mechanisms, social media spread and activation tool, and usb infection capability also with self-deleting capability as well. >> and all that stuff already exists. if you're the malicious actor, you don't have to write that or code it. you can grab your own cracked version of zeus or poison ivy, infiniti rat, you name it. all those tools are just out there for you to slightly customize it, create a fake file and do all the things you just described. >> it's an easy step. you know, today, in the dark web, it's a very robust economy like if you run a large enterprise, you buy product and get maintenance and support. go to the underground, buy tools, and you can get maintenance tools for support as well to compromise somebody's

system or do a distributed service attack against somebody's system and knock it offline. think about that. if somebody went after one of the states and distributed the service against one of those databases online. it knocks it off in the middle of the election. >> the next thing we'll talk about is poison updates at the manufacturer level. >> i think we already covered that. >> okay. >> spreading malware to state election systems. >> sure. a lot of these methods are interchangeable. you can use them for local pc. but it comes down to, for me, if i were the adversary coming in, i would poison the update. i would start at the manufacturer level, also gain access to the state server, i would get access to the

database, infiltrate, and the right packet size, and have some type of malicious payload that could bridge that air gap and have full functionality. i would also add a ransomware feature. it's something nobody is really talking about whether it's the voter registration data or the final tabulation, total tally of the vote for that night. it would be interesting to ransomware that. again, all it is is a weaponization of encryption injected through normal channels. >> with all these different malware discussions, there's a lot of overlap. so the responses will largely be simple. at that level, you probably see a lot of the same sort of behavior, identify the target, do your reconon them, infect them via spear phish or if you

have physical access, then it's that much more easy in terms of just plugging into a usb drive or dropping your payload in any other way that's available to you. but, you know, outside of that, it's going to be mostly the same. and utilizing the same sort of tools. >> yeah, i think most of these systems are so easily compromised that, number one, they should have never been released, so there should have been some standard that they're held to and it's not security to obscurity, as we like to say, because quite frankly it's been proven time and time again not to work. it's better to have a set of standards that they're actually measured against with people actually doing the measuring that have a large component of cybersecurity expertise to ensure those systems can't be compromised. today we could stand up here and talk about the methods to compromise them probably for hours because there are so many different vulnerabilities in these systems.

>> the issues are no longer obscure. everything is documented and already out there. you can get technical maintenance manuals for these things. things that should be internal are all available on these machines that have been around since the early 2000s, mid 2000s. they are all still in use today. there are not a lot of brand-new machines undocumented or where it hasn't been leaked out there. go to black box voting or any number of sites that tend to collect this information and pull down whatever you want in terms of field service guides or firmware update manuals or codes to actually do firmware updates on all these things. you know, things that you would assume would be internal and hold closely guarded secrets, but they're not. there's no obscurity on these things. >> i think you emphasized my point further better than i did. now that all the manuals are out

there, some have been for quite sometime, there is no sobscurit, so security >> a lot of the modern systems are running derivatives of windows or a special build of windows. they would have behaved like any other host in terms of how you would infect them or what types of things you could infect them with. a lot of states or officials will argue that because some of these systems are air gapped, you can't compromise them in that way. oftentimes you have to move data from those systems to connected systems in order to get the full results external. so that may be, you know, i have to move this usb drive or, you know, in some cases a zip drive, or in some cases a pc card over

to this connected system to get the results out. and that could be a point of compromise. same thing, if you have to -- which is the case with at least ten of the manufacturers, if you have to move the data to a connected machine in order to ftp the results outward, you as the user of these tabulators and as these systems are going to end up breaking the air gap at one point or another during the process. >> perfect. so now we'll close off the conversation by talking a bit about the current climate we're living in, especially given the time frame around this upcoming election. media coverage has talked about the dnc hack, rnc hack, certain individuals talking about the possible integrity of the results. what's your take on the theories regarding who is behind some of these incidents? >> i think it's -- you know, it's very clear that most of us in the community today feel it's the russians, you know, that have been behind some of these

compromises. so when you look at reports from my company, from crowdstrike and many others, it's clearly been linked back to the russians manipulating these systems. >> it's important to -- with a lot of these incidents, we're not always talking about breaches or compromises of the voting systems or the voting machines. it may be officials tied to the processes. in terms of leaked data, what the outcome is, is a sway of opinion as a result of that leaked data. it's not necessarily compromise of machines. but there's no reason to assume that that wouldn't be part of the incident. you know, and a lot of these things are still going on. when we comment on these things, they should be treated as ongoing incidents or open investigations. so time will still continue to reveal a lot about what's going on with some of these leaks and some of these incidents. but it would also be safe to assume that they haven't just left the building, so to speak.

