lecture. entitled with the web. he has written several books on winston churchill and the second world world -- war. this is all coming up live on c-span3 american history tv. good morning, ladies and gentlemen. welcome back. welcome to the final day of the 33rd international winston churchill conference. we had a special day particularly last night. we have a special day today with the sessions we have this morning and our visit to the national churchill library this afternoon on the campus of george washington university. if you housekeeping items. our bookstore is adjacent to this room.

it will be open from 9:00 until 12:00. it will be closed at noon. that will be the end of that. the churchill display in their is worth looking at. we need you to get the word out about that to the schools in your community. we have a special guest with us this morning who just arrived because he was finally given permission by the u.s. navy to leave his ship for a few hours. he is the president -- present commanding officer of the uss winston churchill. [applause] >> with that, i will turn it over to our moderator, i very good friend. >> good morning. i want to begin by

congratulating all of you for joining us at this hour of 9:00 a.m. winston churchill was a man of tremendous energy, but i cannot livedut bill that if we in history spirit, we would all still be in bed at this time of day. we would have already the newspapers and work through all the daily correspondence by this point. unfortunately, i feel like many of us are lacking in the amount of domestic and secretarial assistance that sir winston churchill had throughout much of his life. to emulate failure his routine is pardonable. thatcher the margaret center for freedom at the heritage center in washington, d.c. great contemporaries today. i'm delighted to be joined by folks whoinguished

play important roles and his life. speaker tells me that it rhymes with pain. book, churchill and the bomb charts churchill's evolution as a nuclear statement. it has been described as hugely impressive and the best book yet written on the nuclear churchill. go buy your copy immediately. today, we will be looking at churchill's relationship with a man he describes as unjustly unsung, sir john anderson. hissecond speaker began career in english banking and continued in canada.

his interest in a relationship between winston churchill and the united kingdom and canada. king andpeak on churchill. winston churchill and mackenzie king, so somewhere and king so different. our final speaker is a british import and scotsman. he served his adopted country in the u.s. army for 30 years. he has been elected to the fellowship of several medical organizations, and living the royal society of medicine and the united kingdom. biographer who studies the effects of illness on leaders and is an acknowledged expert on the medical issues that affected winston churchill. he was both on a -- he will speak on an expert who coordinated the care for winston

churchill in the last five years of his life. these are our speakers today. we will speak for about 25 minutes which will leave us with about 25 minutes of q&a. let's go to our first speaker. [applause] >> good morning. llian hour.churchi thank you for giving me this platform. it is a real honor. iq for lending me your -- thank you for lending me your ears for the next 20 minutes. to begin at the beginning, in january of 1945, as the churchill prepared for the long trek to yalta for his second

wartime meeting with president roosevelt and joseph stalin, he wrote a letter concerning the wrong if something went if either he or his present to presumptive heir should perish on the way to our back from the primary -- crimea. he said there was only one man the king should send board to replace them as prime minster. here he is. sir john anderson. is met with sir john who? independentwas an mp. he was a member of the war

cabinet since 1940. he was chancellor of the checker. onlyson was, he said, not well adapted by character and outlook to shoulder the burden of the primary ship, but also because of the general regard attaching to him from all political parties. as we know, yalta was codenamed argo not -- argonaut. he returned safely. was what it was. nonetheless, i still think we should ask the question, what was it about this man, john anderson that one him such a vote of confidence? what was the relationship between these men, personal as well as political? here is the thing.

in the u.k., vermont the united states, if john anderson is membered at all it is for this kind of her gated iron -- corrugated iron construction. it is shelter. million of which were issued by the government in 1939 and 19 already in the hopes of giving the british public some protection from german bombing. than a anderson is more bomb shelter, and so i would like the anderson rediscovery process to begin now. 1882 in scotland. he was a proud scott. he graduated in 1903. the subjects were geology, science, and mathematics. a year at leipzig

did a studyhere he of the chemical properties of something called uranium. rejected a career in science and entered the civil service. a string of appointments followed. at the colonial office, national insurance commission, the board of inland revenue. everywhere he went, his work ethic and organizational prowess one him golden opinions. in 1920, he took up a new appointment. he was about 38. he became joint permanent secretary for ireland. he was based in dublin castle. he was shortly on an assassination a list. england andck to became the permanent secretary at the home office. for a civil job

servant. from 1932 to 1942, anderson theed a reputation as greatest administrator of his age, perhaps of any age. his home office staff to get to give him in the name, jehovah. the all wise. shift2, in a dramatic location, he headed east to become governor of bengal. another perilous assignment. anderson risked his life continually with the utmost composure and carrying out his duties and narrowly missed assassination twice. 1937, he is back in england and begins a new career in politics. he entered parliament as an independent mp, capital i.

axis civil servant, he did not think he should now his colors to any particular mast. equally supported the national government. -- he fully supported the national government. his stars in rows. secretaryhe home recognized his administrative competence and gave him the task of overseeing national evacuation policy, this being the time of the war scare. later, neville chamberlain appointed him lord privvy seal. that is a cabinet level position. he was given special responsibility for air raid preparation. he was in charge of civil defense in general.

ironman, at the outbreak of war you became home secretary and continued as de facto minister for home security. that was a daunting dual portfolio which he initially retained in churchill's ministry in may of 1940. he was not a member of the small or. -- war cabinet. of 1940, he was made lord president of the council. that job had a seat in the war ca has a right. binet he did best. ofhandled a wide range unspectacular but vital domestic issues. good policy, social services, allocation of manpower.

churchill was grateful. he came to call anderson the automatic pilot of the home front. he was grateful because what anderson did was allow churchill to concentrate on winning the war, the military conduct of the war. here's the thing. historians have often found dourhill's regard for this and unattractive victoria something of industry. i think it is true -- victorian something of a mystery. i think it is true. tohad an uncanny resemblance the undertaker and oliver twist. solemn man whose features were not naturally intended to wear a smiling

aspect. it was also said that an anderson speech could sometimes resemble a funeral oration which sounded as though he had not known the dear departed very well. [laughter] thehurchill looked beyond pompous edifice that was john anderson. far wideran of outlook that has civil service background would suggest. he was imperturbable. he was possessed of great personal courage exemplified by his time in india and ireland and the possessor of an acute and powerful mind, a firm spirit and long experience of. responsibilities. -- of varied responsibilities. a dole dog socially by all accounts.

you may not want to be stuck in the lift with him. tonever gained admittance churchill's and her circle of companions. one of those companions better] was always sneering about john anderson's small outlook. he thought there was something wrong with the world when a servant could somehow rise to become a master or a minister of the crown. happy,ston does not look does he in this picture? maybe they have been stuck in a lift together. admitted that anderson's solid gifts were not those that set the pm's mind on fire. even though winston trusted him and respected his judgment, he

did not always find him congenial. at the same time, he was convinced that churchill had great need of such a man. more to the point, so to churchill. book, irching my rediscovered anderson, happily so. we did not share a lift. happily so. i found something else. i found that churchill's faith in anderson's ability to get any job done well extended into the realm of atomic energy. all anderson's other cares and concerns, september 1941, churchill gave him ministerial responsibility for something called tube alloys. the top-secret british effort at that point to create an atomic bomb. in my remaining time, i would like to dwell a little on this

churchill-anderson atomic relationship. ,n churchill's orders to alloys this race to harness the power of nature of the bomb before nazis gave one tubular was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the war. not even the service ministers knew very much about what was going on until near the end. fact, there were only three individuals who knew how the whole thing fitted together in its vast, scientific, industrial, technical, military, diplomatic, financial complexity. one of those was churchill, obviously. his interest in the bomb during the war possibly did. sometimes he was keenly interested. other times he had a war to run.

present danger more than futuristic stabilities preoccupied him. the second individual is here in hat.rademark bowler frederick linderman. churchill's very close friend and his scientific mentor. the third individual is not in the picture. you have already seen him. john anderson. he was the glue, i would suggest, that held the whole thing together, the workforce. solid -- a line is belying his stolid demeanor turned out to be a nuclear visionary. that was the surprise in my research. as the war went on as atomic

development gathered pace, anderson became convinced of the uniono inform the soviet of what the british and the americans and canadians were up to. his reasoning was simple. the soviet union had the raw materials. they had the scientific brains. the soviet union had the industrial potential after the war to create atomic arms. it just did. it was foolish to think otherwise. in order to avoid a future catastrophic nuclear arms race, and the present it was necessary to apprise stalin in the most general way of what the manhattan project was all about, to tell them that the british and americans were working on a british -- an atomic bomb. and it would be used against the common and many -- common enemy.

this was the minimal show of anglo-american faith necessary if the soviet union was later to abandon any thoughts of developing its own super weapons and work with the british and americans and canadians after the war in creating a system of international control, a way of chaining up this calamitous power that has been unleashed, a way of directing atomic power towards constructive rather than destructive ends. neil's bar is regarded as the foremost advocate of postwar international control. septemberet him in 1943 in london. as suggested that he fell under the spores spell.

he had worked out this thing a good year before he met niels bohr. what you have from the 1943 is anderson, churchill's go to man working almost as co-conspirators within the grand move the keyry to figures, winston churchill and franklin roosevelt towards acceptance of the idea of international control, and beginning with a very very -- fly overting of the joseph stalin. andersonchill, john had his work cut out. churchill was a monopolist, determined to keep the bomb a close secret.

