maybe another part of the answer, and i will start -- stop pissis the germans everybody off. >> i knew there was a reason so we could end on that statement. john kuehn: all right, sorry for the foul language. i am a sailor. [applause] >> thank you so much. americane watching history tv all weekend every weekend on c-span3. to join the conversation, like us on facebook. on lectures and history, arizona state university professor jonathan are teaches a class about the life of andrew jackson and his presidency. he focuses on jackson's clashes with quick party members like andrew clay and daniel webster.

this is about 55 minutes. -- henry clay and daniel webster. this is about 55 minutes. jonathan barth: welcome to american history. my name is jonathan barth. you all know me as professor barth. i am a history professor at arizona state university. with two very stellar what was programs. there they are, on the screen. the school of historical, philosophical and religious studies. quite a mouthful. we call it shippers. also, the center for political thought and leadership. or ptl, another stellar program. lecture intrigues you, you should check out our center. we are doing big things.

you are interested in learning more about yours www.professorbarth.com. you can read about me on that website. a generation of politicians has passed. alexander hamilton died in a dual in 1804. james madison pictured there on the right retired from politics and dies in 1836. john adams at thomas jefferson day, july 4, 1826. 50 years to the day of the signing of the declaration of independence. pretty incredible. you can't make something like that up. america is changing.

sweepingrevolution is the young republic. mass commercialization. profit-making. new opportunities for investment. inventions. entrepreneurship. a burst in the population. look at that explosion from one million in 1750 to 13 million by 1830. this is a young population. old.ge age about 17 years aggressive, energetic, highly individualistic. oftentimes reckless. factories have sprouted up all across the north, especially new england, producing textiles and other manufactured goods. outside of the cities, and agricultural goods. wheat exports.

in the south, a new plant -- cotton. and arablethat soft, textile -- durable textile. system deeper and deeper entrenched. if you are going to have textiles, if you're going to have cotton, wheat, you are going to have to have transportation. you have turnpikes connecting rural markets to atlantic port cities. the 1820's and 30's, tracking up and down the mississippi river. canals. canals built all across the country. the most famous being the eerie canal, completed in 1825, connecting the hudson river to lake erie. if you have canals and plantations and factories, you

need credit. hereto, we have lots and lots of we have- here, too, lots and lots of credit. banks popping up everywhere. they are chartered by the states . they stay within that particular state boundary. each one issuing their own currency. living on top of those banks is the mother bank, the chief bank, the central bank, the bank of the united states. this is the second bank of the united states from earlier this semester. there was a first bank of the united states in 1791. alexander hamilton pushes through congress a bank of the united states. --s bank -- a private bank with stockholders and dividends.

this bank hamilton says will benefit not only financial interests, but will benefit the country, the public. how will it benefit the public? because the u.s. treasury will deposit money in the bank. money coming in from taxes in the treasury can also borrow from the bank. this bank has a 20 year charter, but it has a lot of opponents. your member the chief opponent -- thomas jefferson hates the bank. jefferson believes, is an institution that imperiled american liberty by elevating to power a wealthy financial elite. a nonproductive elite. jefferson opposes it. jefferson comes to power in 1800. the charter expires in 1811. one year later, a war it rocks with britain.

the national government finds itself in tremendous fiscal straits. after the war was finished, five years later, the democratic republicans, the party of jefferson, charter a second bank of the united states. this second bank, much like the first, also would have a 20 year charter. this charter would run out in a 1836. presumably congress and the president a good faith will renew the charter. road.were bumps along the you will recall from the last lecture the panic of 1819. in westerne bubble land speculation -- largely caused by the bank at all this new bank currency -- and then the burst. the country recovers from the panic fairly quickly.

the second bank of the united states survives that panic and goes into the 1820's with very little opposition. most americans have come to accept the bank, the market revolution is fully underway. it is not just the economy that is changing. it is the political arena that is changing. two new political parties, the wakes at -- the whigs and the democrats, talking heads. who are these democrats? representing new england for the whigs, daniel webster, a lawyer for massachusetts. one of the most brilliant orators in u.s. congressional history. quite an impressive figure. we also have from massachusetts john quincy adams, son of the second president of the united states.