that would urge people to understand that, you know, once these actors are in, they tend to hang around for a while and, you know, continue to pull what they want to pull. >> there's some fascinating reports on ap 28, ap 29, cozy bear, fancy bear, whatever you want to call them, some good reads on some of the capabilities. >> i think we have to be careful with attribution with this sort of thing. when we say it's the russians, where? what russians? the apt nation state, apt mercenary, cyber criminal gangs, cyber criminal gang looking to pick up a state sponsor so they're looking to pick up something big? could it be china? they're 13-year, 15-year strategy, to dwindle our democratic process. that certainly coincides with the psychological warfare aspect of had a they do. also taking into consideration

the access as a service, hacker for hire, that levels the playing field for cyber caliphate, self radicalized insider threats, cyber jihad, that sort of thing. cyber self radicalized, cyber lone wolves now i think is the classification. so yeah, it -- yeah. >> i think the media does tend to paint an oversimplified picture of some of these groups and some of these incidents. when you talk about, you know, a specific group, russia, they paint -- the image or they tried to infer the image in your mind of a room full of specific individuals that are part of this super hacker team that is known as cozy bear, fancy bear, whatever mammal it happens to be. and it's not always that simple or that cut and dry. oftentimes you see people traversing different teams because there is a huge sort of

for-hire aspect. you know, whoever is behind some of these things, or is controlling the resources behind some of these groups and incidents, you know, they will find, you know, people to carry out what they need to have carried out. and, you know, you know, one day they may be part of team fancy bear, but if enough money comes along for the next job, they may be team cozy bear or, you know, on and on and on. you know, you see the same type of dynamic with all these different chinese groups as well. so, you know, it's important to know that, you know, the picture of just one specific group of, you know, state affiliated actors, you know, all working together as a team, you know, it's not always that simple. >> certainly it allows for a nation state to create some level of separation as well. >> yeah, chinese pla are known for discovering vulnerabilities, odaze, during the days they'll take it down, go through english

language handlers. i had something else on the russian aspect. oh, yeah. when you forensically define what's occurred with a breach, a nation state actor, or a high level mercenary gang with stealth and sophistication like we see out of russia, once you've defined the forensic value of that breach, you see a lot of copycat breaches, copycat hacks. you know, and so i think that's another thing that nobody's really talking about. the copy aspect. and it's not enough to just say we think it's cozy bear or apt 29, is that -- apt 28, right? fireeye, so they know. but once you -- once you have defined from a forensic perspective the toolkits, the exploits, timestamps on the code, all these factors you can easily duplicate with some

technical sophistication and capability. you'll see a lot of mimicking of nation state and high level mercenary, cyber criminal gaining activity. >> to expand, you're hinting at it, you also see deliberate, you know, masquerading in terms of, you know, a group utilizing, you know, toolkits that may be known to be associated with another group or infrastructure that's known to be specific to another group in order to throw off analysts, throw off the security industry, you know -- you know, so it's attributed in the wrong way. that's a big problem with chinese stuff in particular, back in the common crew/at 1 days, suddenly all these other groups were using the same tools, same infrastructure. so the attacks and incidents will get wrongly attributed to common crew when it may have been someone else.

that same solving, you know, extends to other regions as well, russia included. >> speaking of a lot more common, they want you to attribute it to somebody else. so -- >> yeah. >> a lot of methods to do that. >> and you look at the stealth and sophistication of the russian apt or the willingness to throw as much funding at it as possible to still support their smash and grab hacking aspect is like the pla. and you look at these sophisticated attack vectors, these sophisticated exploits, capitalizing off of odaze. these guys are used to going into ics data systems that are highly guarded. you know, you look at energetic bear, and yeah, i mean, energetic bear and key ranger, a perfect example of poisoning the update. and, you know, this is something that -- these are highly sophisticated people. and that they are able to do is go into highly protected areas.

this isn't a state website with no layers of cyber security, no uba, no encryption of data in transit and stationary. the election system is completely fair game. think about that. fair game. and -- one thing. and the people that should be protecting this, the people that should be the gate keepers protecting the election process, the manufacturers with cyber security through the life cycle of the technology, and the secretaries of state and the state election officials, and they're doing nothing. they're not technically sophisticated enough to do anything. it's time to have a changed of the changing of the guard, i think. >> it's interesting, your point there, it was just in the press, yesterday, the day before yesterday, i think it came from a deputy director at nsa. it's something all of us know, that attackers only bring out, you know, the tool set needed to require their objectives.