anderson chipped away. in may 1944, thanks to his maneuvering,enes churchill agreed to give niels for an hour of his time. atomic famous moment in history. it was a total disaster. churchill was under great strain as d-day loomed. he was in a foul templat -- temper. john anderson was as dejected as niels bohr. thanks to the intervention of another admirer, u.s. supreme court justice frankfurter, franklin roosevelt agreed to see niels for a few months -- bohr a few months later. this time, he seemed to make an

impact. maybe stalin should be told. international control, that may have something to go for it. churchill's monopolistic outlook is a problem, but i will take care of churchill. alas, for poor and anderson, it was really churchill who took care of the president. in september met 1944, at hyde park, churchill and roosevelt initialed an atomic understanding that is best remembered today for affirming their desire for joint anglo-american nuclear cooperation in wartime and peacetime. that contained a repudiation of and international control. historians debate whether fdr

or justre churchill, let him think he agreed with his ideas. r prejudice anti-boh is unquestionable. he wrote at the time that niels bohr was all for giving away all the secrets. no he wasn't. churchill wondered whether he should be locked up. anderson was rather shocked by the attack on an honorable man. his mindded to set straight to the point that niels bohr retained his liberty until the end of the war. indeed, once the trinity test out in the wilds of new mexico

proved that the atomic bomb was a real weapon, not just a radical, churchill's monopolistic convictions parted. at the same time, he began to entertain the idea that the bomb and the anglo-american monopoly of the bomb might be used as a diplomatic lever to make stalin except the settlement in europe, particularly over all of based based on western democratic. -- democratic principles. the 1945 general election saw him lose office. as for anderson, he was retained by the labor government as an atomic advisor for 18 months,

testimony to the respect that all political parties had for men putting national interest ahead of personal or partisan political interest. in the end, as we all know, international control never materialized. instead the cold war in the nuclear arms race that anderson and a lot of other people had feared came to pass. it left the world leader in -- teetering on the brink of calamity. anderson stepped down as a member of parliament in 1950. churchill asked anderson to join his government one year later. anderson declined. andersonyou, to which replied that he could not afford to join the government. what he may have meant is that it was going to find it impossible to provide his wife, hersocialite, known even to

close friends as becky sharp personified with the lifestyle expected on the ministerial salary. she was the widow of race with him, who supply churchill with a lot of vital information before his untimely death. anderson accepted a. -- a peerage. he continued to inform the government informally on atomic matters. he died in 1958. shortly before his death, anderson reminiscing about the oppenheimer,bert the director of the manhattan project. anderson, a sweet guy oppenheimer recalled.

had never been reconciled with the back that bohr's council had never been followed. nor his own counsel. i think however one regards the atomic aspects of john anderson's career, and his outlook now seems idealistic and naive, knowing what we do about stalin's nuclear ambitions, i think you will at least agree that anderson's importance to churchill and churchill's dependence on and at times makes him deserving of being remembered for something more than a garden-based bomb shelter. thank you for your time and attendance. [applause]

>> good morning. thank you for those initial words. mackenzie king. the major participants on the allied side in the second world war were britain, the united states, and the soviet union. the contribution by what could be called the second division was a significant factor in the successful outlook -- outcome of the war. this included members of the british empire and commonwealth, of the dominions the major cheerleader to the war was canada. the contribution of that country is opined by the british historian richard holmes, he

1941, britain would not have survived as an independent nation at it not been for the agricultural, industrial, and financial aid received from canada." he also wrote in that book, "the canadian contribution was remarkable in terms of manpower, it produced over one million volunteers for the allied armed killed out of,000 a population of 11 million." as usual, only the squeaking wheels get the grease. the quietly competent canadians deserve more credit than they have received or i can give here.

was williamnister lyon mackenzie king. he was born in 1874. ofdays after the birth winston churchill. height and in in the color of their eyes. that similarity did not attend to their scholarly achievements. whereas churchill was an indifferent scholar. brilliant student with degrees from the university of toronto and harvard. he was given by canada's prime minister jens is the king's .uture was in canada he occupied the senior civil

service persistent -- physician .hen churchill arrived to speak on his next was. they met, but it was not a success. king bounded churchill drinking in thene at 11:00 morning. it was not impressed. he received great success in solving labor issues. this came to the attention of teddy roosevelt. increase of numbers of the japanese and in and sit -- united states. the results of the meeting was a request that can intercede with the british government, which had a friendly relationship with

the japanese government. to put pressure on japan. in that regard. king sale to england. reducedlt was a much flow of immigrants. his diary showed that his opinion of churchill had much improved. he wrote, "one cannot talk with them without being impressed with the nimbleness of his mind, his quickness of perception and his undoubted ability to go that same year, he was elected a member of

>> king lost his seat. 1914,he coming of war in the almost 40-year-old king was an unlikely candidate for the military. another prospect soon presented itself, however. his impressive record involving labor disputes came to the attention of the rockefeller -- wasion, which would involved in serious and bloody disputes in colorado. to join asvited director of research. year, salary of $12,000 a substantially good in those days. king solved the colorado dispute and later worked for other u.s. companies, such as bethlehem steel. general electric.

standard oil. he returned in 1919 to contest the leadership and was successful. two years later, a general election was held. was ineral a party office and king without prime minister. nine months later, september 1922, in the form of the colonial minister, winston churchill, the question was of possible military action against the turkish army. king responded that the request be considered by canada's parliament. noever, the king had intention of exceeding to the request. with a further 172,000 wounded,

and a population of just 8 million, the king of the people would not stand for further shedding of blood. but ittter blew over, was clear that canada could no longer continue in a subservient position. when britain declared war on germany in 1913, canada was automatically at war. to changeetermined the basis of the relationship. 1923, thect in british foreign minister put forward a resolution that when the foreign minister spoke, he spoke not just for britain, but the whole of the empire. countries such as australia and

offeredand agreed and britain protection, but king and canada disagreed. king won the day, and it resulted in the balfour declaration which stated that areed kingdom and dominions autonomous communities within the british empire. wayl in status and in no subordinate to one another. aspect of domestic or internal affairs. king's liberal party lost the general election held in 1930. government hade to deal with the great depression. the little party reelected in 1935, and king became prime minister. met withwing year he

churchill in london. was neverld britain in greater danger. she insight, five years would be a vassal state of germany. supported -- supportive of churchill's efforts, and with his background negotiations, he supported the appeasement wealthy of neville chamberlain. in may 1937, king was in london for the coronation of king george. and he met with the ambassador. ribbentrop had worked in the first world war. and ribbentrop suggested king meet with hitler that was arranged in june 1937.

king went to the hindenburg palace. king recorded the conversation in his diary. it makes for astonishing rating. -- reading. quoting from king's diary, to say youuesday -- have no fear -- no need of fear of war with germany. remember that i myself have been through a war, and not one of us wants to see another war. king was obviously impressed and relieved by hitler's statement. thats credit, he did say if britain was attacked, canada would come to britain's aid. whether that made any impression ithitler's is not known, but

made an impact on his future decisions. 1939, britain 3, declaring war on germany, king broadcast to the people of canada. "the forces of evil have been loosed on the world. call on canadians tonight in a to protect all that makes life worth living. and to preserve for future generations those liberties and institutions which others have decreed to us." on september 9, canada's parliament passed legislation declaring war on germany. war, one thing to be at and another to be able to wage war.

1939 was totally unprepared. however, deficiencies were quickly remedied. agreedember 26, canada to be a training ground for airmen from britain, australia, new zealand, and canada. it achieved spectacular results. trained and pilots canada assuming three quarters of the cost of $1.6 billion. president franklin roosevelt remarked that canada was protecting democracy. a general election was held in canada where kings liberal party won in a landslide. complete andt

sincere congratulations on his victory for a common cause. when churchill became prime minister in 1940, king sent him a telegram assuring him of his wholehearted support and cooperation of canada and his government and himself. wewhich he said, quote appreciate your guidance in these critical affairs at the most critical in hours. they felt the united states had to join the allies. in the spring of 1940, president roosevelt was far from convinced that britain would survive. illustrated by secretary of state cordell hall requesting dominion toneup the

bring pressure on britain not to make a soft piece with hitler's. given that britain was to be defeated, the british fleet to ports in the north american hemisphere. king wrote to churchill, explaining the united states concerns. the following day, churchill responded, pointing out that if the united states would win the war, the fleet will be transferred from the clutches of germany. but if the united states continue to be neutral, and britain was overpowered, he could not sell a policy would be adopted by a pro-german administration. king forwarded churchill's response to washington. andless to say, roosevelt

hull were most concerned with churchill's attitude. they found alarming and distressing. they asked him to continue a dialogue with churchill given the dubious reason not based on american plan to say the british empire. king was uncomfortable at being the link in the correspondence. here's your churchill of canada's continued support. churchill of canada's continued support. he said in a broadcast, i speak of the heart and mind of our country when i say that every inrth in canada -- port canada will be another calais and every harbor another dunkirk.

to be extinguished by the powers of evil will yield liberties to the tyranny of not see brutality. -- nazi brutality. the following month the attitude of roosevelt changed after churchill's actions. keeping the fleet out of hitler's control. the president without determined -- was nowa support determined to provide support with 40 destroyers. this action was welcomed by kaine -- king. ofre was a joint board representatives from the united states and canada to devise strategies for ensuring halfction of the northern

of the western hemisphere. what became known as this agreement agreed that the united states would help protect canada's territory. roosevelt were in constant medication. at thel 1941, president's home, they met in hyde park. britain was basically bankrupt shortage of serious u.s. dollars. king suggested a form of barter. manufacture munitions for the u.s. in exchange for the purpose -- purchase of american war materials. while roosevelt was initially against the agreement, thinking it might go too far, something manufactured in canada or the

united states could be glenn least to britain. however, the concerns were overcome and the hyde park significantwas a achievement and ended canada's financial difficulties for the remainder of the war. in 1941 king broadcast to the people of written. -- britain. courage and your determination to fight to the end. may i send to you warmest ofetings and remember to of what has been a valued friendship for many years. to us, you are the of britain inn this, our greatest hour. churchill responded the next day to the people of canada, and this included, your comradeship

, cheersmortal struggle and fortifies the people of these islands. it must seem strange that canada, free from all of the pressure, some thousands of miles away, should it hastily forward into the battle against evil forces of the world. the people of great britain are proud of the fact that the liberty they have one through that long and romantic history should have taken root throughout the length and breadth of the content from halifax to victoria. britainthe king flew to and spoke at a dinner. thetarted by speaking of commitment of the british

people, and especially londoners. he then addressed churchill. by the power of your eloquence, the energy of your conduct and the genius of your leadership, you galvanized this people into heroic action. rarely equaled and never excelled in the history of warfare. king concluded with a familiar theme. it was necessary for the united states to be a full participant. states entered the war in december 1941. churchill arrived to discuss strategy. he then traveled to ottawa to address the canadian parliament. as the globe and mail reported. with a big cigar and smiling broadly, churchill, the emperors

-- empires great war leader, arrived in the dominion to receive a welcome which he will remember to his dying day. his speech to the canadian parliament -- portrait resulted in one of the most famous photos. interestingly, churchill later told king that he did not like but king kept a low profile. in december 1942, he addressed the pilgrims of new york. he took the opportunity to point out the contribution canada was making in the war. he gave many statistics on the canadian war production. many facts were

difficult to assimilate, one statistic was easily understood. supplying 200 pounds of food for every man, woman, and child in the united kingdom. content to let roosevelt make the major war decisions. canada accepting. notver, when canada was given recognition into in k's, communiquesasion -- about the visions of sicily and france, he reacted in fury. war, a generalhe election was held in canada. the conservative opposition built its campaign on the

criticism of the handling of the war effort. king spoke of prosperity and want a clear victory. -- 947 he dined with churchill, and his opinion changed. he said, i confess that as i looked at him across the table, i felt that perhaps he was the greatest man of our time. deteriorated,th retired in the summer of 1948. after 21 years as prime minister. records and still is a for longevity of a prime minister in all of british and commonwealth history. king died in 1950.

