12. 12 amendments were sent to the states for ratification. 10 of those are ratified. christine blackerby and jennifer johnson tour the national archives, celebrating the 225th anniversary of the ratification of the bill of rights. for the complete c-span schedule, go to c-span.org. >> december 7 marked the 75th anniversary of the japanese attack on pearl harbor in 1941. up next on american history tv's "reel america," "the world at minute film from the office of war information from 1942. the film begins with the japanese attack on pearl harbor and president roosevelt's day of infamy speech. there is captured document film. it was shown widely in american movie theaters. this film, from the natural archives, contains many graphic

scenes of war that some viewers may find disturbing. ♪

♪

pres. roosevelt: yesterday, december 7, 1941, a date which

will live in infamy. the united states of america was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of japan. the united states was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor, looking toward the maintenance of peace in the pacific. indeed, one hour after, japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the american island of oahu, the japanese ambassador to the united states and his colleague delivered to our

secretary of state a formal reply to a recent american message. japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the pacific area. the facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. with confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us god. [applause] pres. roosevelt: i ask that the

congress declare that, since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by japan on sunday, december 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the united states and the japanese empire. [applause] ♪

>> the arms embargo is far too great a security to american peace to permit its surrender without a last-ditch fight. >> you people who oppose war and dictatorship, do not be dismayed, because the warmongers and interventionists control most of the avenues of propaganda. >> at this critical moment in the world's history, when the democracies of europe are facing the test of life or death, all americans are of one mind. we want to assist the democracies in every way we can with materials and supplies. >> england is the last and only barrier between we, the united states, and total war. our aid must not come too late. therefore, we must give president roosevelt power to set in motion an industrial blitzkrieg that will make it possible for england to blast hitlerism from the face of the earth. ♪

>> it was fully and freely debated. men were stamped "interventionists" and "isolationists," and the debate grew bitter. earnest young men picketed the white house, as is he's were in our hands and not in the hands , that wanted no peace, who worshiped war. other earnest young men picketed the pickets. curious organizations mushroomed into being with stunts such as these. into this free debate trooped the agents of the aggressors, for they, too, were permitted to speak in our democracy. they wore hitler's uniforms, but they wrapped themselves in the american flag. they preached the doctrine of racial and class hatred, for hitler had said america could be conquered from within. and fall as an overripe plum to the nazi master race.

>> the jewish must hail the coming nation. >> we let them speak. when occasionally a lone outraged dissenter wanted to wear his opposition, we provided police to preserve order. this was madison square garden in new york city, and not berlin, nor nuremberg. later, this speaker was arrested. it was because he had filched money from his deluded followers. and he was sent to sing sing to brood upon the strange ways of democracy. another debate was in progress. labor and management resorted to strikes and lockouts to settle

differences, which, at times, surged into violence. true, we had taken giant steps along the road of conciliation, but scenes such as these convinced the actors they had nothing to fear from americans. they knew our industrial capacity was great. we could never use it to the full, they said. our plants were there, but they were made idle. america was at war. it had been at war, although few americans realized it, for more than 10 years. ever since september 18, 1931, when japan clawed manchuria out of the body of china. while hitler was still brawling in the streets of munich, japan had already begun weaving the pattern of aggression. it started with an incident.

a japanese train in the south manchurian railway had been dynamited. promptly, japanese battalions invaded mukden. this was not mechanized warfare. by later standards, this war was primitive, small -- trivial, the japanese cabinet officially labeled it, when china protested to the league of nations. 12 japanese planes bombed a chinese city. "trivial." the league demanded japan withdraw her troops. only's sole vote was the dissenting one. therefore, said japan, the league's action was illegal. it was not unanimous. the secretary of state stinson was concerned. we had signed the pact of paris, which guaranteed china's territorial integrity. we sent an observer to the league. japan protested, finally consented. the league investigated. under admiral nomura, japanese

forces attacked 15 miles from shanghai. as same nomura who later, japanese ambassador, talked peace in washington while his colleagues in tokyo prepared for war. japan marched into shanghai, troops, columnists, and propaganda, actually anticipating methods used in the conquest of europe. japan marched out of shanghai at the insistence of the league. she signed a truce with china on may 4, 1932. four months later, japan moved further into mongolia, sent out colonizers to follow the army into the conquered territory, of the puppet state manchukuo was in full flower. the league branded japan an

