announcer: follow the transition of government on c-span as donald trump becomes the 45th president of the united states and republicans maintain control of the u.s. house and senate. we will take you to key events as they happen without interruption. watch live as c-span come on demand at c-span.org or listen on the free c-span radio app. >> welcome to congress. [applause] on the presidency, a conversation about resident franklin d roosevelt and how he used his language to bolster his world war ii policies and strategies. georgia state university professor mary stuckey talks to paul sparrow, director of the fdr presidential library and museum in new york which hosted this event.

we will hear fdr delivered six speeches, including to day of infamy speech following the pearl harbor attack of december 7, 1941. the 75th anniversary of that attack is it this week. this is just over one hour. paul: tonight, we have a really est and friend of the library. she is taking medications director at georgia state university, has written nine books -- mary: probably more than that. paul: that is how many i counted on amazon, including "finding americans: the good neighbors" which is a book about fdr. she has written books about carver, reagan, presidential rhetoric and language so tonight she is going to offer us some really important insight into , thedr used language content of his speech is broken

up into several categories. ande is, what he is saying the way he is saying it. you learn a lot about his intentions and skills and ability by the way he says things. before we get to our first clip, i want mary to say a few things about her research area and what brought her to this and why she is a world expert on presidential rhetoric. particular is an important precedent for me. my father was on the island of 7rregidor in 1941 on december and was eventually captured, put on how ship and syntel for he spent time. my mother worked on george marshall staff throughout the war so i grew up with world war ii in ways that think are probably a little unusual for someone my age so it is meaningful for me to be here and be allowed to do this tonight.

they asked me to curate the place, which means i got to choose the ones that you will , so what i try to do was walk you through the process of how we got into the war, prosecuted and then how do you make friends with people at the end of the war, so that is what i'm hoping to do. we have to start with march 15, 1941. this was one of the most fron ught periods in american history because the war in europe was raging, the battle of britain had brought england literally to its knees but america was an isolationist country. at this point, the majority of americans do not want to get involved in the art and if you're found himself having to pacific with -- specifically keeping us from giving materials to the british

and it had to deal with winston churchill who was desperate, literally pleading to roosevelt saying, if you do not help me, great britain will fall. ats radio broadcaster of it the correspondence dinner in washington dc. do you want to say anything before we start? mary: it will be interesting to think about who his actual audience is. he is theoretically talking to the press, but it that who he is really talking to? i think that is a question that you asked me earlier, and i think the other thing that would be fun for you to listen to with this speech is to hear what he who with size, who is big, is little, what is bit, what is little, think about what he is doing with its size and amounts in the clips you were here. paul: let's bring the lights down and let's listen to franklin roosevelt 1941.

news story ise big this, we of the united nations realize things have come to a danger, weo meet the must go into action. [applause] president russell: -- roosevelt: we know it was bad enough in the first war. worse in this. nazis are not seeking minor modifications and maps, they see fit instruction of all elected

systems of government on every continent, including our own. basic to establish systems of on all humansed beings by an individual ruler who seeks power by force. these men and their ties followers call for a new order it is not new and it is not but order among nations presupposes something enduring. some system of justice individuals over a long period of time are going to live. accept awill never

system imposed. these modern tyrants find it them one to eliminate by one. europe did appear -- not appreciate that. paul: you can hear. mary: she is still talking. that was a pause. 1939 well into: 1940. defeated by the unbelievable defenders of britain. [applause]

pres. roosevelt: the enemies of democracy or wrong in their calculation for a simple reason. they were wrong because they -- a terribleracy reality of the world at war. they were wrong because of its respectful rights of man. they believed that democracy because of its will to deliver would notts makers mobilize even in its own defense. democracy canthat still remain democracy and speak an ounce ofude

adequacy for defense. [applause] pres. roosevelt: from the bureaus of propaganda to the prophecy: the the constancy of our country? -- morals and disintegration from within. those who believe that no little of our history. whicha is not a country can be confounded by the defeatists and manufacturers of panic. it is a country that puts his problems in the open.

paul: sorry about that. it is very interesting to see he is trying to convince the american public of the war in europe is really a war on democracy, not a war between european powers. talking about size. it is a juxtaposition of size. mary: he talks about humanity. it is not the united states but the united states speaking for everyone. when he was talking about the nazis, is a small group try to run a lot of things. he wants to take the democracies out one by one, so things that he wants you to think of as manager will becomes a very -- manageable become very small. it is a small number of people that can be attacked but it is about baked things come humanity, democracy and faith and freedom. what he is starting to do is lay out his wargames that will become much more explicit.