1952,uary the 14th, winston churchill spoke at a dinner in ottawa. lifelong commitment with him and shared by great with all canada and the whole free world at his death after so many years of faithful and skillful service to the great causes which we uphold today. thank you. [applause] >> thank you for your kind introduction. i think my mother would have been delighted. my brother would have been amazed.

you might imagine there is a lot of ground covered here. you'll find all not always be content on the fly. listen to my individual comments with your active listening antenna. are we going or not? go ahead, sorry. >> you though. >> thank you, john. in some 50 years this year since

publishing his diary and creating an uproar. son, try to do something about it, although he died a couple of years ago, publishing is father's work in two volumes. 19421945, andears in 2006, covering the years 1945 to test with several additions, and a rewriting of the last five nsa,ers of the book were one of the few pages of getting the word decrepit. said when his father died he wanted it to be regarded as a viable source of understanding the doctor and his patient. and that controversy be put to rest. out introversy played

many different ways and the correspondence concludes with trying to defend himself in this way. simply, if you do not understand turtles health issues you do not understand turtles last 25 years of his life. --s portrait integrated completed in 1921. friend lord his brain. have saidtractors this yields much about his character and is thought to be somewhat cunning. and yes, some 75 years since churchill met him or he met churchill, he met his way -- how hes way wondering would take care of them and discuss things with them.

eventually, churchill made the comment, i don't know why anybody bothers. this is ridiculous. that is not entirely true, of course. hand, a publication about his medical issues has several harsh words to say about moran. not conducting a physical examination and is first visit. he goes on to state moran was a master of spin, at the center of events. who pushed moran onto churchill? his friends were patients of

moran in his private practice. problems and had the notion that churchill had a week just. -- chest. social did not like either of these gentlemen. you had a lot of things besides dyspepsia. moran got a full accounting of all of these issues. so what was this week just -- chest? had pneumonia in 1896. was because the school was on a hill.

you can read this as i go along, these comments. moran was interested in becoming a writer before his father insisted he had to go to medical school. he did go to medical school. i think the most interesting correlation here is the remark that moran made about himself because churchill wrote in his biography of marlborough, famous men are usually the product of an unhappy childhood. certain pressures and certain instances -- circumstances. in early years. wit,enacious mother without which great actions are seldom accomplished.

so what of his personality and character? him.t some insight to he served in the first world war and was interested in these people from the front coming to be examined. he catches on that maybe -- i beg your pardon, that something else is really going on here. he is researching poisoning with mustard gas. he gets the sense that maybe something is going on. the ravages of war, the sense that there is a series of fact. -- a serious effect. now we understand ptsd. churchill toget

help with his book to get it published. unfortunately, moran was mistaken. declined, saying it might hurt recruiting. this psychological nonsense. this was a shadow of his black dog. the black dog, one of the things that upset people most was the first time, what they bought the first time was this black dog stigma. some may remember churchill's descriptions of psychiatrists. they capable of doing an immense amount of harm.

the tightest hand should be kept over them. believe aboutran this business of his black dog? is this more than just in fact a reaction to circumstances and ambition? suffice it to say -- his son randolph was eloquent in his interviews about his father's mood swings. probably for the most part that he did, just a couple of comments highlighted in red here. in 1937ted on churchill , a pioneer in surgery.

he was doing a hernia. he was faxing on his patients before churchill in 1947. ofexpert in the use medication was long in to consult on pneumonia in 1943. his vital role is not mentioned in the diary. diary he wasn't exactly the nicest about his colleagues. diaries, thetreet comment that moran is vain, egotistical. shrewd, but often not always right. he did have some good friends. lord richardson --

richardson was a cardiologist. here he is with his wife dorothy, great friends of lord richardsons wife. his daughters -- well, this is a particular interest. people saying churchill had a heart attack. moran is on his own. he is in washington, the white house, december 1941. churchill caused the next the next- calls morning and says i have a pain in my right arm. moran says, ok. concluded by the description that churchill had indeed had a heart attack.

he said, you have to rest. this was before congress, giving a talk. and then another talk. and so churchill rested. so possibly he did not have a heart attack. notes inparkinson's says he did diary, not. your ekg shows no damage to your heart. imbalance in your heart . idea a lot ofs an people have had. sorry, i should have shown that slide.

of course, it leads to the myth had a weak heart. yet to have medications for his art. only time he really had was when he had double pneumonia and his heart was in the failing. -- indeed failing. so the last 25 years, those medical issues, these are pretty straightforward. along,ily had this, all they felt churchill had something wrong with him, they first called lord moran.

there are a lot of other things you did not mention in his book at all. -- lord moran did not mention in his book at all. exception in found not27, saying i more than one would expect. you have heard a lot about the various medications churchill was given by lord moran. churchill commented, i don't think he invented it. bills in a pill box and took them when he felt he needed them. when it was a red day he would find the red.

or green he would find the green. the collection is in the university of charleston and south carolina. i just messed up again. i am sorry. hit that. i get it. i get it. the one interesting thing that moran gave was amphetamines. remember, june 1953 he had a stroke. -- woody is, with fuzzy brain be able to pull it off. well, just before, two days before, he gave them amphetamines. my, it hasaid, oh cleared my head greatly. presentation, a spectacular performance. he was spotted smiling and laughing. -- his son-in-law,

i'm not sure you can see in the that his very anxious father-in-law would pull it off. character? moran's he was trying to get things , making sure they got more money than other practitioners. angry when he was able to succeed in that. he demonstrated outstanding political skills. there was deviousness and untrustworthiness, and so he got a nickname. this dog jim the rest of his life. lady sybilip by richardson, he said when i put pen, i trust in these

conversations i've forgotten no one. the diary of course is not a diary. it has an omission of certain critical events. events are2, certain completely inaccurate. some are written out. so they were reasons for many to be upset with the publishing of the book. 1967,hed as a diary in surprising churchill. comments which i do not think churchill would appreciate, the most difficult man to work with. i would not have missed a chance with working with them for anything on earth. great britain after churchill's august --

she was known to have been a close friend. book, tone of her of thismight be said from some degree, i think you get out aboutmad as get the book being published. read the book you get some sense, a supporter in no uncertain terms of winston. so that upset with the book being published. biographer said he compromised the work with his

first volume. the rest of the family felt the smartest and stigmatized. colleaguesal published a book in 1968, action on working with churchill. errors andbout the inaccuracies. and the medical association. the bma. the upset with the release of confidential information. the journal of society of criticizing the notion of revealing things in a confidential manner. ok. what do others finally conclude?

one professor political science question, the topical whether the average is the decisions -- physicians account or the weakness. this is from a year ago. ofy look at the issue confidentiality. it isll is said and done, the first one that broke the code on the issue of confidentiality. is that the last word? i don't think so. the gracious lady said she understood how he understood

winston thoroughly. not only the medical considerations, but also fully aware of the implications in regards to the office he held and condition. i think churchill should have the last word. he relied heavily on board more , saying youmoran get me going for so long. and that he lived another five years. moran himself claims churchill opens his heart and felt better for his candor. it may have disturbed his family. moran's revelations opened up the possibility that churchill was human after all and worthy of admiration and honor.

not the clay feet, his reputation undiminished. thank you for your attention. [applause] >> thank you very much. thank you to all three of the presenters. that gives us about 15 minutes or so for questions and, of course, answers. hand, andraise your have a question, that is excellent. to directed toke a particular speaker, please do so. >> thank you. i would like to ask a question about the atomic bomb. you mentioned the breakdown of the relationship. but you do not have a chance i guess to talk about what

happened with the u.s. and its relationship after the war. you mentioned a joint agreement signed. that bohray perhaps was too idealistic, was churchill to idealistic to think the united states would share atomic diplomacy? thank you. >> can you hear me? can you hear me now? no? yes? ok, right. it is a good question. conclusion that as somebody who loves america so well, sometimes i felt churchill did not always understand the american rules of government. and constitutional.

there were two critical agreements with as much anymore. one in 1943 in quebec. a very important one. a mutual agreement that bomb will not be used unless both america and the u.k. agree. that is one. the other is september 1944, the one i shared on the slide. churchillboth fdr and continue atomic collaboration going into peacetime. was not until after wartime, what happens after 1945, the fdr is dead and churchill out of office. u.s. congress has a nationalist stance and decide whatever wartime agreements existed were immaterial. unconstitutionally

