happened if lee would have got away from grant at appomattox, and would have went south. where would it have gone to from there and where would the , appomattox have been? james: i get answer that. i just don't get that involved in the what-if's. when the jackson book came out, everybody wanted to know. what would it have been like if jackson had been at gettysburg? i will tell you why you can't answer those questions. you are putting jackson down in july 1863. you can't. you have to go back to lee's invasion of the north, and jackson is in command. his troops are marching 25 miles a day rather than the customary 10 miles a day. jackson has the lead. he would have passed through maryland before joe hooker had his second drink of the day. jackson would have kept that momentum going, there would have been no battle at gettysburg. it would have been in new york,

maine before the union army caught him. this is why you can't get involved in the what ifs. you have to stay with the facts. this lady up here. >> i have read that lee would have stayed with the north and the military. he asked if he could be in the -- in a non-combative position, and he was refused. therefore, he made the decision he did. is there any truth to that? james: i don't think there is, unless you go back to a conversation he had with winfield scott when virginia's secession was pending. he met with scott, who looked on lee as a son. they had a discussion about options available to what lee might do.

that might have come up. i'm not sure. there are different versions of what was said and what was not said, really. i had to smile when you were asking that. i remember being on the set when they show the first seen in "gods and generals," when robert duval is turning down the offer of command. bobby did that so realistically. i can't imagine him stopping and saying, "but, if you have a desk job." i have had the pleasure of meeting many actors, but i have not met one as intense as robert duval. i think he is the most consummate actor of our day. i tell you the thing about him that is so impressive. when he asks you a question, you have 100% of his attention when you answer. he is staring right through your

eyes. the world could be collapsing around you, it doesn't make a difference. he listens to you. i once asked him, when he was being made up, "how do you do it? you have gone all the way from playing a deaf-mute in "to kill a mockingbird," all these movies -- how do you do it?" he said, "i'm schizophrenic." [laughter] i think that there may be truth to that. on the set, at "gods and was wonderful to work with the real professional actors. stephen lang deserved the academy award for playing jackson. duval played his role well. the other actors were just as good.

he was great as long street. again, the joy of working on that set was to work with real actors who are not egomaniacs, as you might think. some of them are very dedicated. it was a joy to be of assistance to them. duval had long wanted to play lee. they called me one night. the director and producer had -- at 9:50 my phone rang. at 9:50, i'm thinking bed. hello? this is robert duvall. and i'm st. peter, who are you? that's how we met, over the phone. we met secretly and had dinner together in lexington. i jumped immediately. he said, i always wanted to play lee and i want you to help me play lee. i was on the set for just about every scene that he filmed as

lee. there's a scene in the movie to show the emotions of when lee gets word from the chaplain that jackson is not going to live he said something like, i prayed last night as i've never prayed before. he is writing a letter. the chaplain leaves, and duvall turns back to the letter. maxwell said, cut. duvall was crying. he had just gotten so much involved. that impresses me. that's what we hope to do in this movie that is being contemplated of lee and jackson. we will begin on fort stedman, march 25. i think that's the date that lincoln arrives at city point. lincoln is arriving to talk to grant. lee is planning a desperate attack. we will probably end up on april 14.

grant comes back to his room in washington. mrs. grant says, " the president wants us to go to a play tonight." grant says, "we made other plans. i will get back in touch with you." got to have good music. i said i want to get "shenandoah." anything else? all right, thank you so much. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] >> this weekend, we will explore the history and literary life of provo, utah. moon's rare visit books. it showcases many of the rare finds including brigham young's copy of "the book of mormon."

and, thomas payne's "common sense." >> he wanted to have it printed and he wanted the proceeds to buy a soldier's mittens. after an wet three printings, they had a falling out. thomas payne allow anybody to print it. he lowered the price. that is one reason that book is so well known and printed. >> the author of "the peculiar people," talks about anti-mormonism in america, there current struggle as a religious minority. >> the latter-day saints that kind of awkwardly in. they are religious minority who, over time, have figured in disproportionately big ways about the debates about religion. >> take a tour of the brigham young museum of paleontology.

the dinosaur fossils. the curator of the museum talks about how the fossils were gathered from utah and surrounding states, and how dr. jensen changed the way fossils were displayed. >> the steel support. the materials look more -- the animals look more alive in the sense that you get the feeling that these are bones. it brings life into these bones. >> professor of history at brigham young university talks about how after mormon poly nears settled and beat -- mormon in provo intled 1849. utah. city tour of provo, the c-span city tour, working with our cable affiliates and visiting cities across the country.

>> the hard-fought 2016 primary season is over. with historic conventions to follow this summer. >> colorado. florida. >> texas. as the delegates consider nomination of the first woman ever to head a political party that a major clinical party -- a major political party. watch on the c-span hack or get video on -- the c-span app or get a front row seat at www.c-span.org. all beginning on monday, july 18. >> each week, american history america" brings archival films. up next,