>> please welcome john archer as he tells us about "none but demons can delight in war, culp's hill, july 3, 1863." [applause] -- after a 25 year as a sound engineer, he moved.

written four histories of including " cemetery " theory onysburg," bliss farm -- fury on bliss "th ratee mountain trembled." probably on the bookshelf of every star. archer has spent hours upon hours on coal pill -- culp hill. is a fineng the tour presentation of the two movement

, the slopes and the retreats. the clarity of archer's organization in material is consistent to read the book. ,eeping the eye on the clock the reader is looking forward with the truth, is exceptional accompanied by contemporary photographs. an extension -- excessively, his first work of historical fiction , a novel about war and coming home. please welcome john archer as he tells us about "none but demons

can delight in war, culp's hill, july 3, 1863." [applause] mr. archer: good morning, all. thank you for having me. you have heard about the big guns from wayne and jim. what i would like to speak about is lee's first plan for victory at gettysburg, at least one part of it. culp's hill and the fighting on july 3 in the morning there went on for seven straight hours, some of the longest sustained fighting at gettysburg and almost in the whole war, but a relatively unvisited area of the field.

last year, my focus was largely on july 2, decisive leadership on the union right, small unit level, namely george greene and how that leadership made a dramatic difference in the outcome there. today, i love when it works, i would like to speak about july 3 from dawn on, how leadership in the struggle played out for culp's hill. the army of the potomac derailed plans, lee was not served by subordinates. culp's hill, judgment made by both sides, some fog of war and man lead to costly maneuvers, yet the courage and determination when you look at these fellows speaks volumes of the type of men who fought at gettysburg. on july 3, the battle will last for seven straight hours. today, this morning, i would like to use some images from back then and some quotes, how they would put it. i feel the battle is best heard from their perspectives.

not my theory. tomorrow, we will be taking a walk and seeing it through your eyes, because what you'll find is the battle of culp's hill -- wrong way. the battle of culp's hill, every nuance of ground, man-made or natural, will affect the outcome of this battle. civil war tacticians don't like two things in particular, fighting at night, and fighting in the woods. they will have to do both on july 2. on july 3, the seeds of what happened on july 2 will sprout.

what we have here is one of the earlier maps of the battlefield, a consolidated version of it, which you can see here. you are about two miles southeast of gettysburg, the baltimore turnpike, meade's only supply line at gettysburg. it was a hard surfaced road and wound its way down to maryland where most of meade's supplies

were. much will be made about it. if there was an opportunity for lee, that lifeline. we will see that he is very close to it at gettysburg. these lines, they were used by xii corps to fortify the woods on culp's hill. there is the upper hill, and the lower hill. that wall divides henry spangler's property from culp's property to the north. rock creek, east side of gettysburg, that will be a major determinant in what happens on

july 2 and july 3. there is a barrier that george meade was hoping his line would be protected from the southerners. wgat you are looking at is the mill race. they had to speed up the water to the mill. it makes the water here 12 feet deep. lee can't get across, so his battle line as it developed will spread from the farm over here, but the major part of the assaults were made against the upper part, the middle part, and the lower part, three brigades. after the fighting on july 2, well, just to summarize, the reader's digest version, meade will strip his line further. this is where the rebels are breaking through the lines. xii corps protests. it is determined there will be one brigade there to hold the line. as it happened, just at sunset

on july 2, 4700 of johnson's division will come across that creek. by most accounts, the fighting was over by 10:00. this map here is a little chaotic. which are looking at is a map done by kathy george, a former historian of gettysburg. it is about as accurate as we will get as to what culp's hill looked like at the time. you see rock creek running north and south. around the front side, then the stem had to be abandoned on july 2, one piece of that paid off well where the works, that are gone today.