you know, they're not going to go out and bring out, you know, a bunch of zero days that they've got vulnerabilities with associated code and release that if they don't need that to accomplish what they want to do. here we are talking about this with, you know, some sophisticated attacks taking place around the world. south korea, the korean nuclear hydroelectric plants, north korea went after the south korean systems, took out the atms a number of years ago with media companies, with sophisticated attacks. that's the point we're trying to make today. there's no sophistication required to hit these election systems today. none. it's very, very simple to do. so for us to say these systems can't be hacked, you know, is being very naive on our parts. so i think it's something that we don't want the election to happen, so and then this gets tucked away for four more years. it needs action, funding, resourcing, and a focus. >> on that note, we are less than 20 days away from a major election.

is there anything that can be realistically done between now and then even if it's not going to obviously address all the problems, what can we could now and what can we talk about doing for the 2018 and 2020 local and federal elections? >> i think first and foremost, protect the tabulator at the local and state level. anything that comes in remotely close contact with that tabulation algorithm process, protect it. and, you know, and then forensically analyze, before elections, forensically analyze the black box technology that the manufacturers and the state level mutually support. bring forensic people in to hammer the swing regions specifically of the swing state from a forensic perspective. the black box aspect, gems

tabulation software, the election system as a whole. >> physical security has got to be way letter. you know, realistic or not, you know, the ideal situation would be, you know, people sort of in the know, you know, or people that are familiar with the different ways to physically compromise these systems should be observing things at the polling place, that or work with the people there on what these physical compromises are. in some ways that's been done in the past, but it's simply not, you know, across the board, and not done at the volume that it needs to be done. there's so many ways to screw with these things physically. and if there's the correct pair of eyes watching for those attacks, it would stop quite a bit. >> i would add to further what you said, just a pinch of paranoia on everybody they hire or that's already hired as part of this process, and give them,

you know, just a five-minute spiel on it along with a sheet of paper. these are the election systems we have in our polling place, here are the ways they can be manipulated, so you should watch everybody who comes in here to make sure they're not touching these things and watch your counterparts that are watching you. just a pinch of paranoia to make sure people understand what shouldn't be touched. they don't have to understand even how it's manipulated. >> wonderful. gentlemen, that was fascinatinf. thank you very much. [ applause ] >> with that i'll ask our second panel to come to the front of the room, please. along with the presidential election we also closely watching state races. tonight we'll have a debate

among louisiana's candidates to be senator. you'll also hear from the democratic candidate and republican david duke, live at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. an hour later, the latest new hampshire senate de with republican incumbent kellie ayotte. her democratic challenger is maggie hassan. on election day, november 8th, the nation decides our next president and which party controls the house and senate. stay with c-span for coverage of the presidential race including campaign stops with hillary clinton, donald trump, and their surrogates. and the house and senate raises, with our coverage of their candidate debates and speeches. c-span, where history unfolds daily. this weekend on american history tv on c-span3, saturday night at 8:00 eastern, on

lectures in history, collin callaway, history professor at dartmouth college on native american history from the colonial era through west ward expansion. >> who presented themselves to us as allies and friends for the future, but clearly our enemies. the one thing we were fighting against, at the same time by cutting off withholding gifts, refusing to give gifts, limiting trade with us, that's essentially a declaration of hostile intent. >> and later at 10:00 on "real america," we look back to the 1966 campaign for california governor between pat brown and challenger ronald reagan. >> my experience has turned me inevitably toward the people for the answers to problems, just instinctively i find i believe and put my faith in the private

sector of the economy. and a belief in the people's right and ability to run their own affairs. >> and every single solitary category of business indicia that tells whether or not california's economy is good, is proven that we have done a good job. >> then sunday morning at 10:00 eastern on "road to the white house rewind." >> next tuesday all of you will go to the polls, you'll stand there in the polling place and make a decision. i think when you make that decision, it might be well if you would ask yourself, are you better off than you were four years ago? >> our proposals are very sound and very carefully considered to stimulate jobs, to improve the industrial complex of this country, to create tools for american workers, and at the same time would be anti-inflationary in nature. >> the 1980 debate between incumbent president jimmy carter

and formula california governor ronald reagan. and at 7:00 -- >> a realist would not have devoted his life to fighting slavery and would not have said this, which is that a dissolution of the union for the cause of slavery would be followed by a war between the two severed portions of the union. it seems to me the result may be the calamitous result that i dare not say is to be desired. >> at the new york historical society, james traub, and robert kagan, debate the question, was john quincy adams a realist. during the discussion they talk about the foreign policy views and the legacy of the sixth president. for our complete american history tv schedule, go to c-span.org.

scottish national party leader nicola sturgeon gave a closing speech in glasgow recently, warning of another independence referendum if the uk pushes for what she called a hard brexit. she also outlined several initiatives involving trade and parental choice over preschool childcare and called for more scottish control over immigration. her comments are about an hour. [ applause ] [ applause ].