paul: at this point, charles lindbergh, who is one of the great heroes of american aviation, was very, very azi andively pro-n anti-intervention. you hear the line at the end about the danger within, internal disruption. he is talking specifically about charles lindbergh. talk about that. mary: charles lindbergh, there was no hero in the world like charles lindbergh at the time. he himself had gone to germany and had seen the german war machine and came back believing that we could not beat germany. that england was toast and we should stay out of it and try to negotiate a separate peace which roosevelt himself found to be an unconscionable and completely -- used to refer to lindbergh as the "little nazi." he did not like him very much.

he's faceberg and so, often with an organization called america first and he ends up into one, iowa giving a speech in which he says, there are three groups that want us to rooseveltthe jews, administration and great britain. that speech destroys lindbergh's credibility because of the spread widely as both wrong and anti-semitic and then of course shortly after that, pearl harbor happens, and at lindbergh at that point volunteers to serve in the american military and roosevelt would have nothing to do with them. he ends up volunteering and going to serve in the pacific, but he is never charles bloomberg again after the speech. paul: there is one line in here that i went to to talk about, when he is talking about the "on beatable -- unbeatable defender separate them." mary: you know the churchill

line. paul: who is he talking about? mary: he is talking about the raf and the battle of britain. people in the united states prior to the battle of britain were very suspicious of britain. they have been felt as if they have been fooled into the first world war with congressional hearings, and so there is this sense that we had somehow been tricked by the mission makers into going into war in the first place. when the war drums started beating, there is a lot to overcome for people that started thinking perhaps we should fight hitler's. . the battle of britain is incredibly important to get americans to stop thinking of britain as an empire and to start thinking of them as worthy of defense and the two things most important are both popular culture rather than political.

there is a movie that comes out that shows all of the citizens of pretend getting into their row boatys and say the young moralh men and after our does broadcast on the radio from britain and he always begins and saying he is in london keith tells stories like this one terrific story or there is a british shopkeeper who gets bombed and he puts a sign on his door that says "still open." and he gets bombed again and the targets blown off and he put the sign this is "open 24 hours." [laughter] mary: that kind of spirit that gets disseminated widely around the united states starts making americans feel like they should in fact help defend britain and the battle of britain was enormously important.

paul: we have a lot to listen to the second clip. this was to separate from the 1941, the day after pearl harbor . i hope some of you have seen the great exhibit that we have. we show the whole speech. we are going to play the whole clip. it is important to hear in its entirety. the middle part of the speech that shows his amazing rhetorical skills and he is making changes to the speech literally on his way to the capital because he keeps getting news reports of additional attacks and land that has been confiscated. lights andd on the listen to pearl harbor. vice president, mr. speaker, members of the

senate, the house of yesterday,ives, date which 1941, a , the united infamy states of america was suddenly and elaborately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of japan. was at peaceates with that nation and at the was stillon of japan in conversation with its emperornt and its e looking toward the maintenance of peace in the pacific. after japaneser air squadrons commenced bombing

in the american island of a the japanese ambassador to the united states and his colleague delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent american message, and while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or a bomb attack. recorded that the distance of hawaii from japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.

times,the intervening the japanese government has deliberately soft to deceive the united states by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace. the attack yesterday on the hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to american naval and military forces. i regret to tell you that many american lives have been lost. in addition, american ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between san francisco and honolulu. yesterday, the japanese government also launched an attack against malaya. last night, japanese forces attacked hong kong.

last night, japanese forces attacked guam. last night, japanese forces attacked the philippine islands. last night, the japanese island and this morning, the japanese attacked midway island. undertaken arefore surprised offensive, expanding throughout the pacific area. of yesterday and today speak for themselves. the people of the united states have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. as commander-in-chief of the

army and navy, i have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. remember thee character of the onslaught against us. [applause] pres. roosevelt: no matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the american people in their throughs might will win to absolute victory. [applause]

pres. roosevelt: i believe that i interpret the will of the congress and of the people when i assert that we will not only defend ourselves through the uttermost, but will make it very swift that this form of treasury shall never again endanger us. [applause] pres. roosevelt: there is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. with confidence in our armed

forces, with the understanding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us god. [applause] pres. roosevelt: i ask that the congress declare that since the attack by an 7,an on sunday, december has existede of war between the united states and the japanese empire.