they are still there. they are more or less where they were at the time of the battle, but probably george greene had them put a traverse in, a secondary line of defenses on january second, and that saved the north's bacon at gettysburg. once the southerners of attack that evening, the one 37th will form that line, stuart's brigade is taken at the lower part of culp's hill. the only part of the union fishhook of capture, they have a foothold here. george stewart's troops take over the hill and use the reverse side, very handy. they use them as a defensive line to establish a skirmish line along the spangler wall off to the southwest there, so they're using this lower hill as a bastion.

to the southwest side of the hill, spangler's meadow here. spangler's lane leads to spangler's farm. we will speak about that shortly. what else on there? after the battle on july 2, i

said there were three per grades that attack. jones virginians came across rock creek appear. you go there today, only a couple of paths, a rock face that runs down culp's hill. the middle part of the attack was made by a louisiana brigade. they will hold the gains, but they are pin. there is a shelf of rocks that you can see to this day. they are pinned there. the night of july 2 was one never to be forgotten. our lines were so close together, we spoke in whispers. stuart's brigade holds the line, the lower summit is now in confederate hands. much will be made of the access that lee had to meade's supply line. he is not here to take short-term strategic gains. he is here to beat the army of the potomac. had the southerners captured

meade's supply line come a which they were close to doing on july 2 and july 3, no way to know. i'm sure jim and wayne will back me up on this, what if stonewall jackson was there? what if they captured this? what you find when you study history's like this, time keeps everything from happening at once. history is like that. everything is tied together. but there is no way to know what would have happened at the southerners had achieved their breakthrough. the window of opportunity on the night of july 2 was brief. here, let's get to this fella. come on. sorry. william goldsborough, major with the first maryland battalion, part of stuart's brigade that took that lower hill. i'm sorry. you think i was in a technician. look at that face. goldsborough was one of several that thought they did have an opportunity. he said there were no troops in

my median front that night, so i was convinced. the captain reported back to me that he it seen wagons, a full moon that night, union wagons in motion. we were not only on their flank, but the rear of the enemies right. this information i departed to general edward johnson.

there are a couple of different accounts that very. goldsborough wrote an account in 1900 that said edward johnson, his division commander is no stonewall jackson. no kidding. he allowed the opportunity to pass. if there was any opportunity that night, by 11:00, it was brief. the reports according to general stuart gave us assurance that we had gained an admirable position.

now it is the return of the xii corps to gettysburg. next up, speaking about command on culp's hill, a little piece of this that you will see. there is nothing you can put your finger on, on culp's hill, henry slocum is the xii corps commander. twice during the battle, meade puts him in wing command. the most important one at culp's hill is earlier on july 2, he was put in charge of not only xii corps, but the union fifth and six corps. slocum believes he is still in

wing command. he appointed his senior division commander, alpheus williams. he is in charge of the xii corps. you will get two different sets of orders frequently at gettysburg, more chaos in the command structure. it will work out, but it will be problematic and number of times. during the course of the

withdrawal of the xii corps, the division commander, these two brigades will walk off the battlefield. they got lost in the darkness. the division, two brigades of it, and up going down the baltimore pike. slocum's messengers find them and have them return to the field. despite the roar of the battle, you would think you would have some concern about going back there. i find that he has little understanding of the situation, and perhaps less of judgment. as he comes back, i don't find where he is. he is certainly not showing good leadership. the return of the two brigades under candy and kane. we will talk more about general geary later. you see the spangler wall, meadow, farm, baltimore pike. candy and kane's brigades cam back in. kane's brigade came back first. they are led by --, another command problem.

they moved in with little caution. again, where is the leadership? it seems incredible they did not know the rebels were nearby, right on top of the hill. according to, walker, they -- thomas walker, they received a volley from the hill just overhead. after a series of probes in the moonlight, including one stacking his men for ranks deep underneath confederate guns and that low ground, lost some lives there. kane withdraws back to the traverse. he will be in that position. it was a night of roundabout maneuvering, fields, offensives. by morning, six regiments, three regiments in support of the frontline, kane and greene's line, they take up a position along spangler lane, facing the spangler meadow and the lower hill.