aggressor, and japan resigned, deeply hurt. japan moved further into china, pausing only for breath. japan inflated the mukden incident into the china incident. it was not war, the japanese said. 400 million chinese were caught up in this incident. china was looted and shelled and put to the torch. ♪ china was bombed in this incident. ♪

narrator: chinese forces united under generalissimo chiang kai-shek were pressed back by the invaders. china moved her armies and her meager war industries far into the interior. the chinese fought on, not so much with weapons, as with space and time. few americans knew japan. to us, it was the land of fujiyama, of cherry trees, exquisite gardens, geisha girls, picturesque peasants. we had opened japan to the western world. they had bought our machines, copied our architecture, our clothes, our popular music, and had even adopted our games, although they marched to the baseball diamond as men marching to war. ♪

[speaking japanese] narrator: and they said they played ball to build their bodies for war. americans knew little of that might of japan. japan, we thought, was only an in imitator. true, they had a navy -- in makeshift, we said -- and the japanese carefully fostered the legend their men couldn't fly their imitation planes. and yet, imitation or not, the weapons of war were there. and the warriors of japan, still breathing the samurai in the era a of machines, adopted western methods of warfare, as they had

adopted western clothes and architecture and music. and the japanese warriors clung the conqueredof of asia, and then to the world. and their emperor invoked the blessings of the divine upon this dream. ♪ italy, too, had dreams of empire. so italy, too, created an incident. in ethiopia. having achieved unity within by virtue of the club, castor oil in the concentration camp, mussolini was ready. [speaking italian] narrator: italy, at the time had , the foremost air force in

europe. the emperor rallied his christman, armed only with spears and ancient rifles, against tanks, guns, trained armies and planes. the slaughter continued for a little less than two years. the emperor appeared before the league and pleaded the protection of the great powers. the league applied sanctions, which were not completely enforced. two years after it had begun, the war was over. italy had joined japan in the partnership of aggression. ♪ [speaking italian] [applause]

♪ narrator: on march 13, 1938, hitler marched into austria. the trinity of aggression was complete. four years, hitler had planned and plotted. his austrian nazis had assassinated chancellor dollfuss for refusing to play the role of puppet. in advance of the treaty, germany had established compulsory military service, brought its secret army out into the open, began converting its huge industrial plants for war, had we occupied its zones. germany had practically wiped out the defeat of 1918. so hitler marched into austria. his conquest was bloodless. it was not entirely bloodless.

german and italian forces had been fighting in spain. general franco had revolted against the republican government. he invited and received german and italian aid. the duly-elected government received some russian aid. the democracies evolved a formula of nonintervention. here was opportunity for a dress rehearsal for a full-scale war. an excellent chance to test new weapons and tactics. the spaniards were the guinea pigs. men, women, and children. it was a long war, ended finally by hunger. ♪

narrator: hitler was not content with austria. at munich, he had said his theory of race and blood demanded the incorporation of all german-speaking peoples into the reich. they were those in england and france and the united states who did not think this a reasonable demand. hitler called upon czechoslovakia to surrender the sudetenland. that area of czechoslovakia was heavily populated by germans. france and england were in a defensive pact. great britain's destiny was linked with france. so hitler, prime minister chamberlain of great britain, premier daladier of

france met in munich, and because the democracies of europe were hungry for peace, removed the thorn from hitler's side. europe breathed a sigh of relief. --tler road into the sudent hitler road into sudetenland. his people were jubilant. they wanted peace. hitler rolled into the streets. here was the miracle man, they said. a man who conquered with words. this was a new kind of war, a delightful war. bands and flowers and parades. a smiling war. a lovely war. not a shot fired, not a man hurt, nor a woman, nor a child. war was a holiday. ♪

narrator: hitler told his people he was content. he wanted no more territory. he guaranteed the integrity of the mutilated czechoslovakia republic. thereupon, he caused to rest. and then marched into prague. the republic was destroyed. the democracies had lost a valuable ally. italy's reward was albania, again bloodless. slight resistance. now, europe realized the hunger of the aggressors could not be appeased. on april 14, 1939, president roosevelt appealed to hitler and mussolini for a 10-year guarantee of peace. and hitler mocked, as he called the role of his future victims. [speaking german]