he too was a wake. -- a whig. most famously we have henry clay from the state of kentucky. clay ends up running for president five times. just can't get it. can't seem to do it. nonetheless, henry clay is one of the most important political figures in american history. what does clay do? system, anprogram, a american system. that american system is threefold. henry clay says first, we need to have protective tariffs on .merican manufacturing sure enough, henry clay, when he becomes secretary of state under john quincy adams, adams signs

into law a new tariff, the tariff of 1828, raising the tariff from 25% to 45%. that is one heck of a tariff. why do they do that? to protect american manufacturers and textile goods. need federallywe funded internal improvements. using federal dollars to finance the building of roads, canals, bridges, and so forth. finally, clay says, we need to recharter the bank of the united states. however, clayn, frames his defense of the bank of the united states in common man rhetoric. hamilton says the bank is good

for financial interests. clay says the bank is good for farmers, the bank is good for mechanics, for manufacturers. the bank is good for the country as a whole. we need to be charter this bank. there is the wig party platform -- whig party platform. utilizing the powers of the federal government to stimulate economic activity, and they adopt a broad interpretation of the constitution. they sayal government does have the right to engage in this activity. most of the whigs are going to come from new england. also from the west. this is what distinguished clay from hamilton. hamilton makes no appeals to the west. clay is from the west. he hopes the internal improvements will get western votes. there is that democratic party.

the democrats oppose the american system. the democrats adopt a strict interpretation of the constitution, a very limited view of the federal government sparrow -- government power. to common ordinary people, to wagers, to working-class laborers in places like new york . definitely a hotbed for democratic activity. the south and the west. in new york, you have martin van buren, a democrat. later president of the united states. he later leaves the democratic party and joins the antislavery free soil party. we will get to that in a future lecture. represented the south of the democrats, we have another legendary figure -- john c calhoun.

defender ofabid slavery. of theo a rabid opponent tariff. he hates the tariff so much, in fact, that calhoun calls the tariff of 1828 "theta tariff of abominations." he's as it discriminate against the south. sure enough, that same year, calhoun offers in secret -- and he does it in secret because he is vice president of the united authors inalhoun secret nsa advocating -- an essay advocating the state can nullify any federal law they view as unconstitutional. from the west, we have andrew

jackson. there he is. probably the most colorful president in united states history. i think we can state a most objectively the most colorful president in u.s. history. a giant of a figure. he stood at 6'1". that is all for that day and age -- tall for that day and age. skinny. bushy eyebrows. above a veryhigh large forehead, with piercing blue eyes. man.on was a hot tempered he was a bit stubborn. oftentimes a bit bullheaded. he had strong convictions.

he knew when he was opposed to something, he stood up to that system. he has a few nicknames as well. he went by the name "old hickor y." tough as old hickory wood. #-- sharp nickname -- knife. in 1767 in born north carolina. his parents died at a very early age. he was an orphan. no parental restraints. as a young boy, he got into brawls and fights. he was not all that interested in learning or reading. jackson was nine years old at the time of the american revolution.

at age 13, he joined a militia as a messenger. at one point, he ran into a british officer. the british officer told him to clean his boots. young jackson said he would not clean the boots. the officer took his sword and slashed young andy, leaving a permanent scar on his left hand and the left side of his head. went on to help found the state of tennessee. got married in 1806. someone insulted his wife, he challenge the man to a dual and shot him -- duel and shot him. the only president in history who is ever killed a man. military.he infights the creek indians

1814. fights the seminole indians in 1817. then in 1815 ernst's fame through -- earns his fame through the battle of new orleans. this spectacular victory against the british, even though you may remember the war was already over. that does not seem to matter. this elevates andrew jackson to celebrity status. that is indeed what jackson is -- a celebrity. he has some political experience, served about two years in the senate. that is all. he is also very wealthy. there is a plantation, the hermitage. the hermitage starts out in 1804, jackson has nine slaves. by the 1830's, he has well over 100 slaves, and slaves are very expensive. most common people cannot afford any at all. verys over 100, he is a

healthy man, very well-to-do. inkson enters the senate 1823. in 1824, he runs for the presidency, a four-way race between jackson, adams, william crawford and henry clay. jackson wins the popular vote 42%, jackson also wins the most electoral votes. but jackson does not win a majority of electoral votes. the contest goes to the house of representatives. henry clay, speaker of the house . he cannot stand andrew jackson, his rival in the west. henry clay strikes a deal with tellquincy adams and says you what, i will get the votes you need in the house of representatives if you make me secretary of state. in deal is made, adams wins the house of representatives, becomes president. clay is elevated to secretary of state.