paul: that is a powerful speech. what was the point he was trying to make? mary: there are two points, obviously. the most important one is the characterization of the enemy, right? a lot of work gets done in his adjectives and adverts. it was treacherous, these are not people who are fighting , so the enemyd are clearly people that deserve to bb10, right? eaten, right? and then there is the characterization of the united states as overtly christian, but it is our righteous might, we are going to do this so help us god. it is a very clear he is setting fightp as a christian

against the forces of darkness, and he actually gets a little bit lucky in that germany declares war on the united states immediately after this because he does not have a way to declare war on germany because germany has not attacked us and he has to deal very carefully throughout the war on the pacific versus the european theater and which one will be first and how that will play into his overall strategy, and so you notice your he can only say hostilities exist with the empire of japan, which is an empire, right? it is not a democracy, it is an authoritarian form of government, so he can cast it as democracy against the authoritarian which you also do a great deal more of in the other four speeches. paul: those of you that have seen the exhibit, you will know for hisy himself except

close aides, here he hopkins when the phone call came through at 1:47 sunday afternoon telling of the attack and then he immediately has to start bringing the other leaders and to tell them. about three hours after the attack he goes into the private room with his secretary grace and dictates the first draft of the speech, which is pretty amazing, she describes it in her autobiography, you go into the side room, takes a long drive of a cigarette, looks up at the ceiling and it dictates the entire speech in one take. right from top to bottom. from a is reading script. she types it up and she brings it back to him, and of course he makes the most famous edit in american history he crosses of the word "history" and writes in "in infamy." of the story,t

when his secretary of state shows up, he has a 17 page speech that he wants roosevelt to give and it is on the wall. you can see the whole 17 page speech. it is ridiculous. you can tell just from looking at it that roosevelt never read it because there is not a single edit any whole thing. roosevelt cannot look at a piece of paper without making an edit. why does he want to deliver this very short, condensed speech versus the 17 page litany of excuses on all of the things japan had done wrong? is condensee does those 17 pages into the things japan has done wrong. what he does is amplification. could have just sat in the last 24 hours, japan attacked us, but he does not do that. not do that, he says japan attacked this island, this island and there is a building out that in which the audience, limiteds its

information says, this is really bad. in that incredibly tight moment, he makes the only case he needs. he does not need the 17 pages. those kind explanations can come later. what he needs is for people to his urgency and the necessity for the declaration for the rest of the thing -- so the rest of the things can happen. what his aides doesn't 17 pages, he doesn't almost 17 words. paul: there is an amazing moment of tension release of europe into a play or seeing a good movie there is a moment of release. after the litany of the attack of malaysia, the philippines, etc., he gives the great line, through our righteous fight will win throughout the victory." that is when you share the audience exploded. that is the first time you hear them cheering and clapping

because he is both about to that moment and then he delivers that thought which is basically what the whole speeches about. that is the only thing he really cared about. makes the threats clear but he is also reassuring the american people that we are in grave danger, but we are going to win, right? which is a tension he has to balance for the next four years. paul: we are going to jump ahead a couple of months. this is the word 23rd, 1942. -- february 23, 1942. this is one of my favorite. piece ofraordinary theater and leadership and inspiration. they have told people all of the country to go out and get maps of the world, to follow along with the president as he gives this speech. things are not going well. the nazis are having victories everywhere. the japanese are continuing to

u indisputable -- undefeatable. nothing good has really happened , and the most important part of this speech is trying to convince the american public what a global war is. mary: and as so we are not going to play the part of the clip where he actually walks you through the geography of the world because we do not have time for that, but the way he does this is through what we call analogy. thing, like this other and if so what he does is analogize this war to valley forge in 1776 and then what he does is he makes that the global world feel like it is also very close. listen while he does that.

my fellow americans, washington's birthday is the most appropriate occasion for us to talk with each other about things the way they are today in things we know they shall before the future. general washington and his continental army face of abominable odds and defeats. supplies and equipment were lacking. every winter was a valley forge. for the states that existed, this commonly and selfish men, jealous men proclaimed washington's cause was worthless and he should ask for negotiated peace. washington has provided the , a model all americans of moral stamina.