on the south side of the hill, the other division returning to culp's hill, they are under another general, a little more experienced, new to division command, but a little more experience. ruger will approach the hill with more caution. they will bump into the end of the confederate line by spangler spring. they will withdraw back to mcalister's hill, and mcdougals brigade will come in across the ground just to the west side of spangler spring after an incident of friendly fire.

they advanced a few regiments down to the line before they were hit. these units withdrew and they were fired on by their own men. this is why they don't fight at night. by midnight, general williams has returned. he was at the council of war. meade was wondering why he was there. slocum had him there because as far as slocum was concerned, williams was in charge of the corps. williams receives information from his unit commanders here, and he reports it to slocum. i reported the condition of affairs, and slocum's order was tried the confederates out of daylight, an order i thought was more easily made than executed. by the morning of july 3, now we

get to it. as i said, the confederate line now stretches from jones brigade, which had fallen back to what is now confederate avenue on the east side of the hill. nichols men were behind us rock shelves. stuart's brigade held the trenches on the reverse side of the earth works. lee's plans for july 3, at least on paper, were essentially the same as july 2. the general plan was unchanged. long street was ordered to attack the next morning. long street was out of position, we won't delve into that too much. he was starting his own flank maneuver.

at dawn on july 3, ewell had doubled the size of the brigade. unfortunately for richard ewell, the union line had also doubled in size. lee's execution of his plan could not be farther than what was intended. by morning, long streak is starting his flanking maneuver. ewell reinforced culp's hill with smith's brigade and o'neill brigade. little consideration seems to be made against making a direct assault against the baltimore pike. the attack will continue as a frontal assault against culp's

hill and coordination with all assaults in the other parts of the field. it will go out the window. general daniels as he arrived to reinforce the line, he is not optimistic. the hill in front of our position was in my opinion so strong that it could not be carried by any force. he will be sent to do that anyway. johnson's preparations were matched by the federal's. according to stuart's aide, a prolific writer about this, if we did not realize what we had gained, the access to meade's supply line, the federals were aware of what they lost. federal plan for july 3, slocum is deployed down south of the field on baker farm, his extreme right flank, down past rock

creek. williams covered the 300 yard gap with more artillery on the baltimore pike pass spangler farm the between mcallister farm down here and stevens knoll there. there are 25 cannons overlooking the rebel breakthrough. according to williams, i made arrangements for heavy artillery fire that morning. that was followed by a division from greene's on the left. the guns open, fire creating havoc in the lines. williams launches a series of feints. the first one will be made across the meadow where spangler spring is today.

the meadow off to your left reaches the baltimore pike. it is wide open. as you look at this picture from left to right, against the confederate line on the lower part of culp's hill, spangler's hill. it will be done by the reinforcements that came in. henry lockwood's brigade. he is a veteran of seminal wars, naval academy, no civil war experience, but he ranked mcdougal and ruger, and about everyone else except for williams. it was a very transparent subterfuge. he will keep lockwood as a detached brigade of xii corps. lockwood will send one of his regiments, again, no experience

whatsoever, coming left to right across this meadow. they seize part of the stonewall, but then are ordered back. they lost 80 cashel tees because they were in the way of another assault, another mistake made. a more serious one will be done by another brigade. slocum himself, there's going to be a problem between two leaders, slocum himself oversteps williams and orders ruger, division commander at spangler's meadow, to press johnson's left. according to ruger, slocum said

the enemy was showing signs of eating shaky or falling back. i reported that i thought the enemy still held that line, which they did, and i thought that any attack would probably not succeed. the attack would be conditional on the result obtained. if ruger's orders were communicated correctly, brigade commander here either misunderstood them are modified them. at this juncture, a lieutenant said the general direction would