furious.urious -- is he says corrupt bargain, rid election -- rigged election. he says he will get his revenge. 1828, 2 men contest. jackson wins in a landslide. look at that electoral map. quite an impressive victory. how does he do it? the answer is simple -- democracy. benefits from universal male suffrage. we call this period jacksonian democracy -- property qualifications for all three men in the united states are eliminated. no property is required to vote.

double the number of voters in 1828 then he saw in 1824. jackson uses this to his advantage and wages a political campaign that utilizes a form of politics we call populism. a political term that has come up quite a bit in the last few years. what is populism? populism is not an ideology per se. find populism on the left, you can find populism on the right. populism is a style of politics. to the interests, to the hopes, to the fears of common, ordinary people. pit the peopleto versus the elites. the people versus the establishment.

populists tend to warn of the various forces in positions of power. those positions of power are in government or the corporate world to nefarious forces. the chariot on top -- cherry on top, populists often have charismatic personality. often with populism, you will see populists emerge who uses the sheer force of personality to rally people around them, and to use that charisma to attack what he claims corrupt entrench entrenched interests. that is what populism is. andrew jackson is a populist. inaugurated into the presidency in 1829. in celebration of his presidency, he throws a party. lawn to the white house the public. hundreds of people from around the country for in -- pour in

to the white house lawn. sleeping onricans hotel room floors and in all ways. they pack in on the white house lawn. bowl, and whiskey is being passed around. jackson is stoked. the people are ready for jackson. ony look at what is going and it disgusts them. can you think what daniel webster thought of something like this? jackson is ready. was the country ready for jackson? what is this man going to do? there is no telling. he is a loose cannon. what is going to happen? says all right, we lost that election, that is fine.

i'm going to push through my american system. he begins with internal improvements. we need a road. we have all these farmers for my home state of kentucky, we need a road that stresses from lexington, kentucky, to maysville, kentucky, right there along the ohio river. i want to use federal dollars to build that railroad -- that road. the bill goes on. it arrives on jackson's desk after five through congress. jackson responds and vetoes the bill. goesf the first famous the -- vetoes in presidential

history. this was just the beginning. clay says he vetoed my internal improvements bill, let's try another plan of the american system. let's try a new tariff. 1832.riff of this is a strange tariff. it seems to contradict clay's program. the tariff of 1832 lowers the 35%.f from 45% to why does clay do this? that tariff of abominations in 1828. south carolina and other states in the south are very angry about this. they say let's lower it a little bit. high enough to soften some of the opposition.

the bill arrives on andrew jackson's desk. president jackson signs the bill. all sounds good. is not so pleased with this bill. nullifies the tariff of 1832. why would they do this? it was a tariff. south carolina says not enough. this tariff is unconstitutional. we have a right to declare this tariff no and void. -- null and void. if you do not-- accept our notification of this tariff, we will secede from the united states. unbelievable. what is andrew jackson going to do? this, andts word of jackson could not be more

furious with john c calhoun. for jackson, this is an affront to his authority as president. jackson signed the bill. say that any"to state may at pleasure secede from the union is to say that the united states is not a nation." jackson asks congress to pass a force bill. this bill would permit the 50,000 u.s. send troops into south carolina. jackson prepares the u.s. navy. coasts. navy now off the of south carolina. he is ready to invade the state of south carolina. what is going to happen? the nullification crisis. we are on the brink of civil war over a tariff. at the last moment,

desperate, passes a compromise tariff. in the midst of this crisis, a compromise tariff that lowers the tariff gradually over a 10 year period. 25%.tariff will only be between this compromise tariff and between jackson's force bill , south carolina backs off and accepts the tariff. calhoun does not like jackson. probably does not like jackson anymore than henry clay does. south carolina backs off. jackson called their bluff. just to prove a point, the south carolina legislature nullified the force bill. jackson said whatever. go ahead and do that. henry clay.