as it had been charted in the declaration of independence, the brave men who served with him no no man's life and fortune was secure without freedom and free institutions. current struggle has brought us increasingly calamity in the .orld --war is is a new cut a new kind of war, different from all other wars in the past. not only in the methods but in its geography. every island, every sea, every air lane in the world. that is the reason i have asked to spread before you the map of the whole world. references fore

the circling battlelines of this war. many questions i fear remain unanswered tonight, but i know you will realize that i cannot cover everything in one short report for the people. the world nations have become endless battlefields on which we are constantly being challenged by our enemy. we must all understand we face the hard facts that our job now distances that expand all the way around the globe. distances because that is where our enemies are. paul: the parallels he is drawing with george washington

have both historical significance and personal significance because he is putting himself in the role of -- mary: washington, right? he is at valley forge and he needs of the people to stick with him and also of course if he wins, he gets to be washington. that is kind of great if you are a precedent. paul: it is a pretty remarkable analogy there to try to draw to feeling like we can and we will will and it is our destiny to win this war. mary: this is why it is important when he talks about the significance of the moral stamina and a learning from that example. he also notes that washington did this for eight years and at this point they have been doing it for a lot less than that, and so there is a sense that if you only have the moral stamina to hang with him, that it will change inevitably.

and if so, one of the remarkable things about roosevelt's wartime communication is he does not sugarcoat the bad news. as he walks people through this speech, there is a lot of bad news and he tells it frankly and fairly honestly and pretty clearly, things are not going well. and so when he starts talking later about how things do start going well, people will believe him because he is also laying out a sort of basis of personal credibility and trusting the american people to bear with him on this, which is a kind of her markable act of faith in what citizenship is. isl: it is also interesting a visual strategy, the reason he wanted people to have a map was because most people do not understand or russia was, where china was, where these things work. but if you look at a map, russia is really big and china is

really big and the british empire is really big, so it looks like there is a lot more part of the world that are on our side than against us. who is against us? this tiny island of japan, this bootheel of italy and germany. part of thea bigger globe come begotten nations, in terms of sources -- resources and population. he wants people to feeling we can win this war because more of the world is on our side. we have to keep going because we have a lot. so, we're jumping ahead a few months. this is april 8, 1942. what is interesting here is that he is talking specifically about the home front and what the home front means.

thecontext is, we have had battle of crosby, nothing battle of midway but we have had one that thel victory rates have managed to take off mission and dropped bombs in tokyo, essentially knows it difficult damage but listen to his reference in it when it comes up. anything else? mary: i will do the statistics later. pres. roosevelt: relatively lost control of a large portion of the philippine islands but this whole nation remains trivial. american officers and men held on so long on the peninsula. fighters still wear the flag

flies and fighting effectively against the enemy on other islands. singapore are in the hands of the enemy. the netherlands, east indies are almost entirely occupied although a distant flayer continues. many other islands are in the possession of the japanese, but there is good reason to believe that their advance has been stopped. new zealand and much of the territory will be taken for offensive action and we are determined that the territories that have been lost will be regained. the japanese are pressing the northwood advance with -- northward advance with power. i have been opposed with great

bravery with small chinese forces aided by american flyers. the news in burma is not good. the japanese made cuts into the burma road, but i want to say to the people of china that no matter what advances the japanese may make, ways will be found to deliver airplanes, ammunition to the army's of the general. we remember that the chinese people were the first to stand up and fight against the aggressors in this war and in the future, is still unconquerable china will play its proper role in maintaining territory not only in eastern asia but in the whole world. the japaneseance has made since they started,

their friends in korea, they have had to pay a very heavy toll with warships and transport and planes and in man. en. they are feeling the effects of those losses. it is even reported from japan that somebody has dropped the bombs on tokyo and on other principled centers of japanese war industries. is the firstue, it time in history that japan has suffered such indignities. all over treacherous attacks was the immediate cause of our entry into the war. that event found the american war onprepared for world a worldwide scale.

we went into this war fighting and we know we are fighting for. we realize the war has become what hitler's originally proclaimed it to be, a total war. not all of us can have the privilege of fighting our enemies in distant part of the world. not all of us can have the privilege of working in an ammunitions factory or shipyard or in oil fields or mines, producing weapons out of from material that are needed by our armed forces. but there is one front and one battle where everyone in the united states, every man, woman and will is in action be privileged to remain in action throughout this war. that front is right here at home in our daily lives, the daily

paths. here at home, everyone will have the privilege of making whatever necessary, not only to supply the fighting men but the economic structure of our country, fortified and secured during the war and after the war. the price of civilization must be paid in work, sorrow, blood. paul: the thing i love about this speech is his thought that not everyone can be privileged to fight the enemy on foreign lands. not everyone can be privileged to work in an ammunition factory, but you can all be privileged if you sacrifice and home. this is a brilliant piece of rhetoric. mary: it is a wonderful thing. he does a lot of important things and that he makes it clear that it is a total war. which he about china,