>> delegates, we meet here in the city of glasgow five months on from the scottish parliament's election. when we gathered back in march we were preparing to seek election as scotland's government for the third consecutive term. thanks to your hard work and your campaigning brilliance, we did just that. we won the election. [ applause ] from the bottom of my heart, let me say this to the people of our country. thank you for putting your trust in me as first minister. thank you for choosing us to be your government. [ applause ] the secc, where we meet today,

was first opened back in 1985. it has witnessed quite a few changes in the 30 years since. the biggest change of all has been in the politics of our country and of this city. in 1985, a scottish parliament seemed like a pipe dream. today it is the beating heart of our democracy. we no longer question if we should have a parliament of our own. instead, we asked if our parliament should be independent. we say yes. [ applause ] >> in 1985, every constituency in this city bar one was held by labor. today the political landscape is very different. last year, every westminster was

won by the snp. this year, every other constituency booted snp as well. just last week, just last week in a council by election, a massive 19% swung to the snp secured victory with our brilliant candidate chris cunningham. [ applause ] next year we have the chance to complete this political transformation. glasgow was once described as the second city of the empire in the council elections, let's work as hard as we ever have to bring the snp to power and build this city as one of the very best in europe. [ applause ]

glasgow is a vivid illustration of the success of our party. but also stands as a lesson. labor lost because they took the voters for granted. they became arrogant on power. they thought they were invincible. and they rightly paid the price. so our promise to glasgow and all the people of scotland is this, we will never take you granted. we will work every day to earn and to re-earn your trust. [ applause ] conference, it's not just attitudes that distinguishes the snp from labor. it's policy and principle too. when the conference was held in

liverpool recently, the defense spokesman wanted to announce support for the renewal of trident. he was enraged at not being allowed to go as far as he wanted in support of weapons of mass destruction. well, we are pretty angry too. we're angry that with so many children still living in poverty we have a tory government determined to waste tens of billions of pounds on a new generation of nuclear weapons. [ applause ] and we're angry at labor for meekly falling into line behind the tories. friends, i promise you this. no one, no one will ever have to slip a note to politicians in this party reminding us to oppose trident now and always with the snp. it is no to trident. not in our name.

[ applause ] conference, in the conflicts facing the world today, nuclear weapons are not the answer. in syria, 400,000 men, women, and children have been killed since the conflict started. over a million wounded. no one can fail to be profoundly moved and deeply angered by the appalling scenes we are witnessing in aleppo. innocent children are being killed and wounded with impugn at this -- impugnity. the barbarism of the regime an

the actions of russia are sickening. we condemn them unreservedly. we agree with the u.n. that all countries must stand up for the millions who desperately need help. though at times we can feel powerless, we should remember the communities across scotland are making a difference to families fleeing the conflict. last month, the 1,000th syrian refugee was welcomed to scotland. and, conference, they are welcome. [ applause ] but we can and we must do more, especially for children alone without their parents. so i say to the uk government today, stop treating this as a migration issue. it is a humanitarian crisis. we must rise to the challenge. [ applause ]

and scotland is ready and we are willing to play our part. friends, it may just be five months since we won the election, but in many ways it feels like a political lifetime. we are in a completely new era. a new political leader, and a new battle of ideas. a new era for parliament with new powers and responsibilities and new era for the relationship with europe and the world. there are challenges. as we face up to them, we must make sure of this, that scotland always remains the progressive internationalist, humanitarian country that the majority of us living here want it to be at all times. [ applause ]

make no mistake. today we face a choice of two futures. after last week in birmingham, there can be no doubt. that choice has never been so stark. the primary contest of ideas in our country is between the snp and the hard right tories. the cameroons have fallen. and let's face it, the cameroons were never very appealing in the first place. conference -- [ applause ] the snp's vision for scotland is welcoming, progressive, open, outward looking, and inclusive. the for for -- the tory version, let's be frank. they are no longer the