jackson and says i never thought i would say this, but thank you. clay, i'mes ok -- "oh not done. ' what you mean you're not done? jackson's is there is one other thing -- the bank. funny jackson mentions that, because maybe we would go ahead and just returned this bank early. recharterarter -- this bank early. it is 1832. let's get going. let us read charter this bank. you are on board with that, right mr. president? board, mr. i not on

ready to wage war against this bank of the united states. and here we have it, the bank war. one of the most dramatic events in united states history. the charter of that second bank will expire very shortly. whigs in congress wished to recharter it early. they did not expect this. jackson declares his opposition to the bank. where does this come from? it seems to come out of nowhere. not run his campaign in 1828 against the bank. he made no mention of the desk the bank during the campaign. all of a sudden he unleashes a

torrent of insults. first of all, jackson says the bank is unconstitutional. the bank, jackson says, is a .onopoly an unconstitutional monopoly. not only is that a monopoly, it is a monster. warns that if this bank is rechartered, we will see in this nation the creation of a new moneyed power -- moneyed aristocracy, a financial elite that will overthrow this young republic. we must do everything we can to stop this nefarious thing, this den of vipers. pretty strong language. he called the hydra of corruption. that mythic multiheaded beast. the hydrays this is of corruption.

what evidence does he have? as evidence, he points out 59 members of congress -- and he is correct in this -- 59 members of congress on stock in the bank of the united states. they have a financial interest in pushing this recgarherter through. daniel webster while serving in the senate is also a director of this private bank. a hydra of corruption from jackson's point of view. was going to take that bank down. henry clay cannot believe it. you are mad, henry clay says. can't believe you're doing this.

how many times they are going to run for president clay? two times, three times, five times? how many times he going to lose before you realize you can't win? says.e bluffing clay " i'm going to take this bank down if it is the last thing i do, believe me." clay does up believe jackson. congress is in an uproar. should reside with clay? should we side with jackson? should the bank the rechartered? the number one issue on everyone's mind. and jackson had enemies. not just clay. the president of the bank himself, nicholas biddle. man who really could not be more opposite from andrew

jackson. they shared some things in common. they were determined, stubborn, bullheaded. biddle was extremely well-educated. jackson did not have a college education. the only president in our history except in george washington who did not have a college education. at age 10, admitted into the university of pennsylvania. h 10. biddlears later, bill -- transfers to princeton university. at age 15. he is a genius. a financial wizard. he knows what he is talking about. that is also biddle's downfall. he is elitist. he is arrogant. pretentious.

because of that pretentiousness, he looks at someone like jackson and wonders if this is really going on. jackson does not know anything he is talking about. he sees jackson as an unsophisticated gimlet. he has no idea what he is talking about. the country in an age of jacksonian democracy, who are they going to side with? nicholas biddle earned the nickname czar nicholas. here's a cartoon, a pro-jackson cartoon. it is a bit dated, zero have to forgive me. not only do we have nicholas biddle, we also have an election coming up. jackson versus clay. the presidential election of 1832.

what an election. the drama. look at this. unbelievable. the future of the country. financially speaking, hanging in the balance. you cannot find to greater opponents -- two greater opponents. clay, inc. injunction with daniel webster -- in conjunction with daniel webster, clay pushes through congress that summer, just a few months before election day, a bill to recharter the bank of the united states. why does clay do this? clay says i think jackson is bluffing. there is no way in an election year he would do something so to reject a bold as bill like this. the bank bill passes the house.

the bank bill passes the senate. the bank bill arrives at the president's desk. detail -- veto. jackson stunned the world and the does the world, unleashing -- because the -- vetoes the bill. now we have an election. this question of the bank is on everybody's mind. it is the number one issue. everybody is talking about it in here is another cartoon. remember the hydra? that hydra of corruption. jackson going up against that financial beast. it is a hard campaign for jackson. nicholas biddle flexes his muscle. nicholas biddle, on behalf of the bank, gives henry clay a $50,000 campaign donation.

quite a lot of money for those days. not only that, but the bank for years already has been funding and loaning money to newspapers all across the country. sudden, is all of a piling on to. things look really bad. what is jackson going to do? is he going to win? things don't look so good. jackson is confident. in the midst of this trial, jackson says "the bank is trying to kill me, but i will kill it." jackson says he will kill it. what happens? the election occurs. election day comes about. victory for jackson. jackson wins the election in a landslide.