is already, this early in the war, envisioning as one of his four policeman which becomes his vision for the united nations. throughout the war he talks about the united nations, although he does it in lowercase and we will see it later where he talks about it in uppercase. i want to read this from one of the biographies about roosevelt and it gets a sense of exactly how much productive capacity was involved in the americans effort in the war. between 1941 and 1945, united states produced 300,000 military aircraft's. in 1940 four, american factories built to 96,318 planes, more than a yearly total of germany, japan, great britain and the soviet union combined. henry ford and honest plant produced to be 24 every 63 minutes. god. the regular, oh my

that is not part of the quote. by divorce and come united states and manufactured 2.4 million trucks, 630,000 jeeps, 88,400 tanks, 5800 ships and 40 billion rounds of any nation. what was happening on the home front with ammunitions and sacrifices going to make sure that is metal, rubber and those things people need it was not a small task, and if so it is speeches like this that helps give people the will to grow the victory garden, to live with the rationing, to do the kinds of things, and some of the stuff is beautifully displayed in the museum. paul: yes, the industrialization, the arsenal of democracy was one of those remarkable displays of leadership because roosevelt started this industrialization in 1938 when he sees what is going to happen. he sees a hard it is going to be andet america into this war

he knows they can start producing this material, shifting the factories over. it does not happen overnight. ss.s is a long proce to england, china, even a certain points a soviet union cut our enemy the soviet union, shipping the tanks because of the industrialization and because we were not involved, our factories were able to operate at this extraordinary peak capacity. rome.we are on to paul: the next two are very, very interesting because of the ways they connect. this is june 5, 1944. been, the allies have taken north africa. they have come into italy, terrible, bloody, nasty fight. the russians have started pushing the germans back. there is a sense that the third

reich is really starting to collapse. can be seen and roosevelt goes on air. mary: what is really interesting about this speech is, there are a couple interesting things, but the first thing you hear is the way he makes plays significant. just like he used valley forge is a place, roosevelt was very fond of using placement as a way to make arguments about symbols, and so he will talk about what rome symbolizes because he does not talk about it in strategic terms at all. is second thing that he does , he makes it clear that it is not about the italian people, but it is about the italian leadership. and so, he is already thinking ahead to not just a feeding people on the ground, but how do you manage to turn enemies into allies?

ace?do you execute a pe you can hear him thinking about those things in public. paul: the subtext is much like the way president obama gave a speech while the rate to get osama bin laden was going on. while fdr gives his speech he knows the allied forces have launched the d-day invasion. he knows that is going on while he is giving the speech. my friends,elt: 1944,day, on june 4, landfill to american and allied troops. the first of the axis capital is now in our hands. go --and two to go.

the first of these capitals to fall has the longest history of all of them. the story of rome goes back to the time of the foundations of our civilization. me havetill see monuments of the time when wrong, the romans controlled the whole of the then known world. that is significant. the united nations are determined that in the future, race willy and no one be able to control the whole of the world. in addition to the monuments of the olden times, we also see rome as a great symbol of which had reached into almost every part of the world. there are other shrines and other churches in many places, but the churches and shrines of rome are visible symbols of the

faith and determination of the early saints and martyrs that christianity should live and become universal. be a source it will of deep satisfaction that the freedom of the pope, the vatican army's ofsured by the the united nations. it is also significant that rome has been liberated by the armed forces of many generations, many nations. armiesrican and british found a fair side our own north american neighbors, the canadians. the fighting new cylinders from the far south pacific, the courageous french and the french moroccans, the south africans, the poles and the east indians

come all of them fought with us on the bloody approaches of the city of rome. forswear in atoo, partnership and axis which they never desired, have sent their troops to join us in our battles s on theire german soil. two interesting things, the use of united nations but how the italians, who until this moment have been our enemies are now joining to battle against the trespassers. mary: which i think is the only -- it is this kind of lovely active rhetorical demand where he pulls a magic trick. the enemies are secretly your allies. he did much of the same thing with the soviet union, so there

is a precedence for it. paul: talk about what makes this united nations different. mary: first off, now you will see in the speech text they are capitalized and what he is clearly thinking ahead to is when he says, the united nations are committed to the idea that no one nation or one brace, they are seeking or imagining a world in which nobody dominates, but that things are held in balance by the cooperation of all of the human refer to as the civilized nations. for him britain and the soviet union went balance themselves in europe. the united states would manage its own hemisphere. asia.would help control what is remarkable about this vision is not only does it kind of happened, but there is this really important region of the world that is invisible in this vision. he does not talk about the middle east at all as a factor

going forward. it is that particular blind spot that becomes kind of significant in world history later on. paul: at this point, the recent united nations is now it is going to be, like the league of nations, and organization. prior to this kind of been the coalition fighting this war, but now in his mind it is an organization. it is the united nations. i think it is important moment of change. speech andering this the gliders have already taken off. peoples of party left the dock. he knows what is about to happen -- the boats have already left the dock. he knows what is about to happen.