advance your line is immediately. that is the skirmish line. 100 yards distant, about 100 yards and width, so he made a judgment call on this. the enemy's advantages were such that they would be cut down. why he did not send the skirmish line out and sent to regiments instead, we have to wonder why. the two regiments will be the second massachusetts, you can see them there at their

monument, one of the first monuments at at gettysburg, 1879, right at the edge of the meadow, the path they took off mcallister's hill across the meadow. the other part of the attack and fall the 27th indiana. we will see the indiana state monument in that meadow. as they came out, second massachusetts without a moments hesitation, a cheer, armin spreading out and rushed to the edge of the brush. i doubt if any survivors can recall the crossing of that meadow. i cannot. i know the movement was made rapidly and the fire we moved through was murderous. the second massachusetts reached the edge of the rocks on the south side of culp's hill and stop there. they had some cover. the 27th indiana angled across the meadow to the east. you can see them there. here is the stone wall on the south side of spangler's hill. here is the meadow, spangler springs.

the 27th indiana, wide-open meadow, and unlike the second massachusetts, they decided to stop at a stream that runs across the middle of the meadow and deliver fire. that gave the southerners who occupied this wall, these folders, and the farm across the creek, a chance to let them have it. they staggered the unit. it was one of those well-aim, well-timed volleys that break up a battle line in spite of itself. to those who had the whole line in view, it appears that a crevasse opened and swallow the whole regiment. a senior officer ordered the regiment to fall back within minutes. out of 330 men, they lost 112, including all 10 mins of the color guard. -- 10 men of the color guard. after the 27th indiana fell back, they were still there a

the rock, and the southerners can concentrate the fight on their line. , but now the southerners with no resistance started firing on the trees use all their any earlier photo, outflank the second massachusetts with no supports and no further orders, they will withdraw back across the meadow. they lost a third of their men. including the colonel. they lost 134 out of 315. including four color bearers. next up, by the way, the timeframe -- anyone's guess. the advance by the men could be anywhere from dawn until 10:00 a.m.

the fighting was about as chaotic as you could imagine. this is best guess according to the sequence of things on the hill. next up, it appears to be a probe by the 147th pennsylvania. they took their position around there. overlooking the meadow. there is the stone i mentioned. the breastworks in the lower part of the hill occupied by the brigade. according to captain moore, the 147th pennsylvania. our orders were to keep firing through the trees, over the field, into the woods beyond. it was soon discovered that the woods in question were full of rebels and they responded in a lively manner. this is a picture of the lane from postwar. probably one of the reunions. the boulder is still there along the lane. if we have the opportunity, we will go up there today. the fencing you see there was

torn apart and used for breastworks initially. but i have asked the question a number of times of the park if they were going to restore the fences. not on culp's hill yet. the lane was nicely restored about 10 years ago and it is now a little overgrown. that was the 147th. what they did -- soon after daylight, the rebels came along our front. the colonel, a very competent officer, decided his line along the lane was too exposed. it was on a small ledge so he moved his men down. he wanted the regiment to advance to below the breastworks and the confederates advanced and directed their fire on the breastworks up above. he saved lives. amazing job. according to john geary, general

geary, that is the ravine right there where they put the monument. you can see the fence line along the lane. they moved down to this wooded line and the rebels did not know they were there. today, if you go there, that is called party field in front of there. in front of the 147th monument. they brought in a stone hauled in from one of the coal fields up in upstate pennsylvania. about 1900.

according to geary, this advance was made across the meadow. this feint was a lot more dramatic. at 5:00 a.m., the volunteers were ordered to charge and take the stone wall occupied by the enemy. this they did in handsome style. they caused heavy losses to the enemy. they abandoned the stone wall. the 147th took the whole field and the wall beyond. the problem is that no one in that group described making that

charge. should we accept geary's report at face value? you cannot take it away from the man. this is a picture of him with his staff. he is sitting down. he is almost as tall as some of the men standing behind him. he was 6'5" and 250 pounds. he reminds me of what john adams said about george washington -- he was always the tallest man in the room and was always in charge of something. geary is in charge of his division here.