. but the executive agreements hammered out in wartime did not standing in the peacetime. churchill is bereft. he is aghast. in 1951, yet back this burning desire. suspects that the mcmullen act would not have been passed if he was in power, and it is an effort to protect themselves from the government of the u.k. to thetries to get back old thinking. i think the idea where if you read, you are aware of these very billion h-bomb speeches, -- brilliant h-bomb speeches, and

the house of commons where he is coming up with mutually assured destruction, he is coming very the end ofbracing his career. i hope that has answered in somewhat your question. is it good? let's go to the gentleman closer to the front on the side of the room. >> good morning. this question is directed to john. from you hear non-churchillian's, i've never heard this from a churchill in, that winston was a drunk. we all know the famous quote that he said something to the effect that he gets more out of alcohol that alcohol out of him. reviewing a lot of the medical

information regarding winston churchill, is there any indication that he had any of the mental problems related to alcohol consumption? >> i tried to leave that out. [laughter] >> is a pretty interesting question actually because clearly he imbibed a lot of alcoholic beverages and handled it very well. all -- alcohol does more to process the alcohol as you buy more and more. rarely drank outside of meals. whiskeydid, he had this that lady mary showed me one day, taking a large glass and filling it with ice, maybe a mble full and

keeping it all day. so the question is, was he really alcoholic? the answer is, we only know of s-canned.hat he got that was in moscow. they were plying them with alcohol. churchill -- eden and churchill were drinking the ivanka when he was drinking water. the otheralk out and role of being security advisor, he walked down the street. that is the only time i know of

with an eyewitness to the fact he was an alcoholic. reported inrson being drunk in new orleans. the time he probably wobbled out, taking his afternoon nap. he thought he was drunk. i don't think he was drunk. >> and to say, that advice on alcohol consumption may be the most encouraging thing i have heard in some time. let's go to the back of the room. i would like to start by saying how much i personally appreciate the canadian arrival in england in 1940. the first canadian division arrived, they were the only group of troops we had to defend us.

them in ourer kitchen. lollipops and american comics like little orphan annie. the question i would like to ask, at the end of the war, i believe the canadians paid britain a debt. other to ask, if you know, how much that was in financial terms. >> i'm not sure exactly the amount. i'm not sure exactly how much they gave. the total amount that canada was 3.2 billion dollars. given for the manufacture of andstuffs and machinery military equipment. the rest of the war, as you probably know, united states and

loan at 2% a interest of $5 billion. seven or eight years ago the loan was paid off. the $2.8 billion loan was paid off. loan.0 billion i do not see about the loan to canada. not throwing the flag around too but the united states as 10 times the population of canada. mathematically, canada. three times as much. -- paid three times as much. >> i think we have time for one more question. i saw gentleman in the very back there.

thiswould like to direct to the gentleman about churchill and the bomb. and i would like to hear your soviets about how the union viewed the process at that time. the simple fact is that the teens, 20's and 30's were many conferences, some of which were sovieted with both scientists and western scientists interacted and there was a cross-fertilization of ideas. west to thet the assumption the soviets knew nothing about these matters was really in retrospect totally incorrect. the soviets were very sophisticated, they were behind in the engineering and how to construct the bomb, the theoretical aspects of it they had mastered. forward, from

mutual assured destruction, the fact is that in peacetime alone there have been a thousand lastar detonations in the four or five decades. i bought the soviets and our scientists came to be very concerned about not just mutual assured destruction but extermination of life on this planet. a large number were brought to the surface, devices detonated at the same time. out, it was the green party of the russian orthodox church that convinced them with the strategic defense initiative to go ahead and proceed and accepting the salt treaties. this is a fact not commonly known, that the russian orthodox church played a role in that. >> very briefly, all those

points are very well made. i am very interested. the firstmment about point. you can call it tragic incidences of the 20th century history that the discovery of nuclear fission, chain reaction, really occurred in a certain year called 1939. with the world war looming at the end of that year. things what propels forward thereafter. the international republic of of 2 septemberea 1939, it is estimated something like 90 serious papers published , you name it,ld and when all of the internationalization of knowledge grinding to a halt with the war, when it starts,

the genie is out of the bottle. hr, theypeople like bo knew that this thing, if it works, would not be just an aggregation of tnt and so on. they knew that this was a potentially apocalyptic development and it would be very naive to assume that the soviet union or anybody else for that matter that access to this would not at some point in the future get this thing. hr was, yes, wartime, in favor of wartime use, but it is what you do afterwards. to that extent, churchill, rightly or wrongly, refused to take it. but your point is made. i appreciate it. >> thank you very much. i think we all know what we need

to do after this panel, step outside for some coffee and return here in a few minutes. so let me close by saying thanks to all three panelists. [applause] >> i just want to thank all the thelists for reaffirming brilliance of the program chairman of this conference. [laughter] >> we will take our first break of the morning and resume probably around 10:45 a.m. >> the churchill conference is taking a 15 minute break. when we come back, we will be

live with andrew roberts, who has written several books on churchill in the second world war. while we wait for the conference resume, let's show a ceremony marking the 50th anniversary of winston churchill stuck. members of the british atliament gathered westminster hall. prime minister david cameron gave remarks. [indiscernible] parliamentary colleagues, the whole of the churchill family, ladies and gentlemen. this morning, it is my privilege to pay tribute on the behalf of all colleagues to sir winston churchill as a parliamentarian.

for his service, for his output and for his recognition and fulfillment of the role of the house of commons. amazingly and in a sense , staggeringly, winston churchill served as a member of the house of commons for 63 years and 360 days only with some reluctance standing down as a parliamentarian at the october 1964 general election. having rather enjoyed his brief tenure as father of the house. over that period, ladies and

gentlemen, of six decades, churchill fought 21 parliamentary elections and won 16 of them. he represented no fewer than 5 different parliamentary constituencies, including three as odim and epe and he served as an independent , liberal and conservative constitutionalist under five banners. by comparison, ladies and gentlemen, his eight-year spell as prime minister seems rather short, and i think it is am emblematic of the whole significance and stature of the man, that he never became a member of the house of lords despite many, many invitations,

opportunities and possibly even exhortation's to become one. green benches man, a house of commons man through and through. the house of commons as an institutions and in particular the house of commons chamber were his natural constituency. so that speaks ladies and gentlemen, colleagues for his service. but if his service was amazing and staggering in equal measure, his prodigious output . he served, hed delivered in the huss of commons thousands of speeches and many, many many millions of words. of course, it is a common place and, indeed, a truism that those speeches and those words greatly

impressed. though i think it is note worthy and amusing to observe, that they didn't impress everybody. when winston churchill became leader of the conservative party upon the death of neville chamberlain's, one of his own flock duelly unimpressed and sneeringly dismissed spinner, as an "word and second rate," and what this misguided soul that would constitute a first rate, we do -- first-rate rhetorician, we do not know for it is left unstated. and of course, it is also, i think, a fact of some service

that churchill's legendary of unforgettable radio broadcasts were for the most part repetitions of oratory already delivered in the house of commons. in many cases, they were word -for-word reproductions of speeches delivered in the chamber for which of course it was entirely clear and compelling. churchill thought that if those speeches met the test of that more demanding of audiences in those most testing and perilous of times, the chances were from, that the country would come with him. i think in the overall appreciation of churchill the

parliamentarian, perhaps the single most important point is churchill's recognition. the house of commons was not an element of our democracy. the house of commons was the essence of our democracy. and precisely because of that recognition, churchill felt incredibly strongly that so far as was humanly possible, the house of commons in wartime should operate as the house of commons did in peacetime. he believed and he believed and upheld the principle consistently and with passion but with the thrust of debate. and the syrian searchlight of scrutiny whereby the to test the members of the executive -- and

searchlight of scrutiny to test the members of the executive branch and of which they're holding high office demanded and required. 1940s and gentlemen, if was winston churchill's finest hour, the house of commons was assuredly his finest forum. 50 years on from the passing of the great man, this parliamentary pericles continues to inspire us. and i think i can safely predict without fear of contradiction that when in 50 years time the 100th anniversary and commemoration the passing of this great man takes place, he will continue similarly to inspire us. therefore, it is with great pride and appreciation that on behalf of all of my

parliamentary colleagues across the house, i salute him and i pay him the warmest possible tribute to him. in closing, i say the biggest tribute that we can pay to the late sir winston churchill is to hold on to the function of the house of commons, which he fought so hard and effectively to retain and with which by his supreme personal example, he invested the institution. thank you. [applause]

prime minister cameron: we are here to honor a great leader and a great britain. he was born in my constituency and is buried in my west constituency. and a full 50 years since his funeral, when the cranes below the trains dip low, when the streets were lined with those vast silent crowds, the sheer brilliance of winston churchill remaining undimmed. i'll never forget the first time i heard that voice. i was at my grandmother's house as a young boy and i was looking through a box of dusty old things. and i found some vinyl records of those great speeches. and i'll never forget putting one on the record player and hearing those phrases, boom out. victories at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, led us

to the task, to the battle, to the toil. and think the one that struck me most as a young boy, some chicken, some neck. [laughter] churchill the orator made a big impression on me as a boy. and now that i'm prime minister , there are so many church hills to respect anded a hire. -- and admire. there is so many churchill, the global statement, go to israel, and you remember he helped to realize the dream of a jewish homeland. go to pakistan and you can imagine him fighting in the field force. to britain's acquisition of the h bomb, there stretched nearly 60 years an throughout it all he was at the heart of events. is the bottle of number 10, the practice of

taking his cabinet out at the savoy grill. sadly for my cabinet, this is not currently the regime. [laughter] often overlooked, there is churchill the reformer. this was the man who pushed for prison reform, who championed to thes, labor exchanges unemployed. churchill believed that a nation was made great not just by its military might but by how it treated its poorest and citizens.-- frailest that's another important part of his legacy. but if there's one great aspect, it is church of the patriot. he knew that britain wasn't just a place in the map but a force in the world. with a destiny to shape events and a duty to stand up for freedom. that is why a 1940, after france had fallen, before america or russia entered the war, he said this -- hitler knows that he

will have to break us in this island or lose the war. if we can stand up to him all europe may be free. and the life of the world play -- of the world may move forward . arguably, may 1940, those few days, the vital decision was the most important moment in our nation's long history. a time when britain saved herself, europe, quite possibly the world. and we were so incredibly fortunate to have that time a leader so strong and so resolute. churchill was confident that freedom and democracy would win over barbarism and tyranny in the end, and it did. with every affront to freedom in this century, only muster member that courage and resolve in the last century. winston ago when churchill was dying, my older

brother was a tiny baby, and my mother used to wrap him up some days and we'll him along to the gate. there, along with crowds of people, they would stand outside the brick house as a sign of respect. was the affection and such is the affection. history has been kind to sir winston churchill. not because he wrote it but because he shaped it. he left a more free, more brave, more secure and more proud. and for that, we must always be grateful to him. thank you. [applause] [indiscernible chattering]

>> we are alive at the international churchill conference in washington, d.c. the conference is taking a 15 minute break. the next speaker is tradition storing and roberts whose -- the next speaker is british historian andrew roberts. this is live coverage on c-span3's american history to be.