he had been out there staying there with his daughter anna and her husband. who had a journalist run newspapers in seattle. they were drafting what is perhaps one of the great speeches or moments in fdr's presidency which is the d-day prayer. talk about this. mary: i love this. it always makes me cry when i teach this in class. i told my students this is not on the syllabus because it makes me cry so of course a look at up in the we talk about it and i cry. they think that is most extraordinary about this prayer, there are two things. first, it is a remarkable declaration of americans and it is given at a moment where he has no idea how this is going to end. he kind of things he knows. it looks good for us, but he obviously was not completely -- but he will obviously

was completely sure of that thousands of americans were about to die. paul: that the fate of the world hangs in the balance. battle, thehis allies are driven back off the beach, which the very easily could have been and nazi germany well-controlled europe. mary: for the foreseeable future. pres. roosevelt: my fellow americans, last night, when i spoke with you about the fall of moment that at that troops of the united states and singallies were cros the channel and another in greater operation. it has come to pass with success, thus far. so, in this poignant hour, i

ask you to join with me in prayer. god, our sons, the pride of our nation, this day has set upon a mighty endeavor, a struggle to preserve our republic, our religion and our civilization and to set free a suffering humanity. cruel,hem straight and give strength to their arms, strongest to their heart, steadfastness in their faith. they will need thy lessing's. their road will be long and hard. for the enemy is strong. not, with rushing

speed.-come with rushing we show, again and again and we know thy grace and the righteousness of our cause, our sons will triumph. crying bybe soft night and by day without rest until the victory is won. by darkness will be rent noise and flame. uls will be shaking with the violences of war. drawn by the are place of peace. not for the level conquest but to end conquest. they fight to liberate. they conquest but to end fight e

and power and goodwill among all thy people. for the end of battle earn for the end of battle. some will never return. embrace these, father and received them thy heroic kingdom, and thy for us at home, fathers, mothers, children, wives, and braved brothers men overseas whose thoughts and prayers are ever with them, help , to rededicated ourselves in a renewed faith in

thee in this hour of great sacrifice. many people have urged that i call the nations into a single , butf special prayer because the road is long and the desire is great, i ask that our people devote themselves in a risenuance of prayer as we to each new day and again when each day is spent, let words of prayer be on our lips invoking thy help to our efforts. too. us strength, strengthen our daily task to read double the contributions we make in the physical and material support of our armed

forces. stokedlet our hearts be to wait out the long travail to bear sorrows that may come, to impart our coverage until our sons wear forever they may be. forever they may be. lord, give us faith. give us faith in thee, our sons, each other, faith in our united crusade. the keenness of our spirit ever be dull. let not the impacts of temporary events come of temporal matters of fleeting moments, let not ar us in our

incomparable purpose. with thy blessing we will prevail over our enemy. help us to encounter the racial s.rogance lead us to the saving of our country and with our sister nations into a world of unity e in will dispel a sure peac verbal -- in vulnerable of unworthy men and a peace that will let all men live in freedom, reaping the just reward of their honest fight. done, almighty god. amen.

paul: one of the things that is interesting here a lot of fdr is christian references. he never uses the word jesus. talks about a higher god -- first of all this is part of the judeo-christian belief, but it does not eliminate any religion if you believe in a higher god. specifically of this broader spirituality. he was never particularly interested in talking about theology. he understood himself as a christian and a democrat and both of those in broadest possible terms. his administration was incredibly inclusive for the time, especially on religious grounds. as a talked about earlier with the bloomberg example, roosevelt did more than any president to

that point to eliminate anti-semitism. he put more people of the jewish faith in his administration than any president prior to that point. he was often criticized for this. people talk about the jew deal. hiswhat is marvelous about use of this year is not only is a quite ecumenical, but for a man who was often considered to be lacking in humility, there is a real humility to the way he says, my country can do these things, my country is powerful, done almightye god. there is a recognition of power and inclusion of a deep humility in the way he references god throughout is a ministration. -- his think it administration. paul: i think it shows for over ability. ulnerability.ws v