narrator: the reichstadt roared. hitler had signed a treaty of friendship with poland. he had given poland a slice of czech territory, and now, it was poland's turn to ascend the sacrificial altar. the democracies had pledged themselves to come to the aid of poland, and then hitler executed what seemed at the time a master political stroke. having come to power as the savior of germany from communism, having gained support in certain circles of the democracies as the slayer of the red dragon, having built his systems on worldwide rejection of the communist crusade, hitler sent his foreign minister to moscow. his policy of collective security had been scrapped at munich. now, russia and germany signed a treaty of friendship. hitler's propaganda machines

hummed, four even in a dictatorship, masses of men and women must be ready for war. but poland stood firm. great britain stood firm. hitler didn't declare war. on september 1, 1939, he struck without warning. which is the way of the aggressor. you will soon see hitler's own photographic record of the blitz in poland. the formula is simple enough. first, choose your victims. an army still living in the past. few planes, fewer tanks, outmoded guns, and outmoded tactics. choose an army relying upon courage rather than machines. ♪ narrator: then mass your bombers. load with your biggest bombs. ♪

narrator: strike. strike without warning. [explosions] destroy his inadequate air force on the ground. blast those who escape out of the air. ♪ narrator: strike again with your bombers, wave after wave, again and again.

narrator: strike at the railroads, for then the victim cannot mobilize. it cannot move men and supplies. its armies are isolated. [explosions]

♪ narrator: strike on the seas. [explosion] strike on land, with tanks against horses, giant guns against sabres and rifles. choose your time carefully, making sure the weather favors your machines. strike at a city, so that civilians will take to the roads, hampering the army. so that women and children will be killed in the streets or in hastily-contrived shelters. ♪

narrator: strike again. repeat the dose, day after day. and then, add a drop of treachery in the form of fifth columnists. this was warsaw. repeat for 18 days. one nazi footprint cuts the polish corridor. one goes to krakow. from east prussia, another army moves on warsaw. encircle, bomb. warsaw surrenders. now, over the roofs of cities,

sailing leisurely to photograph your handiwork. ♪ narrator: and on the ground, let master race assemble the first of its slave populations. a stunned and shocked and hungry people, whose sufferings do not end with the armistice nor their resistance. ♪ narrator: now, gloat.

♪ narrator: the winter of 1939 and 1940 was described by amateur statesmen and strategists as the period of the phony war. cruise ships were sunk in the

battle of the atlantic, and men died in this "phony" war, but there were no land battles. france was waiting behind its maginot line, that vast underground fortress deemed impregnable by its military experts. a strategy relied on starving the reich into submission. hitler's armies would collapse for lack of fuel and food and raw materials. spring shattered this comfortable illusion. norway and denmark had staked their survival upon the strictist interpretation of neutrality to escape the war. their sympathies were with the allies, but they took extraordinary precautions to avoid offending hitler. so, on april 9, hitler invaded denmark and norway. denmark was powerless to resist and didn't. norway was stunned by an avalanche of force and treachery.

invaders were hidden in merchant ships in norwegian harbors. fifth columnists led by major quisling, a norwegian traitor, spread panic and confusion. on may 9, hitler invaded holland and belgium. these nations, too, hoped to avert war, and these nations, too, minded their own business and spoke softly, but hitler struck at them, again without warning, because he had decided the battle with france could best be won by outflanking the maginot line. he had no problem with these nations. they were merely convenient roads to france. simultaneously, the nazis smashed across holland, belgium, and luxembourg.

this pictorial record you are watching was made by nazi of josephat the order goebbels, the german propaganda minister. he showed this symphony of devastation to nations in europe and south america to frighten them into surrender. you will observe that here in holland, for example, not one german soldier is killed or wounded, or even suffers a fractured ankle in an avalanche of destruction. for dr. goebbels is a showman, and he values the mythical invincibility of the nazis, or that was his propaganda until britain refused to surrender to the armada and until the russians slaughtered over a

million of "invincibles." [explosions] narrator: to the now familiar recipe of the blitz were added parachute troops, who swarmed down upon dutch cities and airfields and further disrupted a hopeless defense. men had discussed had most armies had experimented with this new dimension in mobile warfare, but the nazis were the first to use parachuters in force. guns and ammunition sailed down in special parachutes and were assembled quickly on the ground. thus, the nazis could capture and destroy airfields, railroad stations, and other strategic positions. back of the defender's lines.