conservative and unionist party. after last week, we should call them what they are. the conservative and separatist party. [ applause ] or ukip for short. today's tories display an ingrained hostility to immigration and offer a stoney heart to refugees. they treat those with disabilities with suspicion. people seeking support to get back into employment are humiliated and harassed. a mother unable to find the bus fare to get to a job center appointment is more likely to face a benefit sanction than she is to be offered a helping hand. and those from other european countries who have chosen to make their homes here, human beings with lives, jobs and

families, they're treated as no more than bargaining chips. conference, the prime minister's position on eu nationals shames her, and it will be a stain on her government each and every day that it is allowed to continue. [ applause ] the fact is, with almost every action the tories take, somebody is excluded, somebody loses out, somebody is left behind. so, let us make it clear, that is not our way, it is not who we are, and it is not who we aspire to be. [ applause ] and what of labor?

[ laughter ] it wasn't meant to be a joke. [ laughter ] so lost have they become that they prefer the prospect of years of continuous tory government at westminster to self-government for scotland. it is inexplicable, i know, but i guess branch offices just don't have all that much in the way of ambition. [ applause ] friends, labor may have thrown in the towel, but let me make this pledge today. the snp will never stand by while a right-wing and intolerant tory government undermines the very fabric of our society.

[ applause ] at westminster, we will continue to provide the strong opposition that labor is failing to deliver. in recent months, it hasn't been labor asking the hard questions about our place in the single market and the jobs that depend on it. it's been our westminster leader, our new deputy leader, angus robertson. [ applause ] just as it's been us making the case against the immorality of denying tax credits to women unless they can prove they've been raped. and in blackford, standing against the deportation of the brain family, or mary black standing up for women denied the pension and entitlements they have saved for all of their working lives.

[ applause ] the snp isn't just the real opposition to the tories at westminster. the snp is the only effective opposition to the tories at westminster. [ applause ] so, our job at westminster is to provide the strong opposition that is so desperately needed, not just in scotland, but right across the uk. and our job is to use our powers to build the better scotland we all want to see. conference, if you remember just one word from my speech today, i want it to be this one. it begins with an "i." no, not that one. not yet. [ laughter ] the word i want you to remember is this -- inclusion. inclusion is the guiding principle for everything we do.

[ applause ] it encapsulates what we stand for as a party, and it describes the kind of country we want scotland to be, an inclusive country, a country where everyone has the opportunity to contribute to a better future and to share in the benefits of that better future, a country which works for those who value the security they currently have and for those who yearn for change, a country where we value people for the contribution they make, not one where we will ever judge them on their country of birth or the color of their passport. [ applause ] that is the inclusive scotland we are working to build. and i'm proud of the progress

we've made. earlier this week, a major european research study reached this conclusion, on health, on education, on tolerance, and on the environment. out of all of the four nations in the uk, scotland is top. [ applause ] of course, i know there is still much to do, much to do in the next phase of scotland's home real journey. westminster is still responsible for the majority of funding for our public services. but more than ever before, the new scotland act means the growth of scotland's budget depends on the growth of scotland's economy. creating jobs, expanding the economy and growing tax revenues, these priorities must be at the center of absolutely everything we do, and they always will be.

this time last year, workers at the tata steel plants in claybridge faced huge uncertainty. i stood up at our conference, and i promised we would leave no stone unturned in our efforts to find and secure a viable future. we worked with the company, with trade unions, with local government, and with the local community. two weeks ago i returned there with this message for the work force -- we kept our promise, the plant is open for business and scotland is rolling steel once again. [ applause ] when i think of the many times in years gone by when westminster governments have stood by and allowed scottish industry to wither and die, i

think about what might have been, what might have been if there had been a scottish parliament and a scottish government there to fight for them, what might have been if the people of scotland had been able to store the enormous resources of these lands for future and present generations, just like independent norway did. so let us -- [ applause ] let us make this resolution today -- never again will we be content to look back helplessly at the damage the tories have done to scottish industry and wonder what might have been. we must win the power to always shape our own future. [ applause ] conference, we will not just intervene to save jobs, we will

also provide help and support for businesses to thrive. i can confirm today that our small business bonus will be extended. from april 1st next year, 100,000 business premises across scotland will pay no business rates at all. absolutely none. [ applause ] our new half-billion pound growth scheme will offer guarantees in loans for companies seeking to export, expand and create new jobs, and we'll make sure that the benefits of growth are shared more widely. central to that is our work to extend payment of the living wage. there are currently over 600 accredited living wage employers in scotland. by this time next year, that number will rise to at least 1,000. that's what inclusion means in practice. [ applause ]