clay wins five states. jackson takes the bulk of the states. you will notice south carolina refuses to vote for jackson in the middle of that nullification crisis. jackson wins the election. victory for the jacksonians. this cartoon in 1833. for low back story, in graduate a course.ook we had to take an old photograph or an old black-and-white cartoon and we had to use photoshop to color it in. i had never used photoshop before. i thought this cartoon was interesting. and didhis cartoon that. not bad for a beginner, right? look at the imagery in the cartoon. there, standing behind jackson,

the common man, enthusiastically patting him on the back. the bankers, the financiers running away in fear. the newspapers, the press, all spread out on the ground. look at the demon face. look at the columns, the following columns. what is that all about? if you are familiar with the gospels, you will know there is this one time that jesus became violent. when was that? when jesus pulled up his whip and drove out the money changers from the temple. jesus saying get out of my temple to those moneychangers. jackson, like christ, has driven the moneychangers out of the temple. this is a phenomenal victory for jacksonian democracy.

this is not over. 1833, you will notice the charter does not run out until 1836. jackson says he has to put up with this bank for another three years? he couldn't do that. there is no telling what these guys would try to pull. , jackson, after he , removes alltion federal deposits, all treasury deposits, from the bank, ,tarving the bank to death removing those federal deposits early and then transferring them to state banks. pro-jackson state banks. these pro-jackson state banks by jackson's opponents are called pet banks. these are pets for jackson.

the whigs are understandably furious with jackson. this is a cartoon. look at that. king into the first, translink tramplingthe first, on the constitution. over stooping his constitutional authority. born to command. many people are opposed to jackson. some democrats are opposed to jackson. they thought he and taken some dictator like steps. he was to king like they say -- too to king gleick, they said. he is driving the bankers out. order of the removal of public money deposited from the u.s. bank. that is in reference to the removal of federal deposits. years later when he was on his deathbed, jackson was asked what

was his most proud, which meant? -- most proud accomplishment? jackson had four words -- i killed the bank. his proudest accomplishment. to 1913,gh, from 1836 77 years, no central bank. congress chartered a new central bank, a central bank called the federal reserve. , well weral reserve could teach a whole class on the federal reserve. short, one of the country's wealthiest financiers, jp morgan , just prior to his death, designed the federal reserve. the federal reserve pushed through congress. it prints are money.

a mostly private bank. it prints the money. nowadays what it does is it digitizes money creation more often than printing. it loans out the money, usually at 1% or 2% interest to leading , to goldman sachs, to jp morgan, to bank of america. then they landed out at a higher rate of interest, making profit from the dishes -- the difference, from people like you. , they willthan not lend it to hedge funds, to speculators, to equities and futures and derivatives. it is a very important institution. a cornerstone of the current day banking system. a cornerstone of the currency. if you look at a one dollar bill, it doesn't say u.s. treasury note on the top. .t says federal reserve note

same if you look at a five bill, or a, or a $10 $20 bill. that.t there he is. wow, there he is. andrew jackson himself. that is strange. what is he doing on that bill? call me crazy, but that almost looks intentional. am i right? cha!"t like a "got andou're a big game hunter you kill big game, you take the head and mounted on the wall. maybe i am wrong. maybe they just forgot that jackson was totally opposed to

everything that stood for. one way or another, a pretty interesting story. after jackson's presidency, the democrats win in 1836. artan van buren defeats daniel webster. -- martin van buren defeats daniel webster. van buren runs into some troubles -- a new financial panic sweeps the country. the panic of 1837. all those pet banks, the state banks that received those used thoseosits, deposits, over speculation and western land, there was a land bubble. the bubble popped in 1837. the democrats become extremely unpopular across the country. now it is the whigs'turn. whigs run against martin van buren.