through war,ed millions of people dead. he is a sick man. his illness is starting to get the better of him. i think he feels the weight of his decisions. he feels the weight of sending these young boys into battle. all four of his sons are in active duty. he feels this personally and i think that comes through. mary: i think he is praying for his own children as well as the children in the nation. paul: we're going to take some questions. comments and your thoughts on the speech, the use of language, on how his use of language ofies from some of the use language by our more contemporary politicians. one of the things i find most interesting and particularly his radio addresses is the way he joining youiends,

now, muy friends. he wouldoften say when do his fireside chat he would envision one of his neighbors sitting across the tabor -- would try him and he to talk to them as he was doing the speeches. what differentiates his speeches from any who came before. there is a microphone right appear. mary: just go lineup. you're a former director, you have got to have something to say about this. mary: go to the microphone. paul: get it started. >> [inaudible]

mary: thank you for putting me in that particular firing line. i think the most obvious change -- and it has been real obvious in this election -- is roosevelt was very clear about issues of decorum. enemies --k on his and he did so with great gusto -- we ought to do when of these on roosevelt and his enemies. he took out linda berg -- lin dbergh. he was fearless. the fascinating thing about when he did this is he almost always referred to enemies in the abstract. loyalists,conomic

they were moneychangers. they were not particular individuals. innever named lindbergh public that i can think of. paul: people knew who he was talking about the. -- though. mary: he had a very strong sense of appropriateness and occasion. i would say at least one of our presidential candidates lacks that sense of decorum. [laughter] paul: well said. next. show,the beginning of the i expected it to be followed up with joe kennedy. and i did not hear that. paul: joe kennedy was very much germany.ist for nazi england was that

going to lose the war and he encouraged roosevelt not to get involved. he was an ambassador for great britain but did not really support great britain in their battle against nazi germany. but there are many others as well. -- teddyousins roosevelt junior opposed america getting in the war. he and lindbergh were a team. they would do speeches together, arguing against american intervention. there was a powerful cadre of people who really disagreed with roosevelt, thought he was doing absolutely the wrong thing. the teddy roosevelt name was very partial. teddy roosevelt senior was very popular in this country. a great war hero, all of those things. ,ennedy, roosevelt, lindbergh there was a whole slew of people who were adamantly -- some of them elegantly -- arguing against. names, butver used

used surrogates to great effect. roosevelt never attacks icky do it.ut he has he had gotten a letter earlier -- he is bloomberg, gets medals for everybody. he does not get to -- he is lindbergh he gets a metal from everybody. medal from everybody. people are asking him why he is not giving the medal back. he says i have a truck load, do not give any back. roosevelt never says a word. it is so interesting that lindbergh has resigned his commission, which he had done from the american military because he is so annoyed at roosevelt.

he resigned from the american military, but he did not give his nazi medal back. isn't that interesting? of anythingsing him mind you, but it is so interesting. and so he had his surrogates out doing that kind of work all over the country. and roosevelt did not need to. kennedysurely removed as ambassador. i don't think he ever made a public statement about it. paul: you have a question? think the speeches that roosevelt has given are great examples for anybody else that wants to move a group of people in thought without beating them over the head. but in the preparation for the speeches, was roosevelt the primary writer and editor of the speeches or did he have a cadre of people -- today they have 50,000 people who want to write

a speech for them. much of an influence were other people into his ideas in his speech writing? mary: yes to all of that. in writingrong role his own speeches and also sam rosenman, who also edited his public papers, now those are just sort of produced by the government. but he edited the 11 million volumes of roosevelt's speeches. roosevelt had the last word on every major speech and it is so great that you asked me this because the roosevelt library now has we call the master speech files online. you can see every draft of every speech roosevelt ever made. they are online and you can actually see where roosevelt edited them in his own handwriting. is jump on ato do computer and go to the master speech file. paul: they are listed by date,

so if you want to look at any specific thing you're looking -- interested in. the earliest speech we have is from 1898, he is 16. -- endicott peabody is is headmaster. he gave a speech and this was fdr's rebuttal. endicott peabody had been arguing the case for america annexing hawaii. old, franklin roosevelt goes this whole explanation why the united states should not annex hawaii, making reference to the fact that although it has a nice harbor -- pearl harbor, b be in a someplace for cool refueling -- but it would cost the american navy $100 million to build a fleet big enough to

protect hawaii from the japanese empire. 1898. had a global perspective that very few americans had at that point. his mother had traveled extensively, his mother's family were in the china trade, his mother had lived in china. very unusual. he traveled to europe extensively. he loved germany. he thought germany had the greatest culture in the world. he was fluent in german and french. the master speech file is great because any event that happened, we have his speeches on. we link in 1930 or so the speeches to the audio recording of the actual speech so you can see the transcripts of the different drafts of the speeches and actually look at the speech. on the primary speeches that roosevelt gave, not all the other ones, did he create the first draft for which that is