using tanks, dive bombers, big guns -- [explosions] the nazi machines broke the back of dutch resistance in four days. [explosions] narrator: towns and villages were in flames as the invaders pace, on in a breathless destroying in the name of the new order, the shops of those

who had dared to resist. bewildered refugees clocked the roads, seeking escape where there was no escape. narrator: this was rotterdam, bombed after the dutch forces had surrendered. the nazis said there had been a mistake. the news had not reached the luftwaffe in time. when the nazis entered this once prosperous city, the night skies were read with fire -- red with fire.

and the next morning, reconnaissance planes flew over the city as they had flown over warsaw, recording for the propaganda ministry another tribute to the efficacy of the luftwaffe, while rotterdam buried its dead, as warsaw had, and formal negotiations for surrender were duly completed. it took 18 days more to engulf the belgians and drive the anglo-french army into the sea. the french and british armies had moved to the aid of the belgians, but wars are not won by improvisations, and in their desire for neutrality, the belgian and dutch governments had failed to perfect joint defense with the allies before the nazis struck. [explosions] the invaders rolled on. ♪

[gunfire] [explosions] narrator: this was the building -- the belgian cathedral city of lausanne, scarred in the first world war and restored anew. and again, it fell victim to the invaders. again, its inhabitants took to the roads to escape the consuming fires. ♪

narrator: the cathedral crashed in flames. the invaders rolled on. morning found the refugees still fleeing blindly. reputable observers said these refugees were machine-gunned from the air. there is no photographic evidence of this. ♪ and this is what they fled. the nazi machine moved on, and , after a day's destruction, paused only to sleep. ♪

narrator: this was antwerp, where the democracies had fired oil tanks as their armies retreated. brussels was spared, for it had been declared an open city, and the nazis marched in, meeting no resistance. belgium was doomed. king leopold capitulated. ♪

narrator: the improvised allied defense collapsed. the british army was driven into the sea of dunkirk, according to plan. dunkirk has been called the triumph of man over the machine. to challenge the dive bombers, britishs rose from bases british bases and fought for the domination of the air over the desolate beach while ground forces continued a stubborn rearguard action. [gunfire]

♪ narrator: british ships, cruisers, destroyers, yachts, paddle boats -- anything that could float crossed the channel and evacuated some 350,000 british and french troops back to england. for the british were determined to save their men. ♪

narrator: here in the wreckage was the story of the epic evacuation. men walked into the sea and swam to their rescuers. they couldn't take their weapons, trucks, tanks, or guns, but men were saved to fight again. having slashed through luxembourg, belgium, and holland, 5 german armies fanned out across france. treachery and confidence had doomed the nation that only a decade ago had been leader of europe. now the campaign mounted in fury as france crumbled. [explosions]

narrator: this was rouen. [explosions] ♪ narrator: paris had been evacuating its children. there was talk of defending the city, street by street. this plan was abandoned. from the beginning, the french, like the british, tried to spare children the sight and sound of

war, but departing was hard. ♪

narrator: on june 10, four days before france fell, mussolini entered the war. he had waited until that moment to make his decision. and now, the nazis entered paris. this had been the dream of the kaiser in the last war. hitler achieved it. ♪ narrator: and the maginot line was still there. the nazis had merely outflanked it. now, they tried direct attack, and the maginot line fell. [explosions]

narrator: the first world war had ended officially in this railroad car, where marshall foch had received the delegate of the vanquished germans. hitler commandeered the car for what he believed was the end of the second world war. the french army was no more. hitler was master of europe. it was surrender, for although it had rescued its men from dunkirk, it had not rescued if equipment. the nazis were soon sailing against england. ♪

narrator: here, at compien, vichy was born. hitler was happy. britain alone remained as hitler's sole barrier to a total victory. onzi submarines, now berthed the coast set out to starve the , british people into submission. nazi planes, now only a few minutes' flight from the english coast, set out to bomb the british people into submission.