he orders the 147th to advance across the field. he was wounded 10 times in his career. one of the first units in the mexican war. governor of the kansas territory. he had to resign and leave the state in the middle of the night because he was about to be murdered by the anti-free state-ers. he was in gettysburg and in target of this division. williams had something to say about geary. in 1876, after geary died, he wrote to ezra carmen, new jersey officer on the south side of the hill. and he said -- and i quote -- geary always claimed all of the fighting. you should not place the least reliance on his reports unless confirmed by others.

his reports are full of unintentional error -- written solely for his adulation. you find a number of times that politics do get in the way of their careers and apparently geary was not beyond expanding upon the truth. joseph lombard of the 147th. he had nothing to gain when he writes this. he was chairman of the snyder county post. he wrote about this. we found our new position in the ravine to be a good one but scarcely had we fixed ourselves when the general sent an orderly ordering the advance across the open meadow. the colonel, who discovered the woods had a large group of rebels, decided to disobey the officer. this took us about 20 feet further north and on the same line by dawn. shortly afterwards, the general sent another officer to move the regiment across the field and deploy in the woods. he did not change his mind and called attention by the right flank. halt. lie down. this brought us to the same position we occupied before our first maneuver. in a short time, general geary came down to see us in person. addressing the colonel -- he said why are you not obeying

instructions? he saluted the general and replied -- general, my men can go where no others will but if you use your glass and look across, you will see why we are not obeying your orders. the general then said -- remain where you are and instantly made tracks back up the hill behind us. it is still early. the sun has not even cleared the treetops and the next part of the federal plan is about to be preempted. according to general williams, the enemy, without waiting for our assault, assaulted geary's division with great fury. geary's troops threw themselves at the front. the only opportunity that

johnson has along this line -- we have jones men falling back. nichols men in the boulders below the breastworks. and stewart's men occupying the captured line of breastworks. merely holding this hill -- it does not give stewart or johnson or lee any advantages. no benefits at all. how do you get ammunition across rock creek. they eventually slung it in blankets across the creek. he is going to be ordered to make an assault.

he is going to make an assault from this untenable position. at the same time, 25 federal guns open on him. the first maryland -- we will see their monument tomorrow, it was enveloped in a blaze. a solid wall of shot went crashing through the trees above us. the whole hill was covered by smoke and the smell of powder. johnson is going to launch his attack nonetheless. the confederate reports are confused. they are vague. we can only guess at the hell these men are going through. according to one of nichols' men, behind the rocks and trees below the breastworks -- when we opened on the yankees they replied with the most horrific response. the firing so fierce that our lines were soon enveloped in smoke. we could only see their position by the flashing of their muskets shooting. either johnson's plans had not solidified or he is waiting.

they do not know what is going on five miles away. they assume he is following orders. that is a big assumption. o'neill and another brigade would stand in reserve for three hours. finally at 8:00, johnson orders their advance. they relieve walker's virginians. no way to know who goes where at what time. o'neill's alabama brigade is being sent to reinforce nichol'' men.

nichols' men in the breastworks begin to dread any attempts to help them. according to the same fellow, our troops were sent to relieve the line. as we look behind us and saw our comrades coming to relieve us, being killed and wounded for no purpose we regretted being relieved. by 9:00 a.m., the southern front -- that line had been reinforced by lockwood's brigade. the three large regiments. 1300 men. and the six corps brigade. another 1800 men. the line, not surprisingly, is going to have substantial reserves. according to one member of the 149th new york -- the men of another regiment amid deafening cheers leapt over us into the vacant positions.

