singapore, and i won. singapore -- taiwan. win first,mpeted to second, and third cash prizes and second categories -- multiple categories. theure to watch announcements of our studentcam 2017 grand prizewinner, wednesday, march 8 at 8:00 a.m. eastern on his bed. -- c-span. american history tv is featuring san jose, california. in 1943, the international business machines corporation, or ibm, open its first wet coast manufacturing the silly -- west

coast manufacturing facility in san jose. learn more about san jose all weekend here on american history tv. right now we are in the revolution exhibit in on view, california. behind me are a 1000 artifacts that tells the history of computing, going back 2000 years or 80 it is late and you 19 galleries, each one of which focuses on a certain theme or object from the history of computing. for example, one of the themes is real-time control, so here we look at things like pacemakers for hearts. these are computer systems that ones that can not crash once in a while. a pacemaker crashes, you die. the oldest item is a set of nez perce bones.- nez

they are from the 17th century. -- seven century. -- seven century. the most recent thing we have is an iphone. in 1890, the bureau of defense had just finished the 1880 census. the census is required we take in every 10 years. the 1880 census was not going to be completed in time that 1890 census was not want to be completed in time. typically, the way the system worked was the census taker would go out in the field and asked will question. he would bring the questions back to the office where when they would be transcribed, which converts the handwritten responses into the machine readable form. using this blank piece of cardboard, the census clerk punches holes in the card which correspond to the answers in the

census. they created the census results -- move them from you one luke to machine-readable form. readable form to machine-readable form. story,s a real success and the 1880 census was completed in three years, even though there were millions of new immigrants and new questions. this was important because a grew out ofed ibm these patents and dominated computing for most of the 20th century. these punchcard, also called ibm , where the way most people interacting with computers for most of the 20th centuries. first hards the drive, it was invented in 1956.

it was invented by ray johnson by a schoolteacher who was very good at inventing. this hard disk could replace punch cards, so rather than having a hundred punch cards, you could have one hard disk. compared to a disk drive, you drastically -- directly to disk you need. this device still functions, and we have a team of volunteers who demonstrated once a week. the first thing they noticed was that there was still 60-year-old data on the hard drive. this drive has not changed at all. welcome to the many computer gallery. minicomputers came out of the midst of steve and work computers that had small businesses -- mid-sixties and work computers that small

businesses could afford. this computer cost $10,600, and neiman marcus did not tell any -- sell any. to program it, the user, in case -- in this case, the house by -- wife, would have to be able to read this code and program the computer by using these switches -- almost an impossible task for most people. in the gallery to show that even though it was not practical, it shows the beginning of people thinking about putting computers in the home. we are sitting in front of a xerox alto. it was a revolutionary machine. used a desktop metaphor with pulldown menus, had ethernet, laserjet printing, email, and reggie --

spreadsheets, and word processing. this was in 1972. steve jobs was inspired to create the lisa at apple, which then became the macintosh. the things we take for granted, the desktop computer, the little garbage can on mac and windows, all came from the xerox alto. story in the history of computing, where steve jobs complained that bill idea for stolen the the computer from apple, and bill gates said that is not true, we both the lid from xerox. -- stole it from xerox. this gallery shows all the member processor computers that were available for sale in the 70's and 80's.

probably the most significant one is right here, the apple one computer, designed by engineer steve walked the act -- steve wozniak and steve jobs. they sold about 220 of these. some of these you could build in kit form. was a hobbyist machine, so was aimed at likedad, people who soldering and collecting things to their tv. steve jobs said you know what, if we made a computer for normal people, rather than nerds, i think we could sell more of these. the computer that resulted from that was called the apple ii. apple was created by the two seas, was the act and jobs, and steve wozniak and

steve jobs, and it had 12 kilobytes, not megabytes of memory, and had basic color. apple actually kept itself afloat for many years. sales of few years of the lisa and the in total, the apple ii remained an apple product for 17 years. later, ibm joint the party. apple took out a full-page ad in the wall street journal saying, welcome ibm seriously. the ibm pc was not the most advanced computer, but it had the important job of legitimizing personal computers for business. most businessmen looked at these microprocessor-based computers, apple, asrs 80 and toys suitable for home or educational environments, not for business. entry in 1981 with

the pc to put a stamp of approval and legitimacy on the pc. you could actually do business using an ibm pc trade ibm's initial strategy was to protect the mainframe at all costs. that was generating billions of dollars in profits. the mainframe computer is a room sized computer with hard drives and tape drives and people running around. the ibm d.c. was initially viewed as something that would was initially viewed as something that would connect to mainframes. we are now in the networking and web gallery. what we have beside me is google's first web server. at the time, google was a small company with limited funds. they built their equivalent on the cheap. they want to a local electronics and bought ibm pc

compatible circuit boards, then mounted them to this large cabinet. the cabinet itself acts like a search engine to read if you did a google search in 1999 or 2000, there is a good chance that your search went through this very machine. made outem is actually .f corkboard if you look under these pc circuit boards, they are separated by a thin layer of in a wine the court bottle. that is the only thing, that thin layer of cork, that is keeping the whole system from bursting into flames. it is remarkably poorly designed, it is not safe. nonetheless, for starting a business when you are running -- you are running out of your own garage, this was perfect. one of the things we tell schoolkids when they come to the museum, is that a computer is a 12 like a hammer.

the hammer you can brain someone over the head or build a house. one case is evil, the other is great. the same with computers. we are seeing now in the social impact of how everyone having a computer in their pocket is affecting how we live. there are lots of negative consequences. insomnia, loneliness in spite of being clubs, surrounded by cyber friends. french on facebook, they are really not friends -- friends on facebook. the pace of life is the single greatest risk to human sanity in the next 20 years or so. the desire, which we impose on ourselves seemingly, to always oron, responding to texts emails. we do not sit down and watch the sky anymore.

>> our cities to her staff traveled to san jose, california, to learn about it's rich history. learn about other stops at c-span.org/cities tour. you are watching american history tv, all weakened, every weekend, on c-span3. >> monday night on the communicators. directored, executive of the acta association, which represents five -- 5000 app developers, their concern of immigration policies, among other issues, and what its members hope to see from congress and the truck administration. he is interviewed by political technology reporter, lisa. ask the cap association was one of the members of the tech community that decided to speak out against aspects of president recent immigration order. i was wondering if you could talk about the reasoning for that. >> from our perspective, the executive order was not done in

a way that allowed for legal immigration of people into the country in a way that was not confusing. it was changed to 11 green card holders, others who have been in the united states building amazing applications, to come in . there is good in that. the reason we spoke out, we thought the little guy, and just how important immigrants work to the little guy, without getting hurt. >> flush the committee cares monday night at 8:00 eastern on c-span2. the airship roma crashed on february 21, 1922, it was the deadliest disaster of the u.s. hydrogen airship in american history. next, on american history tv, historian and author nancy introduces the ill-fated crew, and explains the technological innovations of the italian semirigid airship