of revelation in the new testament. that is the center of the universe for many evangelicals and fundamentalist christians, and bush genuinely believed to that. believed that he was god's agent here on earth to fight evil. c-span's: that is on "q&a." weekend,: each "american artifacts." next, we visit the alexandria apothecary museum, just outside of washington, d.c., and we will learn about what an apothecary is an out -- how it has changed over the years. chen: hello. bulova.tchen

today, we are going to look at the stabler-leadbeater apothecary museum. 1790's is an the booming economy. it is a thriving seaport. there is a lot of construction in town, and people want to move to the city. moved in andr opened a shop just a couple of doors down from this location. he moved to this location in and incorporates the building next door and uses it as his warehouse. during this time period is basically where people went to see the doctor. they mixed up something to help cure what ailed them.

in the 18th century, doctors were trained generally by universities, so they would go through a general set of courses to learn their practice and trade. they would often not have their own practice the way we think of them today as in a doctor's practice. and would go to your house, because of the home visit, things were more expensive. alexandria, you would often solve your ailment by going to an apothecary. you would explain your symptoms. those trained,had where they would read reference books, and they would also work barks, and they would mix them up into a medicine and then prescribed them to their patient.

ler, during his time, you would keep up on emerging trends in medicine and also the drug business by reading journals and also reference books that are produced, learning about different properties, sort of regulating how medicine was produced. as the 19th century went on into the 20th century, there were regulations and a general , soensus on a pharmacopeia there would be drugs that were regulated and prescribed and used in recipes for medicine. of the tools of the trade for edward stabler and the leadbeaters, this is the mortar and pestle. it would be used to grind herbs, powder.oots into

scaleould use a measuring just like this, which is a 19th-century scale. other things that would be used in the trade in the 19th century would be a press much like this, and you would have different sizes of corks. once you've finished filling the it wouldth medicine, expand and form a seal. a lot of the medicine that would have been ground would be combined with alcohol. you would use a pill roller. emu would often have coated th in chocolate or gelatin so they would be easier to take by the customer. so you would purchase your medicine in a bottle similar

like this during the time of edward stabler. , he wouldly period import a lot of bottles from overseas. obviously, things became a little cheaper, and they became more routine and easy to buy, so you could buy something that was formed in a mold and was a little bit more uniform. washe 1850's emerged, there gold foil, so a lot of the bottles that you see here that kept -- they are very pretty, and they do the job putting the ingredients, compounding them, and putting prettier.a medicine you can see the bottles that

were used to produce the medicines. of the ingredients that you see in these bottles would have been readily recognizable not only to those in the 18th century but to today's public. frommon and another made bark. starting in the 1820's, this was used to cure malaria. quinine. it is a very common drug used today. regular alcohol could be used in any number of medicines. now, some of the things that you will notice is that some of the bottles have mary -- have very large.cks and some getting the product out, it makes it easier. and some of these would have a tincture.

would have worked perfectly. what of the things we are lucky to have in our collection, the leadbeaters would have been able to have this for their customers, and it would have run the gamut from things mothballsloor oil or or whatever. were the products that they sold and marketed to their customers. we have lots of products that would be recognizable only to people -- not only to people in the 19th century but those in the 20th century. there is listerine. .alitosis this helped them to sell a product.

maybe i do have bad breath. maybe i need something for it. and cough drops that had a lot of camphor in it, which helped breathing. you will see a kidney cure. a blam. -- a balm. things to cure a cold. and then there are a lot of poison bottles and a lot of .loodletting equipment in the 18th century and 19th century, not everyone could read, so what you wanted to do if you gave someone something that could potentially have been harmful to them or could have killed them, you would want to let them know there were some seeautions, and you can what was recognized in the early 19th century and mid-19 century as something that included poison, these bottles. that would be a sign for someone that they should be aware of the

medicine. we have got bloodletting devices. in the 18th century and a little bit in the 19th century, there were thoughts that there were too many humors in the body, and some of the humors needed to be drained out in terms of draining some blood, and they would do specific amounts, sometimes up to a court of blood, and that would rebalance the humors in your body. there were some ways that they would do it. you could buy a fancier set or a much more monday and, less fancy orice -- a much more mundane less fancy device. this lancet, you would press it against the skin. it was spring-loaded.