we will also redouble our efforts to make sure our economy is internationally competitive. that's even more important now in the wake of the brexit vote. make no mistake, the threat to our economy is not just the prospect of losing our place in the single market, disastrous though that would be. it is also the deeply damaging and utterly shameful message that the tories say about foreign workers is sending to the world. more than ever, more than ever, we need to tell our european friends that scotland is open for business. [ applause ] and let me be crystal clear about this, we cannot trust the

likes of boris johnson and liam fox to do that for us. applause [ applause ] so, today i can announce a four-point plan to boost trade and exports, by taking scotland's message directly and in our own voice to the very heart of europe. firstly, we will establish a new board of trade in the scottish government. secondly, we will set up a new trade invoice scheme. it will ask prominent scots to help us boost our export effort. thirdly, we will establish permanent trade representation in berlin, adding -- [ cheers and applause ] adding to our investment hubs in dublin, london and brussels.

and fourthly, we will more than double the number of scottish development international staff working across europe, men and women whose job it will be to market scotland as an open economy and a welcoming society. [ applause ] friends, the difference between the scottish and westminster governments is this -- they're retreating to the fringes of europe. we intend to stay at its very heart where scotland belongs. [ applause ] conference, inclusive economic growth underpins our entire economic strategy. the queens ferry crossing, our new bridge across the fourth,

has been our country's most important infrastructure project in a generation. in fact, this week it entered the guinness book of records. the central tower of the bridge is the biggest free-standing structure of its kind anywhere in the world. what an amazing feat of engineering. [ applause ] but the more important infrastructure investment of the next few years will be different. it will be child care. over this parliament, we will double the amount of state funded early years education in child care for 3 and 4-year-olds and for our most disadvantaged 2-year-olds. not a bridge over a river, but a bridge to a better future for our children. [ applause ]

and today i can announce a new phase in this child care revolution. now it's local authorities that decide what child care is offered to parents. councils work really hard to be flexible, but often the places offered to parents are not where and when they need them. so today we're launching a national parent consultation on how to do things differently. it proposes radical, new approaches prioritizing choice and flexibility. first we will propose that parents can choose a nurse or child minder that best suits their needs, and as long as the provider meets agreed standards, ask the local authority to fund it. in other words, the funding will follow the child, not the other way around. [ applause ] and second, as suggested by

children in scotland's child care commission, we will propose that parents can opt to receive funding in a child care account and then use it to purchase a suitable place directly, quality, choice, flexibility. these will be the watch words of a policy to transform the working lives of families and the life chances of our children. and i am proud that it's an snp government that will deliver it. [ applause ] there's another policy for our youngest children that i will be very proud to deliver. in the election, we promise a baby box of essential items for all newborns. it's a policy borrowed from finland, where it's contributed to one of the lowest levels of child mortality in the world. so, i'm delighted to give you an update on our plans to introduce

it here. next month we launch a competition in partnership with the v&d in dundee for the design of the box. the first boxes will be delivered to babies born in pilot areas on new year's day. now, i don't know about you -- [ applause ] but as a first food offering, i think that beats a lump of coal. [ applause ] and then next summer, every newborn baby across our country will receive a baby box filled with clothes, nappies and bedding, books, and toiletries. friends, the baby box is a powerful part of our belief that our children should start life on a level playing field. that's what inclusion means in practice.

[ applause ] and our skills, raising the bar for all and closing the attainment gap, opening up opportunity for every child, that's the number one priority of our government. it is my personal defining mission. that's why we're directing more funding to areas of greatest need. it's why we've announced our intention to reform school governance, to put parents, head teachers and classroom teachers at the same sort of decisions about children's learning. it's why we're working with teachers to reduce workload, and it's why we're bringing greater transparency to school performance, so that we can measure the attainment gap accurately and set clear targets to close it. but if we are to live up to our ambition, we have a very

particular duty to those most in need. we have to get it right for every child. recently, i've been spending some time with young people who have grown up in care. some of them are here today. we welcome you to our conference. [ applause ] their stories have moved me deeply. these young people have challenged me to accept scotland's pledge to listen to 1,000 care experienced young people over the next few years, and use what they've told me to make it better. i've accepted that challenge. [ cheers and applause ]

don't get me wrong, many young people who grew up in care go on to do great things, and the staff and the foster careers who work with the kids do an amazing job. let us thank them publicly today. [ applause ] and real progress is being made. school exclusions are down. the number of children living in permanent, rather than temporary placements is up. but we cannot ignore the reality for too many children in care. only 6% go to university. nearly half will suffer mental health issues. half of the adult prison population are people who lived in care when they were growing up. and worst of all, and this breaks my heart, a young person who has been in care is 20