ae whigs say they will play test run a war hero. the hero of the battle of e incal new -- tippecano 1811, william henry harrison. we're also going to put on harrison's ticket a democrat. criticalt who was very of jackson, john tyler, who is a virginia planter. he was a jeffersonian, but thought jackson was to king like -- too king like. they were right. look at that landslide for the whigs. they overwhelmingly win the election. the first time, they control the house, the senate, the presidency. rubbing his hands. he is ready to go. william henry harrison delivers his inauguration speech. a storm comes through washington, d.c., pouring down

rain. that rain,speech, in william henry harrison, 68 years old, comes down with pneumonia and dies. now john tyler is president. totally not what we planned. that is ok, we're going to -- tyler is not jackson, at least. we are going to push through a new bill. clay pushes through a new bill for a bank. this time he calls it something different. .e calls it the fiscal bank it flies through the house, it flies through the senate. gets on john tyler's desk. veto. clay can't believe it. all right, we're going to try again. clay pushes through another bill. this time, we won't even call it

a bank. that is how much the country hates ranks. they're going to call it -- the country hates banks. they're going to call it "the fiscal corporation." goes to the house, the senate, gets to the desk, veto. believe this is happening. we are to have to wait four more years. it is unbelievable we have to put up with this. they wait four years. finally, clay says he is doing it this time. he can't trust anybody but himself. 1844, he runs for president against james k. polk and loses the election. poor, poor henry clay. episode.he bank war it is a fun episode. however you feel about the bank war. it is an interesting event.

there was a darker side to jackson. presidency,e to his a darker side to populism. andrew jackson, during his administration, had one of the cruelest events in u.s. history. that of course is the trail of tears, the removal of roughly 100,000 native americans from the old south west. is the big bad of the day. cotton plantations spreading all across the south. standing in the way of those cotton plantations are 125,000 native americans. the creek, the cherokee, the seminole, other groups.

in 1830, both the whigs and the democrats pushed through congress with jackson's signature the indian removal act, giving the president permission to negotiate with indian tribes to remove them from the old southwest into a new territory -- indian territory, what is today oklahoma. jackson defends this by saying he wants to preserve indian culture. indian culture is at risk. we are going to move them, forcibly, into oklahoma, where they will forever be able to live in peace. of coarse, a few years later, settlers arrived in oklahoma and want that land as well. jackson does run into an opponent. that opponent is the supreme court. cherokee sue the state of georgia.

it goes all the way to the supreme court. chief justice john marshall rules in favor of the charity. -- the cherokee. he says removing their land is unconstitutional. andrew jackson, in typical manner, very jacksonian manner, response to chief justice ticehall and says "jus marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." ignores they decision and the indian removal goes through. the most infamous episode in this removal was the trail of 1838, 1839. --000 charity -- cherokee and next lecture, we will look more at the cherokee civilization.

they made a strong effort to try to comply. it was not enough. 15,000 of them were moved from on aia to oklahoma journey, on foot, that was 116 days. terrible conditions. roughly one in four cherokee die of disease or malnutrition. that is 4000 cherokee. just to give you an idea. there is the route of the indian removal. just to give you an idea of how bad things were. there was a confederate soldier after the civil war and he had this to say -- he said i fought the war between the states and i have seen many men shot, but the cherokee removal was the cruelest work i ever knew. in conclusion, what can we say about jackson?

what can we say about democracy? what can we say about populism? there are a lot of lessons here. i think democracy can do a lot of good. democracy can do a lot of good. populism can do a lot of good. strong personalities can do a lot of good. but all three of those things can also do a lot of bad as well. populism or a jacksonian style democracy is risky. it is a most like rolling the dice. you do not know how it is going to turn out. things could happen that are good, but you don't know. most of the time, people don't go for populists. during times of uncertainty, during times in which there is a sense that there is a corrupt --te system, that awesome often will give an avenue to populists, good or bad,

demagogue or well-meaning. that avenue can often be exploited. you have to be careful. you have to be very careful in moments like that. jackson, what we make of him? i am not sure. interesting guy. .efinitely an interesting guy , we have a new republic -- next class, we have a new republic. the republic of texas. the republic of texas is going to apply for statehood in the united states. that is going to call its own controversy. that does it. enjoy your weekend. i will see you on monday. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] join is every saturday evening at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern as we join

students in college classrooms to hear lectures on topics ranging from the american revolution to 9/11. lectures and history are also available as podcasts. visit our website, c-span.org/history/podcasts, or download them from itunes. tv,ext on american history as the centennial of america's april 1917 entry into world war i approaches, historian discusses economics and the role of big business in the u.s. response to the great war. examinesssor relationship between british, u.s., and german business communities and a talk titled "big business and the questions of neutrality." this was part of a two-day symposium hosted