it would go directly into your these butstabler sold was not necessarily performing this at his shop. there was one washington doctor, and they would purchase these items to use in their own private practice, not like a e like you think of today. it would have been done in someone's home by someone trained to do that. a quaker and very dedicated to his face, leadbeater became an elder, and that really became the focus of where he was taking in his life, so he turned the business over to his son, william, so the

business transfers from edward stabler to william. ,he name stabler-leadbeater while it stays in the family, it does transfer through marriage, edward leadbeater had it. he got married, and it switches in the family from stabler to leadbeater. it is really under john leadbea ter that the building gets to where it looks like today. there is the gingerbreading and a more updated, gothic-revival style. they were trying to stay current and keep attracting a new, fresh

clientele. they had a pretty loyal customer base. in fact, we have a lot of the primary source ledgers and orders and prescription files in our collection. it is really quite a treasure, and extensive archival whoection, so we can tell is shopping here, what they are ,urchasing, what the prices are and the products that they are purchasing, and they are getting people coming in off of the street, but they still have like a who's who in alexandria customer order. 's mostedward stabler famous patrons is martha washington, and in 1802, she sends a letter, requesting his best bottle of castor oil and to have that sent to mount vernon,

but savvy, she passes away soon after. sadly, she passes away soon after. robert e. lee, we have it in some of our ledgers that he purchased whitewash for arlington house, and he also purchased lavender, as well, and lavender was a great remedy for migraine. at the peak of the business, the family was operating out of 11 different buildings here in town. this was retail. they also had a retail location in fairfax. they loved the history associated with this space, and they almost had it set up as a little museum. they were really into the history and the fact that they had served the community and so many prominent alexandrians

throughout their time. through the civil war, he was starting to increase his business, and they started to include a wholesaling light of products, and with the civil war, alexandria was -- include a of products.ist with the civil war, alexandria was occupied, and they were able to keep serving the community. after the civil war, they slowly start to recover, and john lead beater, with the assistance of his son, they have 500 different businesses locally and in the region, and that really helps them expand their business, expand their product line, and they really become well known in the area. the room you are standing in right now we refer to as the

manufacturing room. this is where a lot of the ingredients are stored, beginning with edward stabler moving here in 1805. they were using it as an office space and also as storage. so this room would have been used to store raw ingredients. now, the they would have been purchased not only in philadelphia and new york but also from as far away as london. there were many apothecary vendors that would have sold raw ingredients to apothecary's here in the united states. it would have taken roughly a month to get any raw ingredients over via ship, but we were very for a thriving seaport. a lot of these ingredients which would have been very expensive

farther west or farther south would have then readily available for him to sell to customers. as the 19th century progressed, they not only were working on their thriving retail business, but they had expanded to have their own line of products. one of the things in the line of audits was pure sweet oil that would have been made from all month or almond oil. it could be used as a hair tonic, to alleviate irritate, to alleviate any coming aches. you could also use it for cooking. in the 19th and early 20th century, other product that would have been wholesale under the name would have been things like they made their own brand of paint, so you can see the different varieties of colors here. you would have also had a line of extract and flavoring for food, ice cream, sundays, cooking, things like that, and those were very popular. the early 20th century in response to the influenza outbreaks in the united states,

they have their own proprietary brand of medicine to deal with that, and it was called quite on . it was a chocolate covered hill, so it would have been easier for everyone to take and more flavorful. when they took over the business, they preserved a lot , sohe same original layout a lot of the same drawers, and a lot of the same cabinet. things like that would have been preserved as they were used in the 18th century and also into the 19th and 20th century. declared bankruptcy in 1933 and a lot of the remaining contents were preserved just as they were when the business was open. in the beginning of the 19th century, things like this would have been used by edward stabler to conduct business and answer letters, do any sort of to keep things up to date with his customers.