-- history tv. >> good morning, ladies and gentlemen. once again, where resuming. to introduce our next speaker, we have megan stilker. megan: thank you. i am very much enjoyed my first experience at the international churchill conference and i am introducing our

next speaker andrew roberts. coming from the national world and memorial in kansas city, we have enjoyed many partnerships to the churchill center and are looking forward to the next partnership at the symposium this weekend. i have been excited to be working with the churchill a new, young professional group that will be event nexturchill saturday, so hopefully, we have more new wave joining the conference in the future. --t is not completely sold that is completely sold out, so exciting news. as some of the works and social media 20 47, i cannot help but wonder what winston churchill would have done had he had access to twitter, especially at 3:00 a.m. [laughter] i encourage everyone here to #churchill2016. the social media team has been doing a wonderful job.

roberts is on twitter, as well, so it is absolutely ok. i e-mailed andrew roberts a few times as i was constructing this introduction and i asked him to give the highlights to it she replied, a non-direct quote, i have written 13 books. i do have the immense honor to roberts, who is 13 times over an incredible author. andrew roberts is presently a visiting professor at the kings college department in london and a lecturer at the new york historical society. he has written or edited 19 books, which have been translated into 22 languages. hit learnednclude " churchill," "masters and commanders,," and "the storm of war" and writing a biography of churchill for penguin, which would be published in 2018.

speaking today on the romantic imagination of winston churchill, o commander roberts -- welcome andrew roberts. [applause] mr. roberts: it is a great honor to be invited to address your again and thank you, megan, for your kind words. i put a book over there, not because it has anything whatsoever to do with my speech today, but simply because i believe in the power of subliminal advertising. [laughter] wroteust 1933, churchill that american audiences "yield to none in the interest, attention and good nature to which they follow a lengthy considered statement." it is up to you to keep that

tradition going for at least the next 45 minutes. the concept of the british [indiscernible] was invented by the victorian and prevalent in the upper classes, where it was considered did predict to show one's emotions openly and where one's heart on one sleeve. the empireeved that depended on the capacity of officers and men to rise but the natural human emotions and stay calm and collected regardless of what appalling thing was going on. the sense of that british -- the center of that british believe found in the be british army. in the earlier periods, cheerfulness did not imply a lack of manliness or self-control. in january 1886,

every single one of the eight admirals who had carried the coffin to the cathedral, was in tears. as a less at least half of the all-male congregation. regency renren unexpected to have to control their emotions in the way that their victorian grandsons and great grandsons were. yet, there was one big taurean -- onelass british army big taurean upper-class british army who cried to such an extraordinary event, that we need to regard him and said that wasg a victorian, but she chronologically speaking, but as a regency figure, born out of his time. was an churchill profoundly romantic with the capacity for empathy and also possessing such aristocratic disregard to what others thought likem, that if he felt

crying, he did. such was his historical imagination, too, that this released atcould be minor moments and of great occasions, especially if music was involved. in 1993, churchill's last aboutary was interviewed churchill's tendency to we ep. when i was with them about three lot and hewept a said to him after dinner, i blubber an awful lot. you will have to get used to that. john asked, what would stimulate that? anthony replied, tales of heroism, the motions of tales of heroism. he loved animals, a noble dog struggling through this note to his master would inspire tears. it was touching and i found it acceptable. sweat, came to tears and

church only about all of them, especially tears. lord halifax described him as having a child's emotion and demands reason. here are a few occasions through churchill's life in which he is recorded as crying. of september, 1897, he wrote to his friends, -- viewer to his mother, i really detect a genuine emotion myself of this great friend, lieutenant william brent clayton, who was killed close to him on the expedition. i must rank it as a rare instance the fact that i cried when i saw brown clayton literally cut to pieces on the stretcher. henry wilson, for the commander-in-chief of the british expedition, after parting for france in 1914. i never liked him so much, wilson wrote about him. on the 10th of august of that year, when his faithful manservant thomas horton died,

who had worked for his father before him, he wrote after the funeral, alas, i have lost this noble friend, devoted entry, who have known since i have been a youth. he added that there were about 40 mourners, including all the household who worked. it is fair to assume that he could be included amongst them. on the eighth of november, 1924, when sandy baldwin asked if he would serve as chancellor, churchill assumed it meant of lancaster instead of the duchy and baldwin said no and tears came into churchill's eyes because he said that he would be able to vindicate the chancellorship of his late father. on the death of at the smith, inrchill's great friend winston leftght,

for his friend and he said several times, i feel so lonely. in november, 1934, the soviet , whose brilliant diaries have just been published, by the way, he was attending the wedding of the duke of kent to the princess of grace. greece andrincess of he wrote that churchill looked deeply moved. i remember how churchill shed wrote captain. of december, 1936, the day after his [indiscernible] as i saw mr. churchill off, there were tears in his eyes, but they were for a list tears -- royalist tears.

six months later, at the moment the queen consul was crowned, churchill, eyes full of tears, said, youclemency and are right, i see now that the other one would not have done. during the munich crisis, there , whereinner at the savoy it was discovered that none would join him in signing a telegram to neville chamberlain, injuring him to make no further accessions. the telegramd that was not despised and one by one, our friends went out defeated. winston remains, sitting in his chair, immobile, frozen and i saw tears in his eyes. i could feel the -- his last attempt to salvage what was and i spoke with

bitterness to those who had refused to put a name to the principles and policies which they professed and you spoke, what are they made of? today's not far when it will not be signatures -- the day is not far off when it will not be signatures we have to give but the lives of millions. can we survive? it will be hard to do so and there is no courage anywhere. three days later, alfred resigned and churchill cried again. told40, when fdr's hopkins churchill then he would get a rifle from the usa come he was moved to tears. on the 13th of may, 1940, on the same day, we read george [indiscernible] mix of moving speech telling winston how ponty is of him. winston cries and wiped his eyes.

ag so blessed that winston's eyes filled with tears as he buried his eyes in his left hand and wiped his face. on the fourth of july, 1940, churchill cried after the house of commons applauded his decision. when churchill finished his speech, the whole house, the affiliation,ty jumped to their seats and applauded him for several powerful and, sitting on the treasury bench, the tension draining from his body, churchill lowered his head and the tears ran down his cheeks. it was a strong and stirring scene. at last, have a real leader, echoed through the lobbies. the recorded at that occasion, winston left the house visibly

affected. i heard him say, this is heartbreaking for me. share where people have been killed after the first churchill in the words of a letter from the secretary to the war cabinet broke down completely at his welcome. you see, he cares, and he really cares, a woman calls out. he is crying. two months later, another mp and wrote thatfax winston had the decency to cry as soon as he stood by the coffin. recited1941, hopkins 4000 goes, i will go. cash recited cummaquid taoist goes, i will go. it was hard for winston churchill to recall the incident without being overcome with

emotion. [indiscernible] he would say, we had two lovely films after dinner. one was called escape and the other was a comedy called quite wedding. they were several short reels .rom the ministry her husband was the minister at that point in the churchill government. winston managed to cry to all of them. including the comedy. [laughter] the months after that in march 1921, there were tears in churchill's eyes when he met the japanese ambassador. when he was asked why? to have told him

that he was an emotional man. now he has tears because he wants to crush fiddler -- hitler and a year from now, he may have tears because of the war. elizabeth nels joined the number 10 team, and said, sometimes his forces become a quick the motion -- thick with emotion and a tear would run down his cheek during the next month, he cried when visiting the house of commons and did not make an attempt to operate the tears. george met1, colonel churchill in london. his accounts of the suffering in france reduced churchill to tears. and at the foreign office, they noticed the prime minister crying the following month while

watching the hamilton woman, the great laurence olivier movie about nelson. month on the 10th of august, while sagan, -- ittin game -- while singing, was noticed that churchill was affected emotionally. was written toit tom about the bombing of [indiscernible] in the weight affected churchill personally. and particularly, he wrote to the prime minister that he was keen to suffering. filled up with tears and talked about the suffering of the jews in germany. he looked at the houses and said, for homes --p poor homes. it is beside the character not

always appreciated. the fact that some people mentioned it shows in and of itself calling usual it was for in public in those days. even something as mundane as a in 1922,journalist that set off churchill's waterworks. major general john kennedy recalls on that particular day with a good tears, it brought him applause. on the 16th of october, 1942, he was moved to tears by a speech. the prime minister of south africa. the next month, he cried again march in the 51st edition in tripoli. colonel ian jacob, the secretary for the cabinet, the sun shown

down in the cried this sky -- and a cloud this sky and they set up on the upper part of the outlined in the archery, all under the veterans of the army, expanding the last city of bruce braley's empire. no wonder the tears rolled down his cheek as he took the salute of one of our finest divisions. the bitter moment in the white house when it fell was swallowed up in the joy of the morning in tripoli. when admiral cunningham took the prime minister to visit the submarine crews and the harbor in june 1943, churchill made a delightful speech. he came away with tears running down his cheeks. cunningham. for murder out on that location. churchill talked about walking in the valley of the sender of death -- valley of the shadow of

theh, and in that affect morale of submarine crews that day. that november during the conference, one day after lunch with the president, he asked his daughter sarah to arrange for cry to go to the pyramids to see if we could get close enough to dictate dear -- close enough to take fdr there. the president to that he must simply go to see this links on the impairments. turned abruptly away and said, we will wait for you in the car. outside in the simmering sunshine, his eyes are bright with tears. i love that man. conference,hat same as it was thanksgiving, the president carved a giant turkey for 20 people like professional. he made little speeches afterward and tears were flowing