the men beat a lively retreat back to the hollow behind the hill. the regiment went into the trenches two or three times. the flag of new york showed over 80 holes from the return fire coming up the hill. you see the color bearer splicing the staff with splints

and depending on whose version you believe, and in upstate new york, in canandaigua. it is being put back on top of the breastworks. the long story short -- the result was an unending stream of fresh and armed soldiers. do we believe geary's account? you can do the math. just his division he claimed fired 277,000 rounds that morning. that is 75 rounds a man. no supplies. johnson's men returned the relentless fire. lower extremities were covered by the breastworks. the killed were put back out of the way at first. afterwards, attention was only given to the wounded. the dead were tossed from underfoot and in most instances remained where they fell and were sat upon with men loading their muskets. this is war. across rock creek, there was grim news. a half hour after johnson launched his attack against culp's hill, he received news that they were not moving.

perhaps that information will drive johnson's decision for another attack. at 10:00, stewart's brigade on the lower hill supported by daniel's will charge the area between spangler's lane and the traverse. here is a close up. further ahead. there is the stone wall, here is the upper part and lower part of the hill. here is the union line. there are the reserves behind it. here is the confederate attack coming in. stewart's men were initially in the trenches. james' men moved up. someone sees this line in here as vulnerable. oddly enough, the confederate line that was facing to the

southwest is going to be filed off and behind the captured breastworks of across the wall and file into this tree line facing northwest. stewart knew the consequences. it is an order. it is murder but it is an order. according to randolph, they strongly disapproved of this. but while stewart remonstrated he gallantly obeyed the orders. the north carolina would be left in the assault, across the upper part of the field. the other part of the first maryland battalion and the third north carolina are going to be coming across the other side of the wall.

just below the monument. the vulnerability of this advance is going to be very apparent quickly. the movement had been made quietly. it was a terrible and trying time for all. the order "fix bayonets" was given. they threw themselves on the ground when exposed to fire. despite the pleadings and cursings of our officers, they refused to go over. never shall i forget the expressions of contempt upon the faces of our officers. to the left end of the line, it is going to be -- go to the ground and withdrawal. the first maryland and the third north carolina will be making the assault and the union fire

four lines deep behind the traverse is concentrated on there. a most terrific fire was opened up on us. from three directions. in front. on rising ground heavily wooded. the enemy was also behind breastworks. turning my head to the right, i saw a site fearful to behold. it appeared that my entire company was being swept away. there was a line of fire coming from their left flank. in the traverse was the 109th pennsylvania. we had marylanders firing north and south at each other. according to robert decker, of the 29th pennsylvania, who was to the right of geary's line, when the head of the enemy's column appeared in sight, we did not meet orders to commence firing. the enemy advanced steadily. this is a pale image but you can see the attack coming down the slope. the stone wall running down the middle and here is the traverse and spangler's line.

these paintings are fairly historically accurate. a little bit of artistic license but they do lineup pretty well and you can see it -- the attack coming down the slope. our officers noticed by the falling leaves that the men were firing too high. the command was given to shoot at the knees. and the rebels' confidence failed them. the advance was staggered.

the end soon came. we were beaten back with terrible loss. and much confusion. we were formed into breastworks from where we had emerged there again to be exposed. the advancing support of this line. the men came across the front part of the swale. they went down one hill, withdrew and did it again and lost men each time but finally fell back. on their right, walker's stone wall brigade making their assault against the upper part of the hill. according to general walker, he met with equally bad success. the fire was so destructive, it was a useless sacrifice to keep them under such fire. brigadier general came made a footnote to this attack. for you dog lovers -- according to the general, a dog charged with the first maryland. on three legs. as if he was seeking his dead master. he was perfectly riddled with bullets. meanwhile, on the eastern slope the advance was taking losses. on the front part of the union

line, reserves had come forward. the enemy formed the line at the foot of the hill. and came forward. we lay behind a solid line of breastworks. reserving our fire until the first rebel line was well up the slope. in easy range. when the order fire was given and executed. this was kept up as long as the rebel line remained unbroken. not surprisingly, pieces of white cloth began to appear among the boulders below the breastworks. handkerchiefs -- surrender. you are pinned to the ground in the sunlight and you have nowhere to go. reserves cannot help you. the southerners started to surrender. not surprising. a white flag was raised and it was soon discovered by william creighton -- the order was given to cease-fire and allow the prisoners to come in. 78 confederates were welcomed in to a place of safety.