times, 20 times more likely to be dead by the time they are 25 than a young person who hasn't. conference, this simply has to change, and i am determined that it will change. [ applause ] so, i am going to do what these young people have asked me to do. i am announcing today that we will launch an independent root and branch review of the care system. it will look at the underpinning legislation, practices, culture and ethos, and it will be driven by those -- [ applause ]

and it will be driven by those who have experience of care. conference, this is not something that any other country has ever done before. we will do it here in scotland first. you know, the young people who speak to me make a simple but very powerful point. they say the system feels like it is designed only to stop things happening. and of course, it must have safeguards and protections, but children don't need a system that just stops things happening to them. they need one that makes things happen for them. [ cheers and applause ]

they need a system that supports them to become the people they can be, one that gives them a sense of family, of belonging, of love. my view is simple, every young person deserves to be loved. so let's come together and make this commitment, to love our most vulnerable children and give them the childhood they deserve. that's what inclusion means in practice. [ applause ] conference, if there is one institution in our country that

embodies the values of inclusion and compassion more than any other, it is our precious national health service. today there are more staff working in the health service than ever before. our doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and all of our other health professionals are helping to deliver some of the lowest waiting times and some of the highest satisfaction levels ever recorded in scotland. so, i will never tire of saying this. our nhs staff are heroes, each and every one of them, no matter where they were born, deserve our deepest gratitude for the work that they do. [ applause ] over this parliament, we will increase health spending by almost 2 billion pounds.

that's a necessary commitment, but it is not sufficient. to make our nhs fit for the future, we must reform as well as invest. that will involve tough decisions, but the challenge of an aging population demands it. it's why our government has integrated health and social care, a challenge ducked by every single administration before us, and it's why we are expanding stand-alone, elective capacity through five new treatment centers, but we must go further. the nhs of the future must be built on a real shift from acute care to primary and community care. so, the commitment i am making today is a landmark one. by the end of this parliament, we will increase spending on primary care services to 11% of the frontline nhs budget. that's what doctors have said are needed and that is what we will deliver.

[ applause ] and let me be clear what that means. by 2021, an extra 500 million pounds will be invested in our gp practices and health centers, and it means for the first time ever that half of the health budget will be spent not in acute hospitals, but in the community, delivering primary, community and social care, building an nhs that delivers today and for generations to come. that is what our government is determined to do. [ applause ] friends, today i have set out our determination to build an inclusive scotland. i've talked about our ambitions

for our nhs, our economy, our education system and our children in care. i've talked about our hopes for the next generation and for the generations that come after that. hopes and ambitions that are shared by men and women the length and breadth of scotland. so, as we prepare to take the next steps in our nation's journey, whatever they might be, let us always remember this. there is more, much more, that unites us as a country than will ever divide us. [ applause ]

yes-voters and no-voters, remainers and leavers, all of us care deeply and passionately about the future of this nation. so, whatever our disagreements, let us always treat each other with respect, and let's work harder to understand each other's point of view. you know, in a strange sort of way, the events of the last few months might help us do just that. i know how upset i was on the morning of the 24th of june as i came to terms with the result of the eu referendum. i felt as if part of my identity was being taken away. and i don't mind admitting that it gave me a new insight into how those who voted no might have felt if 2014 had gone the other way. likewise, there are many no-voters now looking at the brexit vote with real dismay and wondering if independence might

be the best option for scotland after all. let's build on that common ground. [ applause ] let's resolve that whatever decisions we face in the years ahead, we will take them together, respecting each other every step of the way and let us in the snp lead by example. [ applause ] you know, this year marks 30 years since i first joined this party of ours. now, i know what you're thinking, how is that even possible when she's still only 25? [ laughter ] or maybe that's just what i'd like you to be thinking.

but in all those 30 years, i have never doubted that scotland will one day become an independent country, and i believe it today. [ cheers and applause ] and i believe it today more strongly than i ever have before. but i've always known that it will happen only when a majority of our fellow citizens believe that becoming independent is the best way to build a better future together. so, we need to understand why in 2014 that wasn't the case. some of you who voted no believed that staying in the uk offered greater economic security, a stronger voice in the world and a guaranteed place in the eu. back then, it even seemed possible that there might be a westminster labor government at some point in the next 20 years.