down his cheeks. the band played deeply in the ngckground and everyone sag home on the range. [laughter] churchill was seriously ill with ammonia. on gender 18, he made an unexpected return to the house of commons and was flushed with pleasure and emotion and hardly had he sat down when two large tears trickled down his cheeks. he mocks them with handkerchief. my friends, the late kenneth rose, historian, told charles the guardswhen chapel was hit and 121 people were killed in waterloo day, lighthe saw the arc shining on the scene and illuminating winston churchill on the rebel, weeping. the freedom of the city of paris

after the liberation in 1944, churchill was presented with an attractive box. on opening the casket, he found it contained not a scrolled but flag thate -- nazi had been held and tears poured down his cheeks. he cry as she cried at fdr's memorial service and when he visited his grave after the war. on the fourth of may, there were celebratory drinks with the chief of staff. according to alan brooke's diary, it was always with tears. an appalling moments because ath brooke failing to make speech, thinking churchill for everything he had done, and it was one of the great missed

for those chiefs of staff to show their appreciation to the prime minister. later that month in the coalition government broken up, churchill was at home for those who served there during the war. it was also written in a diary that at the familiar cabinet table, he addressed this with tears streaming down his jake's. he said that we all came together and stay together as a united band of friends in a trying time and history would recognize this. the lights of history will shine on your helmet, he said. , the results of the 19 foot her collection came. -- the 1945 collection came. 1947, [indiscernible] award toented an

winston churchill, having won the declaration himself during the defense, and churchill wrapped during his speech. he has particularly delighted that any holder or on scheme military have the right to be driven home without chance by the police. [laughter] there is a photograph of churchill weeping on the seventh of may, 1948. during a was another conservative party meeting the same month. 1949ouncil of europe in said he was acclaimed in the city by cheering crowds and he wept and spoken french and give wisdom and guidance to the council. inn returning to office 1961, churchill learns that the

canadian government has decided to rule and should no longer be played by the canadian air force and navy. the defense minister [indiscernible] he almost decided that he would cancel his visit in january 1952 and was persuaded not to buy clement scene, who according [indiscernible] when he disembarked at the till, --pposite chat churchill wept. thats words, it was said no one had the mildest of criticism of canada. in had the effect that you would

buy now at this point, in my speech, have expected. , he was sitting alone with tears in his eyes, looking straight in front of him . i had not realized how much the king has meant to him and i tried to cheer them up with all and i did notn know her, she was only a child. [indiscernible] he recalled how he was in a flood of tears. he later broke down in tears while rehearsing his speech about the king. the following year on the death of king's mother, laura nicholson recorded queen mary dies at 10:20 and winston announces it at 10:45. the archbishop of canterbury

remembers him being in tears. winston churchill is so used to cry when here at versailles approach, such as the ladies of ancient rome. on the 11th of july, 1955, the oxford historian [indiscernible] we talked about the thinking of the bismarck, he recalled. greateard the news of the british ship, what was the name of that ship? , he said. tears in his eyes. in the 1950's, when sarah churchill reminded him in 1922 that she needed to grow up, i looked up to him and found his tears bright with -- found his eyes bright with tears.

[indiscernible] whose photograph you saw earlier today to console her on the andh of her second husband ended by shedding tears when discussing her first husband. at august, friend in died of esophagus cancer and winston wept, same dear, dear brendan. the following year, he left when they took up a seat in the house of commons. there are reports that i have now confirmed that he wept from hearing the news of kennedy's assassination and he did on his own 19th birthday in 1964. an american journalist, charles frank, who went to london to cover churchill's funeral a few months later, read about how many recall churchill himself in tears, pride, humility, the focus of churchill weeping a

relish. they showed an intensely emotional men, completely adult, with [indiscernible] i would like to thank john for pointing out that churchill was recently diagnosed with a , from a illness, ncba doctor in charlotte, no caps on, however, john points out that this condition would have only taken place after his stroke in 1953, when his specialists. it -- when his specialists an increase in emotionality. he felt things that are found a t and ed expressed itself again and again. if anyone can think of other documents when he cried, i would love to know them. i have building -- i have been building up this file the last 20 years. in that letter to brown clayton,

churchill told his mother, i think the keen sense of necessity was burning wrong and injustice would make me sister, but i really detect genuine emotion and myself. all this has been taken at baseball value, but considering the number of times that he cried, we can discard it. plenty of people get emotional at weddings and funerals, but churchill cried at those, as well, also, at resignations, movies, the thinking of the french fleet, the holocaust, a. andnches with journalists, noble donald sterling through the snow. [laughter] couragehe world and nobody else comes anywhere near the lachrymose idiot churchill amongst his -- near churchill amongst his constituencies.

because his emotions were fine and honorable ones, this is something we should applaud. the decision to fight on against the germans was as much an emotional decision as anything. it did not seem to have large nationalities or military decisions. that he worenkful his heart on his sleeve in the extraordinary way that he did. thank you very much. [applause] david tells me we have 15 minutes four q and a. it does not have to be about this subject. you can ask whatever you would like. >> andrew, thank you for coming.

a couple of questions, a pick up ,n that last point of the pbp clearly, churchill was an emotional man, tearful, laughing, but by the time he had his first stroke in 1949 and then in 1953, the sense i get is that there were times when they were unprovoked and you could understand circumstances of a funeral, where you start to tear up, but the notion that you would walk into the front door and just start tearing up, that ormore a future of pbp cerebral palsy and you could be emotional. are thef that, there times and it was unexpected to be careful. have not heard of him crying reason reason -- for no whatsoever. all the ones i have tracked down to have a stimulus to them, so

if you can come up with an example when he cries for this hell ofcries for the it, i would be curious to know. as i say, i have ever only found outside stimulus. >> [indiscernible] >> that was a wonderful disposition and something not often talked about. the atlantictold charter was an important moment the bats leftd their public aboard the great ship, but i know that churchill was impacted when six months wasr, the prince of wales

sunk in singapore and i was always told he was in floods of tears. mr. roberts: thank you. that is helpful. one concern the understand so many of the ships that we fought the second world war with [indiscernible] so he knew the ships. he knew the men in them extraordinarily well, so it made sense if he cried windows capital ships were sunk in in those- he cried when capital ships were sunk in 1941. >> i actually did not really there was a cinema and but he definitely cried. he cried to all sorts of films. the one we had many

times, city lights, and charlie chaplin does a great time of this end he joined that film. mr. roberts: thank you. anyone else? [laughter] yes? thank you. i have a question about the occasion when winston churchill should have cried but maybe did hisand that was representative. washington during world war ii, i did not know how many people sirhe audience know about marshall dille, but he was churchill's representative on the joint chief of staff and , and ise, november 1944 buried in arlington, the only member of another nation's military that was buried in arlington.

churchill referred to them as dillydallying. .'ve read about him did churchill ever reevaluate his opinion? mr. roberts: interesting question. cried whenryone everyone died. [laughter] a little harsh on him to expect that, but you are quite right. of marshall tos john dale is one of the -- if any will go visit at all, go see his grave because it has a full scale, equestrian statue, and it is in such extraordinary detail that on the medals on him, you

can tell the individual medals, including the rosettes placed on certain medals to denote mentions and dispatches, and this is the most extraordinary kind of representation. yes, he did call him dillydally because he was not impressed with the way he chaired the chief of staff, and that was lying december 1941, he swapped him or he sent them off brickrica and brought in -- brroke, who he knew he would have lots of problems -- brooke, who he knew he would have lots of problems with, and he did, and he would sit in front of and he would break pencils in half, saying i disagree with the prime minister. [laughter] the be awkward to have

mandrakeong, angry something in your case, but he appreciated it and it was really important to have someone who would say no to him. unlike so many politicians that surround themselves with yes, man, he surrounded himself with no, man, knowing he would have to and arguments in order to get what was needed to be done, done. that shows you a tremendous amount of courage. >> a wonderful point out winston never said no to his commanders. been toe of you have bill winston baldwin, in the cabinet room down there, facing directly opposite where winston sat and the three chiefs of staff's, then has never moved, and it is from queen victoria

and it is that defeat is not an option in this house and it sums up the position that the commanders could argue with him but not over victory. this isrts: i love how turning into a churchill family seminar. [laughter] [applause] lord watson? >> [indiscernible] to ask you to comment on something, which is a difficult subject. there have been reports that eyeson wept or damped his when watching the film of the burning of dead bodies after the destruction of dresden. this,e probably aware of of course, it was followed by churchill's note in which she

basically questioned the policy of the destruction of the city at that time. of course, there is a tremendous pushback from harris and it was rescinded, but i would be interested to hear your comments about that. dr. robert -- mr. roberts: you are preferring -- you areere at referring to a place you would ask, and the bombing of dresden, i go into immense detail in my as the mosthlighted outrageous act of the combined longer offensive. i do not see it in that way at all. i think it was necessary because the russians had asked us to do railway linesthe connecting east and west because they were moving men from the west who tried to sure up their position on the eastern front in germany. the large numbers who died there, it was largely the force

of who unbeknownst to the british and americans, there were no deep shelters in dresden, except for himself and his family, and many other factors that one can go into where in the way in which the fire bomb killed some 20,000 people, which is nothing like, ladies and gentlemen, the hundred 20,000 people that the former historian david irving left alone at the time of the bombing. there are operational regions for that, but it did affect winston churchill. it is something magnificent about that, to be able to cry that areenemies wounded and as well as your own, that shows universal sentiment that was mentioned yesterday about the way in which he was

say in his speech about -- about how he would he hopefully fighting in the field, a controversial thing to say. it is not the kind of thing usually hear during wars, but nonetheless, it shows that he ,ad the capacity for largeness cryptic statements, and that is the reason why i think he cried over the deaths in dresden. the question are we beasts? it is a good one to ask, but i do not believe that we were. i think the key thing was that all of those men, harris included, was desperate to end the second world war as soon as possible and churchill was being

advised that their way to do this was to destroy german capacity to produce. when you look at the graph, and i have got one of these in my up until goes up and the firebombing at hamburg and other cities in 1943, and then it cuts off, and it does not go down, but it loses that exponential kind of tudor cherries that and had up until that point. so i think churchill comes that will from that. one more question. whoever gets the microphone first, basically. >> thank you. you have an encyclopedic mind. can you think of other great leaders who would be known for their locker mossadegh -- known for that?