as the 19th century went on and into the late 19th and early 20th century, additional would have been used as a more formal office because they needed a larger office space. during the late 19th and early 20th century, you would have had keepers and secretaries working , communicating with wholesale customers and also the vendors or suppliers as far away and boston toa new york. >> over time, as we hit the 20th century, there is a slow decline, and they do shut their doors by 1933. part of that is the depression. are not able they to change from wholesaling back toretailing asked enough meet the demands of the changing economy here in the united

states, but they do close their doors in 1933. buysl hendler of baltimore a good portion of the contents of the buildings at public auction, and the landmark society preserves the two buildings that we know today as the apothecary museum, preserves as a museumens them for 1939. the landmark society operates these buildings as a museum through much of the 20th century. by 2006, they were looking to donate the buildings to the city of alexandria. the buildings underwent a full restoration where the second lore was opened, and that was the first time the public was able to see the manufacturing room on the second floor. the buildings have been operated since 2006 by the city of alexandria.

thank you for visiting the apothecary museum with us today. the apothecary museum is open year-round for a nominal admission fee, and we encourage you to come by or a tour and to learn more about alexandria and the history of medicine and just as an earlyife business person here in alexandria. watch this and other american artifacts programs by visiting our website at /history.n.org tonight at 8:00 eastern, we will look back at past them aquatic national conventions, starting with the 1960 convention in los angeles with the democratic party selecting john f. kennedy as their nominee. muchdy: today, i can very agree with that future for the world is changing. the old ways will not do.

>> we will also feature notable female speakers including u.s. representative from texas barbara jordan, who spoke at the 1976 convention in new york city and became the first african-american woman to be a keynote speaker. jordan: our concept of governing is derived from our view of .eople it is a concept deeply rooted in a set of beliefs firmly etched in the national conscience of all of us. >> than the 1984 convention in san francisco with former new york congresswoman geraldine ferrero, who was the first woman to be nominated for vice president by a major political party, and ann richards, who in 1988 was the state treasurer for texas. in the convention for atlanta that year and later became the 45th governor of texas. the 1992 convention in new york city with bill clinton accepting his party plus nomination.

clinton: in the name of those who do the work, pay the taxes, raise the kids, and play by the rules, in the name of hard-working americans who make up our forgotten middle class, i proudly accept your nomination for president of the united states. past national conventions tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. >> coming up this weekend on atrican history tv, tonight 8:00 eastern, a look at the confederate civil war prison andersonville. state university of new york anderton talks about the prison, the 13,000 union soldiers who died, and the postwar trial of its commander. >> by the early all of 1864, 5000 men died between august and october 18. all told, nearly 13,000 union in andersonville

in its entire existence. that's a death rate of about 45% of the total population. it is extremely high. 9:00, director emeritus of the smithsonian national museum of american history talks about his book 50 great american places: a essential historic sites across the u.s." and his the sites. selecting and stephen breyer on the influence of foreign relations on american security and civil liberties. >> for many years, i think the general view of judges here as whenas judges abroad, for you first have security needs like a war or a real security problem, and you look at the document, the document says this power is primarily the .resident's it's congress', not the court.

but what about civil liberties? sometimes there is a clash. so why is there so little? i think the answer is cicero. he was not one of the founders, but they did in fact know about cicero. >> sunday at 10:00, the 1960 democratic and republican national convention with the democratic party nominating massachusetts senator john f. kennedy and vice president richard nixon accepting the republican nomination. nixon: in this campaign, i make a prediction -- i say that just millions ofnd 1956, democrats will join us not because they are deserting their party, but because their party deserted them in los angeles two weeks ago. all over the world, particularly in the new nations, young men are coming to power, men who are not bound by the traditions of the past, men who are not blinded by the old fears

and hatred and rivalries. young men who can cast off the old slogans and the old delusions. is aepublican nominee young man, but his approach is as old as mckinley's. >> for a complete american history tv schedule, go to www.c-span.org. a panel of historians now talk wast the ways society fundamentally different after the civil war. they describe the importance of community organizing for freed blacks in the south, the role of former confederate military groups, and evil and political rights ring this era. the event was hosted by the university of memphis. it's about two hours, 20 minutes. >> i don't know about all of you, but i think this symposium has really challenged our minds, touched our heart