the basis for working on it? mary: you can correct me if i'm wrong on this but i think he talked about it with his staff and then they produce a draft which he worked with. paul: the really important speeches like pro harbor, that was him 100%. significantly two sentences that were added. added by hiswas vice president, andrew walls. andreware the only -- wallace. the other thing that is interesting about his speech writing process, that was one that they worked on probably for months. "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" does not show up until the seventh draft. we think of that as the heart and soul of that speech. it shows a very late in the

process. it is a big argument about who actually came up with that, but many create -- many people to credit for. there is dialogue going on with his closest aides. he had several writers who worked closely with him. women let grace tully and other women who work with them were often his ears and would make comments to him as well. roosevelteleanor commented on many of the important speeches and were given comments. -- and would give him comments. any more questions? i want to thank you all for coming in less have a big round of of -- and let's have a big round of applause. [applause] that was fun. which of our next subject be -- what should our next subject be? mary: if you're going to come

back to one of these, what would you want to hear roosevelt talk about? >>'s enemies. -- his enemies. >> his relationship with stali., paul: he was convinced his personal charm would overcome stalin's psychotic nature. but there are not a lot of speeches about that. >> [inaudible] paul: that is fascinating. mary: the atlantic charter. paul: great stuff. >> [inaudible] mary: roosevelt believed in decorum. churchill, not always so much. roosevelt knocked on churchill's door and churchill screams, come

in. churchill is, in fact, naked. roosevelt is like, i am so sorry. churchill looks at him and says the prime minister of great britain has nothing to hide from the president of the united states. [laughter] i don't know if that story is true but i love it. >> [inaudible] paul: some of those speeches are fantastic. that first speech he gives as president on the banking crisis is really an extraordinary speech. you can see how his philosophy changes as they try things and they don't work. the new supreme court starts interfering. i think that would be a fascinating one because you actually see an arc in his speeches on how his own understanding of the economy evolves. will rogers said of the

first fireside chat that roosevelt explained the banking crisis so well that even the bankers understood it. [laughter] are right, thank you all very much for coming. we will see you again next time. mary: thank you. [applause] almost 2400 americans were killed on the morning of december 7, 1941. 75 years ago. next saturday, december 10, american history tv will mark the anniversary beginning at 8:00 a.m. eastern. we will show archival films, veterans and civilians, first-person accounts, and the 75th anniversary ceremonies at pearl harbor and the world war ii memorial in washington. and historians will take your calls. that is saturday, december 10 beginning at 8:00 a.m. eastern

here on american history tv only on c-span3. >> yesterday, december 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy. announcer: to mark the 75th anniversary of the attack on pearl harbor, we visited the national archives in college park, maryland to see a selection of five deck logs from that day. the logs are written records of activity and observations on naval ships, but they were anything but routine on the day of infamy. >> according to this log, the japanese planes commenced an attack on pearl harbor. at 7:52, the uss maryland records that the oklahoma, the

ship next to it, was hit by of torpedoes.ber now the notable thing about the deck log for the uss maryland is, at the time, it appears that a lot of the radio transmissions went to the uss maryland, meaning a lot of the radio transmissions were recorded in the deck log itself. and what that ultimately means is a lot of the confusion that was occurring at the time of the attack, meaning there was no idea where the japanese were at is a lot of the confusion that the time are what they're going to do next, lends itself to the deck logs. for instance, at 12:01 a.m. troops reported landing and any enemy takers were reported for our miles off the coast of ohahu. as most people know, that was not the case, but at the time they were not sure if the attack

was part of something bigger. if they were going to launch an invasion to knock out the naval base. we now know that was not the case. another entry of note was at 11:43 a.m., the further continuation of confusion, the maryland writes that enemy troops wearing blue coveralls -- not only did we think they were attacking, we knew what they just like. it is viable just for the first and -- firsthand accounts we received. you can see at the time the chaos occurring. we kind of get an idea of what some people were thinking at the time, what the ships were doing, how we were responding to the attack and other things of that nature. four historians it is a very useful tool to get an idea of what was happening at the attack

on pearl harbor. other folks who might be interested, genealogists are interested in it to see who was on the ship at the time, who passed away and things like that. >> the united states of america was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of japan. ♪ announcer: c-span, where history unfolds daily. 1970 nine, c-span was created as a public service by america's cable television companies. it is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. japanese torpedoes capsized the u.s.