had a we saw people who little bit more of a display of this kind of emotion? as to roberts: i think it would moment for thehe candidates to cry, rather than the whole of the nation, in the election at the moment. [laughter] [applause] with regard to famous leaders and bismarck is the one person or comes to mind, even never think of the iron chancellor as wasn who would be that he an emotional man and cried a lot. is not a trait often found in great leaders. the reasonhat was

why would be worthwhile to collect up these examples of it happening. thank you for coming up with a few extra ones. ladies and gentlemen, thank you. [applause] you, andrew. brilliant as always. it the word lachrymose of the was not in the vocabulary of anyone in this room today, it has now become a permanent addition to their arsenal of words. ladies and gentlemen, our second break of the morning. we will reconvene at 11:45 with our last speaker. thank you.

announcer: the churchill conference is taking a 15 minute break. when they come back, we will be live with christopher stirling of george washington university. it will explain winston churchill's time in washington, d.c. while we wait for the conference urgent, we will watch a portion of a 2013 ceremony the beginning of bust of winston churchill at the u.s. capitol. >> honored guests and members of the churchill family and my fellow countrymen, winston churchill was the best friend to the united states. by the time president kennedy named him an honorary citizen in the spring of 1963, we already considered him one of our own growing up, he read our books

and revered abraham lincoln. he wrote in our magazines on everything from hospitality to food two engines. he saw in america very exceptionalism that we see today. he had his complaints. he thought i pull the paper was to then. -- our toilet paper was too thin. warmed thecuriosity makings of a beautiful and special relationship. to capture this in a single moment, wraps it would be right here -- perhaps it would be right here in the capital, the day after christmas 1941. three weeks after pearl harbor when the aggressors had is on the ropes and intended to keep us there.

speaking to the congress, churchill called for america to stand firm. here is what words that matter semi-. >> i feel greatly honored that you should have invited me and address the representatives of both branches of congress. the fact that my american forbearers, as with so many generations, played their part in the life of the united states, makes this experience one of the most moving in my life. mother,indeed, that my his mother -- memory i cherish across the veil of years, had been here this evening. by the way, i cannot help

father hadthat if my been american, and my mother british, instead of the other way around, i might have got here on my own. [laughter] now we are the masters of our bait -- fate. ahead of us is not above our strength. it's pain and toils are not beyond our endurance. as long as we have faith in our cause and an unconquerable willpower,-- salvation will not be denied us. we are together facing a group of mighty foes. defendinge together all that to freeman is dear.

fear not given to us to the mysteries of the future. countryut my whole share and inviolate, that in the days to come the british and american people will for their own safety and for the good of majesty,together in injustice, and in peace. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, this is one of history's true love stories. statesman andt nation he called a great republic. we are here together to bring it. oh. today with peace, justice, and a touch of majesty, winston churchill returns to the united

states capital. just as the statue of lincoln stands outside of parliament, this renews ties between our people and reminds us of the blessings we often take for granted. we are putting our old friend to work. if you're looking for counsel or looking to be of little braver, you're able to find this bus at the bottom of the we referred to as the british steps on a foyer of a first floor that will forever forward be known as freedom foyer. cheer churchill's example and defend all that he preserved, our shared and sacred cause will continue to go on. welcome, prime minister.

welcome to all of you. i hope you enjoy the program which will now continue with the leaders of the united states congress. [applause] >> good morning. some six decades after the last time sir winston churchill addressed a joint meeting of congress it is a privilege to , have sir winston's voice once again ringing through the halls of the capitol. this was the first time, we heard today the first time he addressed congress. president kennedy once said that and darker nights of the second world war, when the armies of freedom were being fought back on every front, churchill mobilized the english language and sent it into battle. that steadfast voice, rumbling with unending determination, serves as a great beacon of hope for the free people of the world.

sir winston churchill's resolve hope of allied victory alive, his image with the very face of democracy, defiance, and undefeated at the crucial hour. and so today it is our honor to install his commanding gaze as we celebrate and statuary hall. anyone who member, who visits the members lobby of the house of congress sees the great statue of churchill, and people rubbed his foot, too, for good luck. i love the story about sir winston when he was a member and prime minister, that statue was not there then, but he was outside the house of commons among the statues, writing some notes, and a colleague came up to him to ask him a question, and he said, not now, i am too busy preparing my spontaneous remarks.

[laughter] i always loved that comment whether it happened or not, sort of like yogi berra, we attribute every wonderful saying through, -- saying to sir winston because his words were ever timely. i am very thrilled and for emotional to hear sir winston churchill today. i have a picture in my office that i have had for 26 years both in my leadership office, wherever that may be, and in my personal office of sir winston making that speech. my father is in that picture as a member of congress at the time. i mention that because anyone who sees the picture when they come through my offices always talks about how much they love, respect, admire sir winston churchill. so to his family, please know that many more people would be here but for geography and but for the capacity of the venue,

but those who are here represent millions of americans who respect sir winston churchill enormously. again, his words were ever timely, and just as the speaker said, 19 days after the attack on pearl harbor, the day after christmas, he was here delivering a dose of legendary resolve to the congress of a country nearly at war. -- newly at war. again, he would address congress a total of three times. as the speaker mentioned and as we all know, born to an american mother, we all take great pride of that, churchill jokes, as we heard, that an another world he might have come here that they as a member of congress. his leadership truly spanned the atlantic. his call to accident, his call to action still the resolve of the british. he inspired our admiration as

surely as he did the british. he is a hero in our nation as well as in his own. and a comment he made about the british, what i think really mirrored what he must have thought about america and his american relatives, he said, speaking of the british but thinking of america, we have not journeyed across the centuries , across the oceans come across the mountains, across the prairies because we are made of sugar candy. churchill and president roosevelt guided the world through some of the grimmest years of the last century. they shared a vision for what needed to be done, and with their leadership and their great command of our shared language, they gave their country the courage to do it. roosevelt and churchill's partnership was forged in the fire of a world war, and there's is truly one of the great friendships between leaders in the whole history of the world. certainly history would look very different without the two of them.

winston stands as one of the titans of democracy. a giant whose courage serves as an example across the generations and throughout the ages. churchill rightly belongs to the world he helped save from tyranny. he will always hold a place in american memory. now he will hold a special place in the capital of the united states. thank you. [applause] >> winston churchill has been called the greatest englishman of his time. and because his influence was most powerfully felt in the period surrounding the two world wars, we usually think of that

time as the middle of the 20th century. but it is important to remember that this great man of the 20th century was actually born into the middle of the victorian era less than a decade after lincoln was shot. by the time the 19th century had turned into the 20th, he was already well acquainted with , and practiced in war accomplished and letters. he was a man, in other words, who was already well on his way to becoming the great figure we all admire and whose achievements we have come to celebrate in this hall of national memory. so, yes, churchill was an in comparable wartime leader and or ator among- or

, the finest in all of western history, but he was also a witness, chronicler, and participant in countless other for nearlying events a century. one of his great preoccupations throughout his very long life was us. winston churchill's connection to the united states was not just based on a war or the happy circumstances of his lineage. in addition to these things, it was based firmly on vast personal expense, long observation, deep learning, and even deeper friendships. as we prepared to place his likeness in the capitol, it is worthwhile to remember that as well. the first of churchill's many visits here came in 1898 at the age of 20 when he and a friend

stopped in new york on the way to cuba where they had decided to join the spanish side of an uprising there mostly for the fun of it. clearly, this was before the days of the xbox. it was during that visit that churchill recorded his first impressions of the united states. in a letter to his brother, he wrote, "this is a very great country." he then expounded admirably on the practicality and efficiency of the people he encountered here, marveled at the energy and usefulness he saw all around him and criticized the press. the main point is that churchill seem to see even then the boundless potential of an alliance between our two nations. it's a convention that only deepened as the momentous to events of the 20th century exploded. many books have been written, many by churchill himself, on

the contours and progress of that special relationship over the next five decades. seismic political, social, and economic changes that took place in both countries during that time. one thing did not change-that was churchill's deep affection for and confidence in the united states. indeed, it is striking when one considers the sheer breadth of his learning and a life spent at the forefront of world events to think that the final piece of advice he offered his advisers just before leaving 10 downing street for the last time was to remain close to the united states. according to one account, it happened like this. just moments before the 80-year-old churchill was driven off to buckingham palace to offer his resignation to the queen, he turned to various

non-cabinet officials he had summoned to see him off and told them simply, never these separated from the americans. much has changed since that day in 1955, but the wisdom of that counsel has not. -- may these two great nations which winston churchill loved so deeply and his democratic values he cherished and so ably defended always adhere to his advice. thank you. [applause] ladies and gentlemen, it is my delight to introduce chris sterling. he was born in washington dc but grew up in wisconsin where he earned all of his degrees at the university of wisconsin, and loading his first-degree --

including his first degree in political science. i welcome in as a fellow political scientist. if you want to know about things as varied as transatlantic of the miners, the history of commercial aviation, military communications, and other kinds of things, i can recommend is more than two dozen books to you. for many years, he has had a great interest in winston churchill. as someone who enjoys all of churchill's books and all the books about churchill, i can recommend especially chris sterling's books, which are wonderful for distinguishing between books that must be read and books that one ought not to read. we have been a working

journalist, a professor, and on ae dark side, 88 at the -- dean at the george washington university. endeavorsill center to establish a permanent home in washington, he was a great friend of this effort which is now coming to fruition today. i'm delighted to introduce chris sterling to talk on churchill in washington. [applause] >> thank you. i appreciate it. thank you, jim. whatd to david last night, had i done wrong? how had i made him unhappy? to be the last speaker after an intense the and-a-half, but worse, to follow andrew roberts

and lunch comes right after me. i mean, good gravy. that is pretty tight. let's see if i can do this. let me start with some numbers. what i am talking about are the many trips that sir winston came here to washington. of sixand a period decades. ofcame by lots of modes transportation. you're looking at the queen mary on the bottom. looking at a boeing 314 flying boat, which was the luxury way to get across the atlantic prior to the end of the war. they have virtually disappeared as we have plenty of landing spaces for land aircraft, which

are easier to maintain. churchill took a round-trip on one of those boeing 314's when it was incredibly rare to fly one way across the atlantic, let alone both ways. over six decades he came to the united states 16 times, not always to washington. he came to washington on all but three of those visits. ,or seven of his 13 trips here he was serving as britain's prime minister. fully half of those 13 trips came after the well-known world war ii trip. i'm going to soft-pedal world war ii because it is so widely covered, people know it well. i'm going to talk about some of the other trips. his very first one was in 1900. he came as a young man.