nazi propagandists, making full use of a new weapon, the radio, set out to talk the british people into submission. of --ice you hear is that >> the blitzkrieg will be carried over the british islands with greater, more of hauling -- appalling rapidity than over poland, norway, holland, belgium, or france. narrator: prime minister churchill rallied his people in what he called their finest hour. he had offered them nothing but blood and sweat, toil and tears. they accepted his gift. britain was fighting in the seven seas. while of the invader was only 20 miles away. and the french fleet was no longer its ally. nazi submarines, mines, planes, and surface raiders constituted a formidable menace. the freighters that brought her

food and materials for war. britain hung on. now, the nazi air force hitler's , ace weapon, was brought in. german bombers attacked english forts, so that even if freighters escape submarines and mines, they faced destruction at harbor, and the lifeline would be cut at its source. they bombed railroads and factories to disrupt transportation and war production. they bombed by day, and when the royal air force smashed more than 180 of the bombers out of the sky in one session, they bombed by night. the face of london changed. historic landmarks disappeared. [bomb siren] narrator: night after night, london was left a sea of fire.

♪

narrator: plymouth was back. ♪ narrator: carpentry. ♪ narrator: air armadas appeared over these cities through the fall and winter of 1940 and well into the spring of 1941. wreckage was cleared, and production continued. a new army was created, equipped with new weapons.

in the mediterranean, the british sought out the italian fleet, which refused to leave its harbors. finally, the british had to bomb landlocked italian warships. malta, a british stronghold, survived ceaseless pounding by nazi and fascist air. [explosions] narrator: the british sweep through libya by the general succeeded in destroying mussolini's empire. the british captured somaliland, and in may, 1931, the king was restored to his throne.

under the marshall, nazi forces slashed into egypt, but whatever the future might hold for democracies in the middle east, the italian fascists had lost the war in africa as well as in europe. here are italian prisoners, captured in the first libyan sweep as they were lead off to prison camps. the name of mussolini seemed to lose its luster, and before long, he was to find himself competing with vichy for the favor of hitler. britain still stood, and hitler, frustrated, turned east. if this were to be a long war, he would need russian oil and russian wheat. so he proclaimed himself anew communism,my of despite his earlier plea to the german people that national socialism and communism could live side by side. now, he told them that he didn't mean what he said before, but he did mean what he said before that. military spokesman in berlin said the red armies would be

encircled and destroyed within six weeks, its remnants would retreat back of the urals. there, the japanese could deal with them at the proper time. joseph stalin rallied the russian people. soldiers and civilians responding with a unanimity that amaze the world that new later rose to repel and parry the invaders. ♪ narrator: working with whatever tools they could seize, working against time, men and women, old and young, carved these huge tank tracks. ♪ narrator: weapons were distributed to civilian guerrillas, assigned to energize the back of the army, and antiaircraft guns

swung into place to take care of the luftwaffe's most advanced unit. here was the wheat that hitler wanted, and russian men, women, and children were determined to keep it out of his hands. this time, there would be no easy loot. ♪ narrator: machines as well as men help harvest this most precious of raw material. ♪ narrator: and their prized cattle were driven east. ♪ and when the tempo of invasion mounted, the russians did not hesitate to burn their crops and their homes and their barns, so that the conquerors would find ashes as their prize. they would find neither food nor shelter. factories worked day and night,

for the russians knew this was a war of machines. entire plants were moved east, complete with workers. weapons of war poured out of the se factories, and the germans, as well as the rest of the world, discovered the russians had tanks to meet tanks and planes to meet planes. the russians retreated, but not without inflicting sizable casualties. ♪ narrator: german prisoners, captured, seem shocked with the ruthless opposition they encountered. it had been different in france. winter found the russian army still intact. german casualties mounted until they were counted in the millions. hitler's armies were not

hitler's armies were not smashed in the campaign. hitler's was to meet new russian .rmies and new machines the japanese when a series of spectacular victories in the pacific. under general douglas macarthur, american and filipino forces fought a fabulous delaying action in the philippines. manila was declared an open city. because of that system, it was impossible to send supplies for reinforcements.