watching from behind, is benjamin lay. major lay was johnson's chief of staff. he is watching the surrenders, an extraordinary example of leadership and bravery. he will rally these men, stop the surrenders and rides forward to the edge of the woods where the men are trying to break through. others surrendering. he drove his horse into this

nightmare. many yankees witnessed this. a man on horseback was seen among the timber in our front. urging forward a line of men. probably 100 muskets reserved their fire watching the steering horseman when all at once, he was outlined in a small clearing and a score of muskets rang out. the horse and the rider went down in a twinkling of an eye. the assault was over. the enemy was too securely entrenched in too great numbers. no further assault was made.

all had been done that was possible to do. after holding a lower summit for 14 hours, the confederate brigades were withdrawn across rock creek. you have to imagine johnson's chagrin at about 1:00 when the rumble of artillery opens up from the far side of the line. and pickett's charge. we know what happened there. other than intermittent skirmishing, it had ended. at sunset on july 3, the men tried to stay awake but it was impossible on account of their excessive fatigue. the strain of their nerves. he orders that his men are going to be pulled back from culp's hill and form west of gettysburg. only 24 hours at the scene of culp's hill. johnson's division crossed rock creek and withdrew silently to

the west. july 4, in the rain, according to sam lusk, we were a sorry looking group of fellows. our faces were as black as coal. our clothing was covered with blood. and the dirt in the trenches is saturated with human blood. this is a photo of the elliott map. the elliott map as some of you may know was a burial map done years after the war. of burial pits. it is probably not specifically accurate but it gives you an idea of the carnage in front of and behind the breastworks on culp's hill. what i have here is a picture. this is white oak. up until a few weeks ago it

stood relatively intact. the crack is the effect of the gunfire 40 years later -- all of the bark was shot off the trees. according to the yankees -- the trees were stripped of their leaves and bark. many had between ground level up to 10 feet in the air where any branches were left or bark could be seen. it was the slaughter on the hillside that was appalling. even for the veterans. it made the men sick in mind and body. the havoc on the union lines was terrible but amongst the enemy it was more so. bravery and blunders on culp's hill took a heavy toll. union losses, a burial pit probably -- sadly enough where a park dump was placed just off of confederate avenue east of the hill. union losses, 9800 engaged. the xii corps lost 1200 men. southern losses, 64 rebels

engaged in johnson's division -- they lost about 2000 men, killed, wounded, and disappeared. stuart's brigade suffered the majority. losing a third. those that came up to enforce the assault had 600 casualties. describing all of this -- an officer returned from being a pallbearer to bury rebel dead in front of our brigade.

we dug a trench in which we piled 200 and we carried off 2000 arms. 25 years later at a reunion, the same fellow says the scene is still fresh in his mind. way,ng as reason holds its i shall remember that day at its ghastly dead. we drive them out from behind rocks, under logs, lying behind shem with eyes and mouth distended, found them everywhere from within a few feet of our breastworks to the foot of the hill. in a letter home, l.r. coye the it upnew york summed well. "i cannot describe what i saw. truly i thought none but demons can delight in war." thank yu ou for listening. [applause]

we would like to take any questions if we have time. if not, if we run out of time, -- you'll be seeing it with your eyes. every piece of landscape of that is what happens there. thank you, everybody. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] 75th anniversary of the attack on parole harbor, the national park service and navy will host a ceremony wednesday in hawaii -- the attack on pearl harbor. war memorial and washington, d.c., john mccain is the keynote speaker. you can watch the ceremonies on american history tv on saturday, december 10 beginning at 9:30 a.m. eastern. american history tv, only on c-span 3. >> we are on stage at the frank lloyd wright theater in tempe, arizona.