he had good social connections he will come -- met president mckinley. he was at this .25 or 26. he gets to meet the president. time is crucial. the next three decades, he does not come to washington. his next trip is in 1929. that is the longest gap. he comes in 1929. he had just left the chancellorship and beginning his wilderness years. he was traveling as a private citizen. he and randolph and his brother jack were on this wonderful trip around the country. he spent time in the canadian rockies and down the west coast and hollywood and meeting all of the hollywood people, staying

with william randolph hearst in california. he was here very briefly. ahead, then ing will come back, he took that round-trip on the boeing 314. twice --94380 come 1943 did he come twice in the same year. i am convinced that has to do with me. i was hatched in this town in april of 1943. winston came to check me in may and back in august to make sure all was well. sadly, i don't remember these. i wish i did. i was living in cleveland park. -- we to talk next about have used that slide.

there we go. visits to congress and parliament specifically, the canadian parliament. on three of his trips, he addressed a joint session of congress. unusual.ssing one is we heard about that first one where he made the great statement where if his father had been american and his mother british, "i feel i might have got here on my own." the congressman enjoyed that. he made a trip to ottawa. as has already been mentioned, famous this photograph taken. most of you have probably heard this story. he had just addressed the canadian parliament. he comes into the anteroom, is briefly introduced to a young

photographer, and you have heard the story, i assume it is true. that's looking at churchill, it was not quite be right image. he reached forward and took the churchill's mouth and immediately flash the picture. you're looking at churchill looking at this photographer and wondering who this is and what did he just do. the second one is the cover of the program for this conference. the family liked better. smiling.ng -- he is this is the iconic picture virtually everyone remembers. congress did not forget him after all of his visits. 1965, theed in

up.ressmaen stood published in one of these hardcover black volumes that congress will issue for important people, almost always members when they die. what about the president? to parlay,ips were his words, parlay with american presidents. fdr are the best known. we can argue they are the most important because they helped to define the direction of the war on the anglo american side. i want to look at the postwar trips. he came to visit the relatively 1946 onident truman in

a trip that included the famous iron curtain speech that we have heard mentioned several times. the long train trip out to jefferson, missouri, playing cards and drinking and talking. and by car to. --. i'm guessing most of you have never been there, it is a little out of the way. i recommend you go. it is a wonderful visit. that-town, small campus, church totally reconstructed. that is why you need to do two things if you go to fulton. , the church redone, i was there level he wants when the organ was playing, and you

can really imagine it in its original london location. the spectacular churchill museum dramatically redone six years ago. well worth seeing. times as her german. three times to see -- four times to see truman. higherimes to see as a -- eisenhower. power, as he was in 1946. the white house was being redone. truman lived in blur house for most of that time. of 1952,january winston churchill back in power focused on his attempts that were very strong, as we have heard several people say in his second period, focused on number

one the attempt to rebuild, strengthen the wartime special relationship, which have been fdr's and churchill's, not truman who was so out of the loop, he did not even know about the atomic bomb until after fdr died. churchill 1953, hosted a dinner at the british outgoing harry truman. his threeap with trips to see eisenhower. 1953, same trip. he sees eisenhower in new york. he begins to rekindle the wartime links, which may have been stronger in churchill's mind.

if you follow events over the coming years, that seems to be the point. in 1954, on his second visit, and shortly before he left downing street, churchill tries to set up ao agree summit meeting with the soviets. eisenhower was not having any of it. part of that, i think, was john foster dulles. quote, the wonderful dullest.ler, , and ike wasessed not having a summit meeting. the american government was not convinced this was the time.

they thought it might be perceived as a sign of weakness. it was not time. biggest perhaps the settlement, that is understating professionalill's life after the war that he cannot get that summit meeting. and that the summit meeting would take place after he has left downing street. his last visit to see eisenhower is in 1959. churchill is of course retired. he visits here and at eisenhower's farm in gettysburg. the overlook some of the famous battle scenes in the american civil war. trip.as an interesting it was his 13th and last to washington, barring one thing. it was his first round-trip by jet airliner.

in 1959, that was relatively rare. the cometritain's -- was britain's attempt to win a piece of the airlines. there i go on a different copy of mine. [laughter] slide to sin. i hit a button. i will leave it there. sense he has one more trip. he cannot come itself. he is too weak. randolph and his grandson winston come to washington to accept president kennedy in the rose garden churchill's honorary american citizenship and even a passport. that is a very quick summation.

i think we have time for some q&a. i realize we're holding you from lunch. we have taken away the slide so you do not get too carried away. where is our microphone? [applause] right. sir, the microphone is behind you. >> a simple question, you had 11 visits. 10 visits to the president. difference the visit with truman after he left the white house?\ > it wa just as he was leaving. been a strong point -- math is never been a strong point of mine. i may have miscounted even with small numbers. go ahead. .

-- next question. >> this december will be the 75th anniversary of churchill's visit to the white house. , you seeow the story mr. president, i have nothing to hide. can you comment on the significance of that meeting and the circumstances of how it came about? we are led to believe that winston churchill invited himself and the rest being history. >> i think that he invited himself was somewhat true. he came over roughly two weeks or three after pearl harbor. the white house and the american government and american military had their handful with lots of things to do. they were not sure they wanted churchill on their lap. he came over. it was an important meeting, i

think. it was the series -- first series wartime meeting you both countries were at war. it was the first, i would argue, first serious face-to-face attempt to develop war policy, and particularly the europe first, germany first. there was a great push, especially in american navy, after theng, to go japanese as the real bush. that your was not that -- real push. that your was not that important -- europe was not that important. yes, sir. >> i have to say something about go blue. inrchill visited ann arbor

1932. we had the opportunity of seeing him. i have what is an obvious question. you speak of his discussion and congress that had his father been american and his mother british, he might have gotten there on his own, but by american law, wasn't he also an american citizen because one of his parents was american? >> i defer to legal minds to answer that. my understanding, and the rules have changed. have dualr example citizenship, which was not possible that far back. my understanding was no. his package was equally divided, no, he did not officially hold that role. parentage was equally

divided, no, he did not officially hold that role. i am looking for confirmation. did she take british citizenship when she married randolph? [inaudible] >> thank you very much. i appreciate it. [applause] you.ank few moments of a housekeeping march the make. -- remarks to make. the lunch we have prepared for you in the hallway will look absolutely nothing like the luscious picture christopher had display. he said he would do something to embarrassment, and -- all right.

the formalind up panel presentation here at the mayflower. thank you to all of our speakers and moderators and everyone we spoke from the microphone. a brilliant job. thank you once again. [applause] i want to thank my conference committee is again, though my once again, whom i thank individually. ed last year's conference was wonderful. our colleagues in britain set the bar so high for conferences that i did not even know how we would reach that level, let alone top it. then i realized we did not have to keep topping ourselves each year, we just had to maintain

the same standard that was established for us in britain. we would have a gold standard conference every year. next year's conference will be in a city we have never visited before. it is called new york city. [applause] right, the housekeeping details. the lunch is about they that is ffet that is is a bu literally in the hallway. transit to and from mayflower to the national churchill library, the buses will depart from the same place we took last night. 2:30.ill begin loading at the first bus will depart at 5:00. load the buses the same place you unload the buses.

it will begin voting at a quarter to five. be food.l there will be something to when you are over there. during the middle of that time, at 3:15, we will have our last speaker of the conference. he will be speaking on the top floor of the gelman library about churchill. thank you, ladies and gentlemen. we cannot have done this without you. [applause] before you go, if you will give me one minute. doing to thank david for an astonishing job of putting this program together. i think he is marvelous. before i do that, i have to disagree with david. beat unacceptable not to

the previous year. we are not interested in mediocrity. excellence is what you expect, i don't know it is what we will get from you next year. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org]

>> that concludes our coverage of the 33rd annual churchill conference. you can watch a portion of the conference tomorrow on c-span3. a full day ond friday. can watch the friday sessions on wednesday, november 9, and all of today's sessions on thursday, november 10, starting each evening at 10:30 eastern. you can watch all the conference on our website, c-span.org. each week, american history tv brings you films that provide

context for today's public affairs issues. afghanistan, a new generation, is a report from 1987 on the soviet intervention in afghanistan. the video from the national archives focuses on the challenges facing refugees who are children went soviet troops invaded the country in 1979 and grew to adulthood during occupation. it focuses on refugee camps in pakistan at health clinics and the efforts of eight workers from around the world. kers from around the world. >> afghanistan. in 1979, the soviet union determined that afghanistan would be a communist nation

forever. the people said no, we will be free. they then picked up their hought thed only way -- fought the only way they know how, from their mountains. some were forced to flee the bombs and tanks and took refuge. war, overecade of 1000 villages and towns have been destroyed by tanks and afghans, oneion third of the population have fled their homes as refugees. in the camps, the people survived and found a fragile security for their family.

it is here in the camps that one generation has matured and another generation begun. afghanistan's future. in refuge is afghanistan's new generation. in the hot, desolate refugee generations future begins. a girl is going to make shift school. she will learn to read and write and once again play games and try