but the future, the future looks very different today. and make no mistake, it is the opponents of independence, those on the right of the tory party intent on a hard brexit who have caused the insecurity and the uncertainty. [ applause ] so, it falls to us, the advocates of independence, to offer solutions to the problems they have created. of course, independence would bring its own challenges. that is true for every independent nation on earth. but with independence, the solutions will lie in our own hands. [ applause ] it will be up to us to chart our

own course and be the country we want to be, not the country that an increasingly right-wing tory government wants us to be. i promised at the start of our conference that we will seek to protect scotland's interests in every way that we can, and we will. we will work with others across the political divide to try to save the uk as a whole from the fate of a hard brexit. we will propose new powers to help keep scotland in the single market, even if the uk leaves. but if the tory government rejects these efforts, if it insists on taking scotland down a path that hurts our economy, costs jobs, lowers our living standards, and damages our reputation as an open, welcoming, diverse country, then be in no doubt, scotland must have the ability to choose a better future, and i will make sure that scotland gets that chance.

[ applause ] too. if that moment does arise, it will not be because the 2014 result hasn't been respected. it will be because the promises made to scotland in 2014 have been broken. [ applause ] and above all, it will be because our country decides together that being independent is the best way to build a better, stronger, fairer future for all of us. [ applause ]

friends, we know what kind of country we want scotland to be. and i believe it's a vision that unites us, an inclusive, prosperous, socially just, open, welcoming and outward-looking country. the question now in this new era is how best to secure it. let's resolve as a nation to answer that question together. we have already come so far. our home rule journey has given us new confidence, new self-belief, a determination not to be taken backwards, but to finish building tomorrow's scotland. friends, the time is coming to put scotland's future in scotland's hands. [ applause ]

let us get on with making that case. let's get on with building the country we know scotland can be. thank you. [ applause ] ♪ ♪

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♪ along with the presidential election, we are also closely watching state races and tonight we'll have a debate among candidates to be louisiana's next u.s. senator. a number of challengers will take part including john flemming and charles boo stanny. you'll hear from foster campbell and republican david duke. see that live at p.m. eastern on c-span. an hour later, we'll show you the latest new hampshire u.s.

senate with kelly ayotte. her challenger is maggie hassan also on c-span at 9:00 eastern. this weekend on "american history tv" on c-span3, saturday night at 8:00 eastern on lectures in history, colin calloway, history professor at dartmouth college on native american history from the colonial area through westward expansion. >> these red coats who presented themselves to us as allies and friends for the future are clearly our enemies. they're occupying our lands with troops which is the one thing we were fighting against and at the same time, by cutting off and withholding gifts, refusing to give gifts, limiting trade with us, that's essentially a declaration of hostile intent. >> later at 10:00 on reel america, we look back to the

1966 campaign for california governor between incumbent democrat edmund g. pat bloun brown and ronald reagan, challenger. >> my experience has turned me inevitably toward the people for the answers to problems just instinctively. i finds i believe and put my faith in the private sector of the economy. and a leaf in the people's right and ability to run their own affairs. >> and every single solitary category of business indicia that tells whether or not california's economy is good is proven that we have done a good job. >> then sunday morning at 10:00 eastern on road to the white house rewind. >> next tuesday all of you will go to the polls, you'll stand there in the polling place and make a decision. i think when you make that decision it might be well if you would ask yourself, are you better off than you were four years ago. >> >> our proposals are very sound and very carefully

considered to stimulate jobs, to improve the industrial complex of this country to, create tools for american workers and at the same time, would be anti-inflationary in nature. >> the 1980 debate between incumbent president jimmy carter and former california governor ronald reagan. and at 7:00 -- >> a realist would not have devoted his life to fighting slavery and would not have said there. which is that a dissolution of the -- it seems to me its result might be it the extra patriation of slavery from this continent and des lating as this course of events must be, so glorious would be its final issue. i dare not say it is not to be desired. >> at the new york historical society, james traub, author of "john quincy adams, militant

spirit," and robert kagan debate question was john convincy adams a realist. during the discussion, they also talk about the foreign policy views and the legacy of the sixth president. for our complete "american history tv" schedule, go to c-span.org. >> tonight on c-span3's "american history tv," we visit the richard nixon presidential library and museum in yorba linda, california. it reopened last month after a $15 million renovation. coming up in a couple of minutes, the museum's reopening ceremony. later henry kissinger talks about nixon's foreign policy and the museum's designers on the renovation. >> this weekend, c-span cities tour along with our cox communications cable partners will explore the literary life and history of tucson, arizona. on book tv on c-span2,