general macarthur established his headquarters in australia and as commander-in-chief of united nations forces in that area, prepared for defenses that would develop inevitably, four, despite setbacks, we had established a supply chain 6000 miles across the pacific that stretched to new zealand. like the other democracies, we were not prepared for total war. fortunately, under a land lease act of march 1941, we had set out to become the arsenal of the free and fighting nations. we were determined to supply them, if they could afford to pay or not. we were buying time -- time to convert the industries of peace into war. time to make ships -- merchant

ships and warships. time to make planes and more planes, bombers, and fighters. more powerful than any the world had ever seen. more guns.e guns and shells and more shells. tanks and more tanks. strengthather the huge which was ours, to pour the great riches of american earth into the cauldron of war -- iron, steel, oil, coal. time to build a navy called upon to fight upon in full forces and upon all the seas, to convoy ,hen and weapons to australia to britain, to the middle east, to russia. braved japanese

waters and had taken a heavy toll of the invading forces and in the the first battle carl c. time to expand a miniature professional lobby into a modern war machine. time to take civilians gathered in the peacetime conscription while we were still invading to mold them into soldiers, train them in the use of new weapons, new tactics. time to teach them the lesson europe had learned too late -- that modern war could only be won by men of skill. time to send these new men -- --se men to our new battles bermuda, greenland, iceland. we were buying time to build an air force, the largest air force in the world for our army and navy. weld theuying time to home front in the war front into one, for this was total war and we realized victories were born

in the production line. we needed more ships, more tanks, more guns, more shells, more planes. we were not fighting alone. nine of the pan-american severed relations with the axis. >> at this time, the issue is clearly drawn. there can be no peace until hitler's and his monstrous parasites are utterly obliterated. >> nine of the pan-american nations declared war upon the aggressors. cuba, costa rica, the dominican republic, el salvador, guatemala, haiti, honduras, nicaragua, and panama. inico joined these nations 1942. we were not fighting alone. concord places, the will to fight survived.

czeh, belgians, yugoslavs, filipinos, polls, free frenchman all fought with us. australians, new zealanders, south africans, canadians. we were not fighting alone. in this war of the people seeking a world without war for their children. britain, growing steadily stronger in its third year of , sendingping the skies huge bombers over german cities. russia fighting with an unparalleled 10 acid trying upon inexhaustible reserves. asking no mercy and offering none. china, knowing the patience of the nations civilization,

surmounting heavy hits that would have destroyed other nations, and the people of the united states, and angry people resources and privilege with the in be of the world offering these fighting in the jungle, the desert, fighting on all the oceans, fighting for survival, fighting a war which would be hard and might be long, but which they would win. >> you are watching american history tv -- 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3.

follow us on twitter for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. >> tonight on american history tv, providence college history examines patrick breen a net turner's life and the 1831 slave revolt he led. here's a preview. >> after turner was captured in october, thomas r gray, the man who published turner's confessions, began his address to the public with a simple assertion -- the late insurrection in southampton has greatly excited the public mind and led to 1000 idle, exaggerated, and mischievous reports. for the unidentified author of the editor and for thomas gray, led themity of reports

to produce more reliable accounts of what happened in southampton county. after complaining about the widespread rumors, it was noted that the truth is always the best policy and the best remedy. he was not the only one to commit himself to making reliable reports. letter fromer 17 southampton, the author noted that there are so many rumors afloat and so many misstatements in the public press that a sacred duty to the country demands a correct view of this tragedy. >> watch the entire program tonight at 6:55 p.m. eastern time here on american history tv. in 1920, nicholas asko -- sacco

and vanzetti were charged with robbery and murder in massachusetts. they were soon found guilty despite a lack of supporting evidence and executed in 1927. next, law professor brad snyder discusses the controversy surrounding the case at an event at the supreme court chamber posted by the supreme court historical society. this is about 45 minutes. >> let me say that we are very honored tonight and grateful to our host justice ruth bader ginsburg. she will be introducing one of our favorite lecturers from the university of wisconsin, press minor who is actually a georgetown at the moment. i will let her discuss what he will be speaking about. justice ginsburg has been a great friend to the society and has been a storm narrowly generous in giving her time. no one in the society can call a time when she declined other an